Transcript Paper II Review Day 1x

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Topic 1: Causes, practices, and effects of wars
◦ Major Themes
 Different Types & nature of 20th Century Warfare
 Civil, Guerrilla, Limited War, Total War
 Origins and Causes of Wars
 Long term, short term and immediate causes
 Nature of 20th Century Wars
 Technological Developments, tactics, and strategies, air land and sea
 Effects and Results of Wars
 Peace Settlements and wars ending without treaties
 QUESTIONS THAT WE SHOULD ANSWER ~ First World War, Second World War, Vietnam War,
Korean War, Chinese Civil War, Peace Settlements
 Questions that we should not answer ~ Africa Algerian War, Nigerian Civil War, American
(Latin American Revolutions), Spanish Civil War, Iran Iraq War, Gulf War
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Major Themes
◦ Origins and nature of authoritarian and single party states
 Conditions that produced authoritarian and single party states, emergence
of leaders: aims, ideology, support; totalitarianism
◦ Establishment of authoritarian and single party states
 Methods: force, legal; left and right wing ideology
◦ Domestic Policies and impact
 Structure and organization of government and administration
 Political, economic, social, religious policies
 Role of education, women, arts, media
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Origins of the Cold War
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Nature of the Cold War
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Development and impact of the Cold War
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End of the Cold War
~ Ideological Differences, mutual suspicion and fear, wartime allies to enemies
◦ Ideological Opposition, Superpowers spheres of influence, alliances and diplomacy in the Cold War
◦ Global spread from its European origin, Cold War policies of containment, brinkmanship, peaceful
coexistence, détente, role of significant leaders, arms race, proliferation, and limitation, social structure
and economic impact
◦ Break up of the Soviet Union, breakdown of Soviet control over Central and E. Europe
◦ Material you SHOULD ANSWER: Wartime Conferences: Yalta and Potsdam; US policies and developments in
Europe: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, Soviet policies – Sovietization of E. Europe, and Central
Europe, COMECON & Warsaw Pact; Germany ~ Berlin, Korea, Afghanistan, Cuba, Vietnam, Castro,
Gorbachev, Kennedy, Mao, Reagan, Stalin, Truman
◦ Material you SHOULD STAY away from: Sino Soviet Relations, US Chinese Relations, Congo
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Icebreaker ~ What were the
5 causes to the start of
WWI?
If you do not know
this….you should probably
write the notes down
today…
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The causes of WWI can be explained through the acronym M.A.N.I.A
◦ Militarism – countries expanded their armies, competing to build
battleships
◦ Alliances – All the major powers, were linked, made it more likely
that a war would start, made it more likely war would spread
◦ Nationalism – an age that all nations wanted to assert their power
and independence
◦ Imperialism – All the great powers were competing for colonies and
territories
◦ Assassination – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary in
Serbia
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All European states had concluded that large military
forces were essential for their national existence
One, two, or even three years of service became
mandatory
Each of the Continental Great Powers had not only a huge
army but a huge standing civilian army
Naval competition between Germany and Great
Britain…needed to protect their colonies, secure foreign
trade and for the general purpose of greatness
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Starting in 1870 Germany embarked on an industrial
revolution of their own..(A “place in the sun”)
German merchants started to appear in foreign markets
around the same time offering goods cheaper than those
of the British
Germany turned up as a colonial rival of Britain and France
in Africa, Middle East, and Far East
Otto von Bismarck of Germany formed a military alliance in
1879 with Austria-Hungary to which Italy was added in
1882 forming the Triple Alliance
The French faced by the Triple Alliance soon signed the
Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894
Thus the continent was divided into two opposed camps
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Germany was eager to test how
far the British would go in
support of France
Kaiswer William II was in favor
of Moroccan independence
(mainly to break up
understanding between France
& Britain)
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The Old Ottoman Empire was
ethnically and religiously
divided
First Balkan Crisis – Austria
proclaimed annexation of
Bosnia…this angered the Serbs
who had marked Bosnia their
own
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On June 28th, 1914 Gravrilo Princip of the Black Hand of Serbia
assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand in the streets of Sarajevo,
the Bosnian capital, in the Austrian Empire
The Archduke would have soon become the emperor of
Austria gave Serbia an ultimatum demanding that Austrian officials be
permitted to collaborate in investigating and punishing those
responsible for the assassination
The Serbs rejected and the system of alliances would come into
effect…
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June 28, 1914: In Sarajevo a Serbian nationalist/terrorist
assassinated Austrian Archduke Ferdinand (the heir to the throne
of Austria) and his wife
July 27, 1914: Austria invades Serbia causing Russia a secret ally
of Serbia to mobilize for war
August 1, 1914: Germany, an ally of Austria, declared war on
Russia
August 3, 1914: Germany, declared war on France and invades
Belgium (as the fastest way for the German Army to reach Paris)
August 4, 1914: Great Britain, ally of France, declared war on
Germany
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U.S foreign policy - neutral
Immigrants – many were sympathetic to their ethnic heritage
Prospect of business interests
Monroe Doctrine
Representation of Peace
The US was experiencing an economic boom due to the export
of war supplies, mainly to Britain and France
Between 1914 and 1917 trade with the allies quadrupled
Britain’s blockade of Germany was effective at keeping supplies
out of Germany without sinking merchant ships
Loans
o
The Allies wanted to purchase more than they had money
for at the time
o
The US government allowed JP Morgan and other
bankers to extend up to $3 billion in credit to Great Britain
and France
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Neutrality only works if all
parties respect it
International law prohibited
blockading non-war
material
Led to the sinking of the
Lusitania (1915)
◦ Killed 1195 (123 Americans)
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German blockade
threatened
President Wilson issued a proclamation of neutrality… but
found this would be difficult to enforce.
1) Sinking of the Lusitania-On May 7, 1915 the British ship
sank off the coast of of Scotland killing 128 Americans.
2) Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- On January 31, 1917
Germany announced its decision…
3) Zimmerman Telegram- On March 1, 1917 US newspapers
reported that Germany was trying to get Mexico to invade
the US… (to keep us occupied)
4) Russian Revolution- On March 15, the Bolsheviks overthrew
the government of Tzar Nicholas II
April 2, 1917 Wilson asked a special joint session of Congress
to declare war on Germany
Wilson’s speech:
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Condemned Germany’s unrestricted submarine
warfare as “warfare against mankind”
o
Declared “the world must be made safe for
democracy”
April 6, 1917 Congress voted for a declaration of war
Treaty of
Versailles
Rise of
fascism in
Italy
Rise of
Hitler
Nationalism
Japanese
expansionism
Major Causes
of
World War II
Economic
depression
Militarism
Appeasement
Anticommunism
Treaty of Versailles
After Germany lost WWI, the winning nations drafted a treaty to address
issues such as territorial adjustments, reparations, armament restrictions,
war guilt and the League of Nations.
The treaty punished Germany and left bitter feelings.
Germany was forced to accept all the blame for the war and pay millions in
reparations to Britain and France.
Italy was disappointed that it was denied territory promised by Britain and
France.
British Prime
Minister George
Italian Prime
Minister
Orlando
1914
1919
“Big Four”
French Prime
Minister
Clemenceau
U.S. President
Wilson
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Fascism is a totalitarian form of
government which:
Glorifies the state
Has one leader and one party
All aspects of society are
controlled by the government
No opposition or protests are
tolerated
Propaganda and censorship
are widely practiced
Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922
and helped found the political ideology of
fascism. He sided with the Axis powers in
1940.
In Germany, depression, unemployment and hard times led to a
dramatic increase in votes for Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Election date
Votes in
millions
Share
May 20, 1928
0.81
2.6%
September 14, 1930
6.41
18.3%
July 31, 1932
13.75
37.3%
November 6, 1932
11.74
33.1%
March 5, 1933
17.28
43.9%
Voting for Hitler’s party increased as unemployment rates
rose
Worldwide Economic Depression
After WWI many European economies
were unstable.
The boom in the U.S. throughout the
1920s helped sustain worldwide trade.
The 1929 stock market crash in the U.S.
and the resulting Great Depression spread
throughout the world. U.S. restrictive tariff
policies worsened the depression.
German breadlines
As economies plummeted and
unemployment rose, many people turned
to powerful leaders and governments who
promised success through military buildup
and the conquest of territory.
Japanese children eating radish
roots during famine
Japanese Expansionism
In 1931 Japan invaded
Manchuria for raw materials.
The same year, Japan began to
attack China, with full-scale war
breaking out in 1937 in the SinoJapanese War.
In 1938, war broke out
between Japan and the Soviet
Union in what were known as the
Soviet-Japanese Border Wars.
Anti-Communism
Under communism, all means of
production are controlled by the
government, as are property, the
media, and all other aspects of society.
The 1930s saw the rise of many
totalitarian regimes; but most people
chose fascism over communism.
Hitler exploited people’s fear of a
communist takeover in Germany to rise
to power in 1933.
A Battle for Germany: Nazi anticommunist book from 1933
Appeasement
Appeasement is the act of giving in
to an enemy’s demands in hopes of
avoiding further conflict.
In 1938, Hitler demanded that
Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland
to Germany. He claimed that the
German population living there was
being mistreated.
The British and French prime
ministers agreed to Hitler’s demands
without consulting Czechoslovakian
leaders, in the hopes that this would
avoid a war in Europe.
Militarism
The glorification of war, in
which a nation strengthens its
military and stockpiles weapons
in preparation for war.
An important aspect of
militarism is that the
glorification of war is
incorporated into all levels of
society, including education of
the nation’s youth.
Hitler Youth group
Militaristic societies have
existed throughout human
history.
Ancient Sparta is an example of a militaristic society
Nationalism
Nationalism is the belief in
the superiority of one’s own
nation over all others.
In the extreme, it can lead
to major conflicts between
nations.
Hitler, Mussolini, and
Japan’s Tojo each touted their
nation’s ability to dominate all
others in the years leading up
to WWII.
Nazi flag, Italian fascist logo, Japanese
flag
American Isolationism
The failure of peace efforts such
as the Kellogg Briand Treaty during
the 1920s disillusioned many
Americans about international
involvement.
The U.S. was in a major
depression throughout the 1930s and
was mostly concerned with its own
problems.
Conflict in Europe seemed
distant, and the U.S. tried to remain
neutral. This policy weakened the
European democracies.
The Nye Committee held congressional
hearings in the mid-1930s, concluding
that the U.S. was tricked into entering
WWI by arms manufacturers and Allied
propaganda.
Theaters of War: Where WWII Was Fought
Europe
North Africa
Atlantic
Ocean
Asia
Pacific
HITLER’S WWII
PARTNERS
India
Brazil
THE ALLIED
POWERS IN
WWII
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Describe why each of the following and their actions in detail
contributed to WWII:
◦ Appeasement ◦ Treaty of Versailles ◦ Rise of Mussolini & Hitler -