Transcript 16World War Looms PPx

CHAPTER 16: WORLD
WAR LOOMS
Section 1: Dictators Threaten Peace
Failures of the World War I Peace
Settlement

Treaty of Versailles caused anger.
 Germans
are upset because it blamed them for the
war.
 Soviets are upset because they lost territory.

Democracy failed throughout Europe and
Authoritarian regimes gained power.
 Many
European countries became democracies for the
first time and didn’t know how to handle it.
Joseph Stalin Transformers the Soviet
Union


Totalitarianism: Absolute
control by the state.
Stalin means “man of steel”
in Russian.




Cruel and ruthless.
Fear and Propaganda kept
him in power.
Death of around 13 million.
Transformed USSR into
industrial power with series
of five year plans.

Second to the USA
The Rise of Fascism in Italy-Benito
Mussolini



Founder of Fascist Party:
Dictator has complete
power, suppressing
opposition, and extreme
nationalism.
Mussolini gained such a
following that King
Emmanuel II asked him to
form a new government.
Crushed all opposition.
Mussolini continued…

Once Mussolini took power he:
 Outlawed
political parties.
 Took over the press.
 Created a secret police.
 Organized youth groups.
 Suppressed strikes.

Called himself Il Duce or the leader.
The Nazis Take Over Germany-Adolf
Hitler


Germany’s Weimar Republic-democratic
government-struggled and the Great Depression hit
especially hard.
Nazi Party forms and promotes ethnic German
solidarity and anti-Semitism.
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)




Wanted to unite all
German speaking people
in an empire.
Aryans are master race.
Germans need
lebensraum (living space).
Mein Kampf-Book
outlining his political
ideology.

Germany’s greatest threat
was the Jewish people.
Hitler Seizes Power




Nazis gradually gained political power.
Adolf Hitler is named Chancellor in 1933.
President Paul von Hindenburg dies in 1934, and
Hitler begins to consolidate power and become
Fuhrer.
Policies: Secret police, state controlled press and
education system; rearmament, public works
projects helped end the Depression in Germany.
Militarists Gain Control in Japan


Leaders feel the Japanese need more living space.
Manchuria: Northeast China-1931. Japan
established puppet government and controlled its
natural resources (oil).
 League
of Nations condemned Japan…Japan leaves
the League.

In 1937 Japan attacks China and gains control over
railroads and coastal areas.
1930s Japanese Expansion
Aggression in Europe and Africa



Germany quits the League
of Nations in 1933 and
starts to build up their
military in 1935.
1936-Germany sends
troops into the Rhineland.
Italy invades Ethiopia in
1935 and takes control by
1936.

Ethiopian leader Haile
Selassie pleaded with the
League for help: “It is us
today. It will be you
tomorrow.”
Ethiopia and Rhineland
Civil War Breaks Out in Spain (19361939)-Francisco Franco

Fascists, led by
Francisco Franco,
defeated Spain’s
democratic government
after a 3 year civil war.
 Hitler
and Mussolini
send Franco military
and economic aid.
 3,000 Americans fight.
The United States Responds Cautiously


Most Americans felt that the U.S. should not get
involved in European conflicts.
U.S. and 62 other countries signed the KelloggBriand Pact which declared that war would not be
used as a national policy.
 Did
not mention how countries who broke their pledge
would be punished.
Americans Cling to Isolationism



FDR wanted to keep reaching out…
Kept Good Neighbor Policy with Latin America
going by withdrawing armed forces stationed there.
Recognized USSR in 1933.
Americans Are Still Clinging To
Isolationism…



Neutrality Acts: Outlawed
arms sales or loans to
nations at war or involved
in civil wars.
Neutrality Breaks Down:
“Quarantine Speech”-FDR
calls on peace loving
nations to isolate aggressor
nations to stop the spread
of war.
Congressmen feel this will
lead U.S. into WWII!!!!!
CHAPTER 16: WORLD
WAR LOOMS
Section 2: War In Europe
Union With Austria

Austria is created as a result of World War I.
 Majority
of Austrians are Germans who wanted to be
unified with Germany.


German troops march into Austria on March 12,
1938 and nothing is done about it.
March 13, 1938-Hitler announces an Anschluss or
union with Austria…nothing is done about it.
Bargaining for the Sudetenland

Sudetenland: N, SW, W regions of Czechoslovakia.
Ethnic Germans live there.
 Hitler

claimed they were mistreated.
Munich Agreement: Settlement allowing Germany’s
annexation of the Sudetenland.
 Germany,
France, Italy, and UK.
Neville Chamberlain

Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom
proclaims “Peace in our
time!”
Appeasement


Giving up something to
pacify an aggressor.
Winston Churchill”Britain and France had
to choose between war
and dishonor. They
chose dishonor. They
will have war.”
Nazi Expansion
German Offensive Begins

March 15, 1939-German
troops take over the rest
of Czechoslovakia.


Hitler-”Czechoslovakia
has ceased to exist.
Nonaggression Pact:
Germany and USSR
agree to never attack
each other and divide
Poland.
Blitzkrieg of Poland-September 1,
1939-Official Start of WWII

Blitzkrieg: Lightning war. Tanks, airplanes, troops hit
hard and fast.


German planes bomb Poland while tanks and troops
invaded.
Major fighting was over in three weeks and Poland is
defeated within a month.
September 3, 1939-Britain and France declare war on
Germany.
 Fun Fact-Germany and Poland had signed non aggression
pact in 1934…no armed conflict for 10 years.

Invasion of Poland
Phony War



After the invasion of Poland, French and British troops
on the Maginot Line sat and waited for Germany to
invade.
USSR occupies Eastern Poland, annexes the Baltic
States, then attacks Finland.
April 9, 1940-Germany attacks Denmark and Norway
and they fell almost immediately.



Hitler wants to build bases to attack Britain.
May 10, 1940-Germany attacks the Netherlands,
Belgium, and Luxembourg.
Next stop France…
Maginot Line



French line of defense
along the German
border.
Built 1929-1938.
Named after Andre
Maginot, French
Minister of War.
Baltic States
France and Britain Fight On



Germany attacks France via
Ardennes in May 1940.
France falls in a little over a
month.
338,000 British and French
troops are evacuated at
Dunkirk.


Germans invaded from East
and later Italy invades from
South.
France is divided into two
sections-Occupied France and
Vichy France (puppet state).
Hmmmm
Fall of France-May-June 1940
Evacuation at Dunkirk
The Battle of Britain-July-October
1940

German planes made
numerous bombing runs
over Britain.


Air fields, aircraft, and
cities.
British used radar to
attack the German
planes.

British victory caused
Hitler to call off planned
invasion of British
(Operation Sea Lion).
The Blitz
CHAPTER 16: WORLD
WAR LOOMS
Section 3: The Holocaust
The Persecution Begins-April 7, 1933



Hitler orders all Non Aryans
to be removed from
government jobs.
Jews Targeted: Germany
wanted a scapegoat for
their troubles and Jews
were it.
Nuremberg Laws (1935):
Segregated Jews in society.


Denied German citizenship
to Jews.
Banned marriage between
Jews and non Jews.
Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass”November 9-10, 1938

Jewish businesses and synagogues attacked.
 In
response to a German diplomat being killed by a
Polish-Jewish student in Paris.

200 killed, 600 hurt, thousands arrested and sent to
concentration camps.
Kristallnacht Damage
A Flood of Jewish Refugees


Jews fleeing Germany had trouble finding countries
that would accept them.
Germany Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop
says, “We all want to get rid of our Jews. The
difficulty is that no country wishes to receive them.”
The Plight of the St. Louis


German ocean liner with
Jews aboard trying to
come to America.
Arrived at Miami in 1939
but no one was allowed to
enter.


740 of 943 passengers had
U.S. immigration papers.
Coast Guard followed the
ship on its return to
Germany.

Most of the passengers later
died in the Holocaust.
Hitler’s “Final Solution”

The Condemned: Include Gypsies, Jews, Jehovah’s
Witnesses, Homosexuals, beggars, physically
disabled, people with mental illness.
 Groups

that were inferior or enemies of the state.
Hitler’s SS “security squadrons” rounded up Jews
and shot them on the spot.
Forced Relocation-Ghettos


Segregated Jewish areas that were sealed off with
barbed wire and stone walls.
People were forced to work in factories and schools
were set up for Jewish children.
Concentration Camps






Forced labor camps.
Originally set up to imprison political opponents and
protestors but were later they were used to house
undesirables.
Prisoners were crammed into barracks, worked hard,
and not fed very well.
Work from dawn to dusk, seven days a week.
If you are too weak to work, you are killed.
Medical experiments.
Concentration Camps
More Death Camps
The Final Stage

Mass slaughter, starvation, and murder by poison
gas.

Prisoners would be gassed in shower like stalls.

Bodies would then be cremated.

11 million people were killed.
Gas Chamber and Oven
The Survivors


Many Jews had help from people to escape the
Nazis.
Survivors had to start over…no home, job, in some
cases no family…
CHAPTER 16: WORLD
WAR LOOMS
Section 4: America Moves Toward War
Moving Cautiously Away From
Neutrality

Neutrality Act of 1939: Countries at war buy arms
from U.S. if they pay cash and carry the goods on
their own ships.
 “Cash
and carry policy.”
 This will help Britain and France win the war and keep
the U.S. out of the war.
The Axis Threat

By Summer 1940, France had fallen and FDR wanted to
help make sure Britain would survive.
Wanted to ensure “all aid short of war.”
 U.S. sends rifles, machine guns, and trades old destroyers
for leases on British military bases in the Caribbean and
Newfoundland.


September 27, 1940-Italy, Germany and Japan agree
to an alliance and become the Axis Powers.
Want to keep the U.S. out of the war.
 If the U.S. declares war on one, they would have to fight all.

Europe 1940
Building U.S. Defenses


FDR asks for and got
increased defense
spending.
Selective Service Act
First peacetime draft.
 16 million men between
21 and 35 were
registered.
 1 million were to be
drafted for 1 year and
only allowed to serve in
the Western Hemisphere.

Roosevelt Runs For a Third Term


FDR defeats utilities executive Wendell Willkie with
nearly 55 percent of the vote.
Both candidates supported aid to Britain and
promised to keep the U.S. out of the war.
1940 Presidential Election
“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”



FDR- “No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by
stroking it.”
If Britain falls, the Axis Powers would be left
unchallenged to conquer the world.
To prevent this from happening, the U.S. has to help
defeat the Axis Powers.
Supporting the Allies

Lend-Lease Plan: U.S. can sell, exchange, lease, or lend
any defense article to any government if it was
necessary in the defense of the U.S.
By 1945, $40 billion had been sent to the Allies.
 Lending a garden hose to neighbor whose house is on fire.


Supporting Stalin: FDR sends supplies to USSR to help
fight Nazis.

Winston Churchill-”If Hitler invaded Hell,” the British would
be ready to work with the devil.
German Wolf Packs






To prevent the delivery of Lend
Lease shipments, Germany used
U-Boats to attack ships.
Patrols are called wolf packs.
Groups of 40 submarines
would patrol the seas.
June 1941-U.S. Navy gets
permission from FDR to attack
U-Boats in self defense.
Radar and Airborne patrols
are used to find submarines.
Convoy system is used for
protection.
Atlantic Charter-1941, Off the Coast
of Newfoundland


FDR and Winston
Churchill meet on the
U.S.S. Augusta.
Principles to guide the
postwar world, such as
self determination and
collective security.

FDR said he would not ask
for a declaration of war
but he would “wage war”
and do “everything” to
“force an incident.”
Shoot on Sight

German submarine fired on U.S. destroyer Greer on
September 4, 1941.
 FDR



orders the Navy to shoot German subs on sight.
1941-Merchant ship Pink Star is sunk.
1941-Destroyer Kearny is attacked and 11 people
die.
1941-Destroyer Reuben James is sunk and 100
sailors are killed.
Japan Attacks the United States




Hideki Tojo.
Japan wanted to control
East Asia.
With British fighting the
Nazis, the U.S. is the only
country in Japan’s way.
FDR places embargo on
Japan of oil and other
naval supplies.
Peace Talks Are Questioned



Tojo meets with Emperor Hirohito and promises the
Japanese government would attempt to preserve
peace with the U.S.
Tojo tells the Japanese Navy to prepare for attack
on the United States in November 1941.
The U.S. military had broken the Japanese code
and knew an attack was coming…it just didn’t know
where.
Peace Talks Continue to Be Questioned



FDR sends out a “war warning” to Hawaii, Guam,
and the Philippines.
FDR wants Japan to make the first move.
Peace talks lasted for a month and on December 6,
1941 FDR received a decoded message that told
Japan’s representative to reject all American peace
proposals.
Pearl Harbor-December 7, 1941



Surprise Japanese attack on U.S. naval base in
Hawaii. Attack in two waves.
In less than two hours, 2,403 Americans were killed,
20 ships were sunk or damaged, and 300 planes
were damaged or destroyed.
Planned third wave was cancelled because Japan
feared U.S. counterattack.
“A date which will live in infamy”-FDR
USS Arizona Memorial
Reaction To Pearl Harbor



FDR-”I never wanted to have to fight this war on
two fronts. …we will have to build up the Navy and
Air Force…we will have to take a good many
defeats before we can have a victory.
FDR addresses Congress the next day and calls the
attack, “A date which will live in infamy.”
Congress approves war.
 House-388-1
Senate-100-0
 Jeannette Rankin (R-MT).
 Voted against both WW’s.