Transcript WWII and The Latter Twentieth Century

WWII and The Latter
Twentieth Century
Impacts on South Carolina
Ch 26-28
•1939-1945
When?
•US involvement 1941-1945
1939
Sept.1 Germany
invades Poland
(official start to
the war)
1941
1945
Sept. 3 -
Dec. 7 – Japan
May -
Sept. - Atomic
Britain &
France declare
war on
Germany
bombs Pearl
Harbor; US enters
the War
Germans
Surrender
Bombing of
Hiroshima &
Nagasaki,
Japanese
Surrender
Allies
Who?
(major powers)
Axis
(major powers)
Great Britain
Germany
Russia
Italy
United States
Japan
France
(note: France surrendered to Germany
in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting)
Major Leaders
Adolf Hitler
Nazi Germany
Benito Mussolini
Italy
Major Leaders
Hideki Tojo
Japanese Prime
Minister
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
US President
Why? (Main causes
of
WWII)
1. Treaty of Versailles
A. Germany lost land to surrounding
nations
B. War Reparations
1) Allies collect $ to pay back war
debts to U.S.
2) Germany must pay $57 trillion
(modern equivalent)
3) Bankrupted the German economy
& embarrassed Germans
Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson
during negotiations for the Treaty
Why? (Main causes
of
WWII)
2. World-wide Depression
The Depression made Germany’s debt
even worse
Desperate people turn to desperate
leaders
Hitler seemed to provide
solutions to Germany’s
problems
Why? (Main causes
of
WWII)
2. World-wide Depression
2) Hitler provided scapegoats
for Germany’s problems
(foreigners, Jews, communists,
Roma (Gypsies), mentally ill)
3) Vandalism & destruction of
Jewish property & synagogues
The United States Enters WW II
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Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in
What?
infamy”
•Surprise attack by the Japanese on
American forces in Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii
Effect?
•US declares war on Japan & other Axis
powers
USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor
The Holocaust
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Systematic extermination of
European Jews and other
minority groups by Nazi
Germany and its allies from
1941-1945
Over 6 million Jews and other
minorities were put to death in
concentration camps and mass
executions
Only Jews were singled out for
annihilation, but all European
minorities suffered
Photo at right shows woman
and her 2 children sitting
among a large group of Jews
from Lubny (Ukraine) who
have been assembled for mass
execution. October 16, 1941.
South Carolina Remembers
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WW II veteran Frank W.
Towers talks about the
liberation of Holocaust
survivors from
concentration camps as
he shows his photos
taken after the liberation
in May 1945 (Friday,
March 27, 2009, in
Charleston, S.C)
Holocaust memorial in
Columbia, South Carolina
World War II and Economic Impacts
On South Carolina
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South Carolina experienced economic growth during WW II.
War effort ended Great Depression since South Carolinians obtained
full employment.
Many South Carolinians joined the armed forces including white and
African American men and women.
This depleted the work force and left farms short handed.
Farms lost more workers as others left for jobs in mills and other
industries.
The local economy was further stimulated by the expansion of local
military bases at Fort Jackson, Parris Island, the naval base at
Charleston and the new air base at Columbia.
Segregation In South Carolina
During World War II
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Segregation and discrimination continued to limit
the opportunities of African Americans.
President Roosevelt issued an executive order
that offered some jobs in wartime industries to
African Americans.
African Americans moved off South Carolina
farms searching for better economic and social
opportunities in the North and West.
African American Spotlight: Giving
a Face To The Statistics
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Mr. Shade Lee served as
a tech sergeant during
WW II
He was among the
African Americans
assigned to a racially
divided Army air base in
South Carolina during
World War II and helped
keep the planes flying.
World War II Ends!
Economic Prosperity After World
War II
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Economic prosperity continued in South Carolina
after the war as it did in the rest of the nation.
Demand for goods unavailable in wartime and
the ability to pay for them because of wartime
savings led to increased consumer spending.
Returning veterans used the GI benefits to get
an education or start new businesses, boosting
the SC economy in the process.
Governor J. Strom Thurmond
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Thurmond was elected as South Carolina governor in 1946.
Through his support, the legislature passed a series of reform bills
that helped support economic growth including the expansion and
modernization of Charleston’s port facilities.
During the 1950s, Charleston became on the leading seaports in the
U.S. and attracted shipping with newly developed container
facilities.
Thurmond supported education reform that would supply a better
educated work force. The school year was increased to 9 months
and the 12th grade added to high schools.
The South Carolina Trade school was established and evolved into a
system of technical colleges.
Under Thurmond’s leadership, the South Carolina Budget and
Control Board was established to regulate the state’s finances.
Thurmond prompted many miles of highways and rural roads to be
paved which improved market access for farmers and
manufacturers.
Thurmond influenced the poll tax to be repealed and the legalization
of divorce in South Carolina.
1964 Thurmond Switches
Parties
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Strom Thurmond, 1964
Diana Walker
Running for President as a Dixiecrat in 1948, Strom Thurmond
declared that "all the laws of Washington and all the bayonets of
the Army cannot force the Negro into our homes, our schools, our
churches and our places of recreation." By 1964, with civil rights
marching onward, it was clear that his fellow Democrats disagreed.
Thurmond jumped ship, joining the Republican Party that year. The
first major Southern pol to cross the aisle during the civil rights era,
the South Carolina Senator marked the beginning of the GOP's
appeal to white, Southern conservatives, and helped turn a former
blue state red.
Governor J. Strom Thurmond
Continued Economic Development and The
Weakening of Organized Labor
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Later SC governors continued to support economic development.
The State Development Board was created in 1954 to attract
industries.
The Board recruits of businesses from other parts of the country
and overseas that are attracted to the state because of tax breaks,
low wages and the state government’s opposition to labor unions.
The state legislature passed a bill in the 1940s that established
South Carolina as a ‘right to work’ state.
Right to work laws supported (and continue to support) the
interests of management over the workers by outlawing the closed
shop (workers refusing to work while unions negotiate better terms
including higher salaries and benefits).
The law allowed employees to work in a factory without joining the
elected union.
This undermined the workers unity and the effectiveness of unions
to bargain with management.
This forced weakness of labor organizations has contributed to the
scarcity of labor unions in SC.
Technical colleges also attracted businesses to SC since they
provided trained employees to meet industry specifications.
The Post War Growth of Tourism in
South Carolina
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South Carolina continued the tradition started during the late 19th
century of promoting Northern tourism to Southern climates.
Affluent Northerners were attracted to several temperate places in
SC for outdoor activities including hunting and horse racing.
Former plantations were bought up and converted into large tracts
of land purposefully left undeveloped national parks and preserves.
These parks and preserves further attracted recreation and tourism
including Huntington State Park and Brook Green Gardens.
The common availability of the automobile further accelerated
tourism to SC.
Motels and fast food restaurants followed the building of highways
and gave tourists more places to stay.
The South Carolina coast including Charleston and Myrtle Beach
became popular vacation destinations nationally.
The development and expanded availability of air conditioning
prompted the growth of tourism to SC even during the hot summer
months.
Brook Green Gardens (1961)
The Diminishment of Agriculture In
South Carolina
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In the mid 1950s, tobacco replaced cotton as the
primary crop in SC.
New farming methods and fertilizers led to increased
yields.
This increased productivity eventually led to
overproduction resulting in falling prices.
Many small farmers went out of business and headed to
cities and towns to find employment in industries.
By the 1970s, more South Carolinians lived in cities than
in rural areas.
As a result of industrialization, South Carolina's economy
changed from an agricultural base to being reliant on
manufacturing and tourism.
Post War Social opportunities For African
Americans In South Carolina
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Jim Crow laws, restrictions on voting through poll taxes
and literacy tests, and workplace discrimination
continued to limit social and economic opportunities for
African Americans.
In spite of the efforts of many African Americans during
World War II, African Americans were forced to tolerate
second class citizenship, especially in SC.
After WW II, the civil rights movement accelerated with
the “victory abroad, victory at home” campaign of
African American and white supporters.
In 1948 in SC, the modern civil rights movement began
with a simple request in Clarendon County.
Children In Clarendon County, South
Carolina
Briggs v. Elliot
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The parents of African American children in Clarendon County,
South Carolina asked for a bus to take their children to school.
Some children had to walk 18 miles to and from school everyday.
Since the county’s 2,375 white children had 30 school buses and its
6,531 black students had none, parents at Scott’s Branch School felt
that the “separate but equal” doctrine established by the Supreme
Court in the Plessy v. Ferguson required the school district to pay
for the gas and repairs of the school bus the parents bought for
their children. Parents did not originally seek integration but instead
some equality. The case was dismissed on a technicality.
With the assistance of local leaders and the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), parents filed suit
against the district in a new case, Briggs v. Elliot, for equal
treatment under the law as required by the 14th amendment.
Plaintiffs In Briggs v. Elliot
The Results of Briggs v. Elliot
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In federal district court, the state’s counsel admitted that the
separate schools for African American were unequal but claimed the
states were already working on a new building program that would
bring the African American schools up to the same standards as
white schools.
The court ruled in favor of the school district.
The NAACP appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court,
combining it with others like it from several states.
Briggs v. Elliot was the first of five cases that combined into the
1954 landmark Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.
In Brown, the Supreme Court ruled that separate was inherently
unequal. The court further ruled that African American students
should be integrated into white schools with “all deliberate speed.”
Clarendon County, Old Scott’s Branch School
South Carolina Slow to Embrace Brown
Ruling
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South Carolinians differed in the reaction to the Brown
v. Board of Education decision. Some white moderates
supported the decision. They urged people to work for
better race relations.
However, these people were in the minority. South
Carolina Governor James F. Byrnes encouraged this
resistance. White Citizens Councils were formed to
intimidate African Americans who petitioned for equal
treatment and to label whites who supported the
court’s ruling as traitors to their race.
South Carolina’s Senator Strom Thurmond authored
the Southern Manifesto, signed by all but three
Congressmen from the Deep South (101 in total).
This document condemned the Brown decision for
upsetting the relationship between whites and African
Americans in the South and encouraged resistance to
desegregation.
The Start of Public School Integration In South
Carolina
South Carolina Resistance to Public School
Integration
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Resistance included the
establishment of several ‘white
flight’ private academies,
school choice, and plans for
the voluntary closing of public
schools.
For over a decade a South
Carolina Committee appointed
by the governor sought legal
means to avoid integration of
public schools in SC.
Complete integration did not
occur in most SC schools until
the 1970s.
Protest Against Public School Desegregation In
1952
Septima Clark and Rosa Parks
Image Courtesy of Highlander Research and
Education Center
Septima Poinsette Clark is perhaps the only woman to play a significant role in educating African Americans
for full citizenship rights without gaining sufficient recognition. Clark was born the second of eight children in
Charleston,
South Carolina, to Peter Poinsette, a former slave, and his wife Victoria Warren Anderson, a laundress. She and
her
family struggled to pay for a high school education, and she graduated from Avery Normal Institute in 1916. She married a
Navy seaman, Nerie Clark, in 1919. The couple’s first child died in infancy; a son was born in 1925, but Clark’s husband
died shortly after. By teaching in segregated schools in various locations, she earned a bachelor’s degree from Benedict
College in 1942 and a master’s degree from Hampton Institute in 1946
Septima Clark and Rosa Parks
Modjeska Monteith Simkins
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Built between 1890 and 1895, this one-story Columbia Cottage was
home to Modjeska Monteith Simkins, considered "the matriarch of
Civil Rights activists of South Carolina," from 1932 until her death
on April 5, 1992. During a time when blacks were excluded from city
hotels, her home was used for lodging and as a meeting space for
local and national civil rights leaders and NAACP lawyers such as
Thurgood Marshall.
Matthew J. Perry
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http://law.sc.edu/memory/2012/perrymatthew_j-jr.shtml
Orangeburg Massacre
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The Orangeburg massacre is the most common name given to an
incident on February 8, 1968, in which nine South Carolina Highway Patrol
officers in Orangeburg, South Carolina, fired into a crowd of protesters
demonstrating against segregation at a bowling alley near the campus of
South Carolina State College, a historically black college. Three men were
killed and twenty-eight persons were injured; most victims were shot in the
back.[1] One of the injured was a pregnant woman. She had a miscarriage a
week later due to her beating by the police. It was the first such unrest on
a university campus resulting in deaths of protesters.
http://www.orangeburgmassacre1968.co
m/