Transcript Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature

Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature
Before Reading
Global Reading
Detailed Reading
An English Song
Detailed Reading
Napoleon Bonaparte
World War II
Map Reading
After Reading
Supplementary Reading
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An English Song —
The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald
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Background of the Song
Questions about the Song
Blank Filling
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Background of the Song
The song you are about to hear is based on a true
story. It tells the tale of the sinking of a ship called The
Detailedwas
Readingcaught in a storm on Lake
Edmund Fitzgerald that
Superior back in November 1975, with the loss of all on
board.
Lake Superior is an enormous lake and the wind can
at times make it dangerous to shipping, whipping up
huge waves. November is a particularly dangerous month
for such storms. This had long ago been noticed by a
local native American tribe, the Chippewa, who used to
speak of how death threatened from the lake when
storm
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storm clouds gathered in November. According to legend,
the big lake, which they called Gitche Gumee, was
without mercy in that month, never giving up those it had
marked for death. Detailed Reading
It is this legend that starts the song before it moves
on to talk of The Edmund Fitzgerald. The Edmund
Fitzgerald, like many other ships that sail the lake, was
built to carry iron ore. Filled with ore these ships lie low
in the water and can find themselves in difficulties in
rough weather. So, with a full load on board we can
imagine the anxiety that must have begun to creep into
the hearts of the sailors on board The Edmund Fitzgerald
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as they felt the cold wind beginning to rise and heard the
sound of it singing as it blew through the wires. For,
despite the fact that the captain and crew were all
experienced, ’well-seasoned’ as the song says, they all
Reading
knew the dangers ofDetailed
November
storms. Before long their
worse fears started to come true and the storm had risen
to a hurricane. The despair of the crew is captured in the
words of the cook. First he comes on deck to tell the
sailors it is too rough to cook, they will have to wait for
their supper. The next we hear from him he is saying
goodbye to his shipmates. Water is pouring into the ship.
The captain sends out a distress signal, but that is the last
that is heard from the ship. It is swallowed up by the lake,
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leaving nothing behind but the mourning families of the
twenty-nine sailors and the sound of the church bell
ringing in their memory.
Reading
Now let’s listen toDetailed
the song.
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Questions about the Song
Listen to the song and answer the following questions.
Reading
1. Where and when Detailed
did the
storm take place?
It took place on Lake Superior in November 1975.
2. Why did the crew fear the worst?
Because they knew the dangers of November storms
and the storm had risen to a hurricane.
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The ________
legend lives on from the Chippewa on down
Of the big lake they call Gitche Gumee
gives
up her dead
The lake, it is said, Detailed
neverReading
_________
When the skies of November turn gloomy
twenty-six thousand tons more
With a load of iron ore ___________
Than the Edmund Fitzgerald weighed empty
That good ship and true was a bone to be chewed
gales of November came early
When the ______
The ship was the pride of the American side
Coming back from some mill in Wisconsin
bigger than most
As the big freighters go, it was ____________
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With a crew and good captain well seasoned
a couple of steel firms
Concluding some terms with ____________
When they left fully loaded for Cleveland
And later that nightDetailed
when
the ship’s bell rang
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the north wind they’d been feeling
Could it be _________________
The wind in the wires made a tattle-tale sound
broke over the railing
And a wave ____________
And every man knew, as the captain did too
T’was the witch of November come stealing
The _______
dawn came late and the breakfast had to wait
When the Gales of November came slashing
When afternoon came it was freezing rain
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a hurricane west wind
When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck saying
too rough to feed ya
Fellas, it’s ___________________
Detailed Readingcaved in, he said
At seven PM a main hatchway
Fellas, it’s been good to know ya
The captain wired in he had water coming in
And the good ship and crew was ________
in peril
And later that night when his lights went out of sight
Came the _______
wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald
Does any one know where the love of God goes
minutes to hours
When the waves turn the __________________
The searchers all say they’d have made Whitefish Bay
_______________
In the face of
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If they’d put fifteen more miles behind her
They might have ________
split up or they might have capsized
They may have broke deep and took water
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And all that _________
is Reading
the faces and the names
remains
Of the wives and the sons and the daughters
Lake Huron rolls, Superior sings
ice water mansion
In the rooms of her __________
Old Michigan steams like a young man’s dreams
islands and bays are for sportsmen
The ________
And farther below Lake Ontario
Takes in what Lake Erie can send her
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And the iron boats go as the mariners all know
With the Gales of November
___________ remembered
In a musty ________
old hall in Detroit they prayed
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In the Maritime Sailors’ Cathedral
The church bell chimed till it rang twenty-nine times
For each man on the Edmund Fitzgerald
The legend _________
lives on from the Chippewa on down
Of the big lake they call Gitche Gumee
up her dead
Superior, they said, never gives
_________
When the gales of November come early
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Napoleon Bonaparte
A Brief Introduction to Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon’s Chronology
The Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon’s Campaign
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A Brief Introduction to Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769−1821)
Emperor of the French, who consolidated
and institutionalized Detailed
many
reforms of the
Reading
French Revolution. One of the greatest military
commanders of all time, he conquered the
larger part of Europe.
During 1802 —1815 Napoleon tried to gain
control of the whole of Europe. He had great
success against all his enemies except Britain,
whose navy under Nelson defeated the French
navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and whose army
fought the Peninsular War against him from 1808 to 1814,
making him weaker in his other campaigns.
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In 1812 Napoleon lost half a million men when he invaded
Russia in winter, and in 1814 the British, Russians,
Prussians and Austrians entered Paris. They sent Napoleon
to rule the island ofDetailed
ElbaReading
in the Mediterranean, but he
collected an army around him and returned to Paris. He
was soon defeated again, at the Battle of Waterloo in
1815, and was sent to the island of St. Helena in the
south Atlantic, where he died in 1821.
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French Revolution
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Nelson
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The Battle of Trafalgar
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The Peninsular War
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The Battle of Waterloo
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The Island of St. Helena
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
Event
August 15, 1769
Born
in Ajaccio, Corsia.
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April 1796
Italian campaign began.
May 1798
Bonaparte’s Egyptian campaign
began — War of the Second Coalition.
May~June 1800
Bonaparte’s second Italian campaign.
May 1804
Referendum proclaimed Bonaparte as
hereditary Emperor.
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Napoleon’s Chronology
Date
December 2, 1804
Event
The pope was brought to Paris for
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his coronation in Notre Dame.
June 1812
Invasion of Russia.
September 7, 1812
Battle of Borodino.
October 1812
Retreat from Moscow began.
January 1814
Allies crossed the Rhine.
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March 31, 1814
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Event
Paris fell.
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April 6, 1814
Napoleon abdicated.
March 20, 1815
Napoleon escaped from Elba and
returned to Paris.
June 18, 1815
Battle of Waterloo.
May 5, 1821
Napoleon died on Saint Helena.
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The Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo is the final and decisive action
of the Napoleonic Wars,
which effectively ended French
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domination of the European continent and brought about
drastic changes in the political boundaries and the power
balance of Europe. Fought on June 18, 1815, near Waterloo,
in what is now Belgium, the battle ranks as a great turning
point in modern history.
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The Battle of Waterloo
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Napoleon’s Campaign
While allies in name, France and Russia were never real
friends. Russia’s economy was being hurt by Napoleon
Bonaparte’s Continental System that banned trade with
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Britain and internal pressures forced Tsar Alexander to turn
a blind eye to those who broke it. Bonaparte decided to
bring the Russians back into line and gathered a Grand Army
of more than 500,000 men — including contingents from all
France’s allies — to frighten them.
Bonaparte left the army on December 5 to return to
Paris where a coup had been foiled and to raise another
army. His troops dragged themselves on and on December 7
finally crossed the Niemen out of Russian territory. They
had survived, but only 20,000 of them.
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World War II
Chronology of the War
A Brief Introduction to the War
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Adolf Hitler
A Brief Introduction to Adolf Hitler
Hitler’s Chronology
Siege of Leningrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Joseph Stalin
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Chronology of the War
Date
Event
September 1, 1939 The Second World War in Europe
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started
with German armies pouring
across the Polish frontier.
April, 1940
May 10, 1940
June 22, 1941
Denmark and Norway were conquered.
Hitler’s troops drove into France and
within the following six weeks, Holland,
Belgium and Luxembourg had
surrendered as had France.
Hitler launched his long-term attack
on the Soviet Union.
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Event
Date
September, 1942 A decisive battle was fought at Stalingrad,
~February, 1943 which was the turning point of the war.
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December, 1941
The U. S. A. entered the war after
Japanese planes bombed the
American naval base at Pearl Harbor.
June 6, 1944
May 2, 1945
American, British and Canadian forces
landed in Normandy and opened the
second front in Europe.
The Soviet army took Berlin.
May 7, 1945
Germany surrendered.
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A Brief Introduction to the War
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A Brief Introduction to Adolf Hitler
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A Brief Introduction to Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (1889−1945): German political and military
leader and one of the 20th century’s most powerful
dictators. Hitler converted Germany into a fully militarized
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society and launched World War II in 1939. He made antiSemitism a keystone of his propaganda and policies and
built the Nazi Party into a mass movement. He hoped to
conquer the entire world, and for a time dominated most of
Europe and much of North Africa. He instituted sterilization
and euthanasia measures to enforce his idea of racial purity
among the German people and slaughtered millions of Jews,
Sinti and Roma (Gypsies), Slavic peoples, and many others,
all of whom he considered inferior.
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Hitler’s Chronology
Date
April 23, 1889
1914 ~ 1918
Event
Born in Braunau, upper Austria, son of
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a customs
official.
Volunteer in German Army. Wounded,
gassed, and decorated.
September 1919 Joined German Workers’ Party, which he
reorganized as the National Socialist
German Workers’ (Nazi) Party.
November 11, Arrested for leading the Munich Beer Hall
putsch (coup) against the German
1923
national government.
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Date
Event
January 30,
Appointed chancellor after Nazis won one1933
third of votes.
the death of Paul von Hindenburg,
August 19, 1934 Following
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Hitler assumed presidency while
maintaining his other title as chancellor.
Sent troops into the Rhineland in violation
March 7, 1936
of treaties of Versailles and Locamo.
September 1,
1939
Invaded Poland, provoking Britain and
France to declare war on Germany two
days later.
April 30, 1945
Committed suicide in Berlin bunker.
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Siege of Leningrad
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Siege of Leningrad
Also known as the 900-Day Siege, blockade by German
forces of the USSR’s second largest city during World War II,
from September 1941
1944. The total
Detailed to
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destruction of Leningrad was one of Adolf Hitler’s major
objectives in his Russian campaign and had been specifically
mentioned in the Barbarossa directive of December 18,
1940. The Nazi leader had described the city as a center of
Jewish-Bolshevik intelligentsia. There was to be no place
for Leningrad in the Nazi “New Order”.
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Battle of Stalingrad
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Battle of Stalingrad
(1942 — 43) Unsuccessful German assault on the Soviet
city in World War II. German forces invaded the Soviet
Union in 1941 and had advanced to the suburbs of
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Stalingrad (now Volgograd)
by the summer of 1942. Met by
a determined Red Army defense commanded by Vasily
Chuikov, they reached the city’s centre after fierce street
fighting. In November the Soviets counterattacked and
encircled the German army led by Friedrich Paulus, who
surrendered in February 1943 with 91,000 troops. The Axis
forces (Germans, Romanians, Italians, and Hungarians)
suffered 800,000 deaths; in excess of 1,000,000 Soviet
soldiers died. The battle marked the farthest extent of
the German advance into the Soviet Union.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin (1879−1953): General secretary of the
Communist Party of Detailed
the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics
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(USSR) (1922−1953) and chairman of the Council of
Ministers of the USSR (1941−1953). Under his leadership
the USSR was built into a modern economic and military
power that repelled Hitler’s armies in World War II and
rivaled the United States during the Cold War period.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin (1879−1953): General secretary of the
Communist Party of Detailed
the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics
Reading
(USSR) (1922−1953) and chairman of the Council of
Ministers of the USSR (1941−1953). Under his leadership
the USSR was built into a modern economic and military
power that repelled Hitler’s armies in World War II and
rivaled the United States during the Cold War period.
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Map Reading
Read the following maps and answer the following questions.
1. Napoleon’s Russian Campaign, 1812
1) Find the following
place
names: Moscow, Borodino, and
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Reading
Neman River.
2) What happened in Borodino?
Click here to see the map!
2 Hitler’s Russian Campaign, 1941~1944
1) When did the Hitler’s Russian Campaign happen?
2) How long was Leningrad being besieged?
Click here to see the map!
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Napoleon’s Russian Campaign
1) Find the following place names: Moscow, Borodino,
and Neman River.
2) What happened inDetailed
Borodino?
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Hitler’s Russian Campaign
1) When did the Hitler’s Russian Campaign happen?
2) How long was Leningrad being besieged?
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Part Division of the Text
Further Understanding
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Further Understanding
True or False
Questions and Answers
Text Analysis
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Part Division of the Text
Parts
Para(s)
1
1~12
2
13~62
Main Ideas
Introduction — Both Napoleon’s
and Hitler’s military campaigns
failed because of the severity of
the Russian winter.
Napoleon’s military campaign
against Russia.
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Parts
Para(s)
3
63~113
Hitler’s military campaign against
the Soviet Union.
114~117
Conclusion — The elements of
nature must be reckoned with in
any military campaign.
4
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Main Ideas
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True or False
1. “The icy defender” refers to the Russian river.
( F )
“The icy defender” refers to the bleak Russian winter.
2. Napoleon and his troops gained the quick victory in
Russia as they had expected.
( F )
To Napoleon’s surprise, the Russians refused to stand
and fight. They retreated eastward, burning their
crops and homes as they went.
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3. Napoleon didn’t capture the capital of Russia.
( F )
Napoleon captured the capital of Russia: Moscow.
4. Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the
largest military land campaign in history.
( T )
5. German troops adopted scorch-earth policy when they
entered Russia.
( F )
Stalin instructed the Russian people to burn and destroy
farms and factories.
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6. Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the strong
resistance from Russian people.
( F )
Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the severe
winter in Russia.
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Questions and Answers
1. What happened to Napoleon’s Grand Army when it was
retreating from Moscow?
The Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the
French from fields and forests. On the other hand, the
temperature dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius and
Napoleon’s army didn’t have enough clothes, food and
shelter.
2. Why didn’t the Russian people defend their homeland in
the face of Napoleon’s offensive?
They would like to take advantage of their nature
situation to fight for them.
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Questions and Answers
3. What tactics did Hitler use in his invasion of the Soviet
Union?
He planned to use the tactics called blitzkrieg, or
“lightning war”, which had defeated the rest of Europe.
4. What was the significance of the battle of Stalingrad?
It was one of the most important battles. It ended
Germany’s ongoing offensive against the Soviet Union,
and along with the second Battle of El Alamein paved
the way for Nazi Germany’s eventual defeat.
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Questions and Answers
5. What conclusion does the author draw from Napoleon’s
and Hitler’s military campaigns?
The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any
military campaign.
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Text Analysis
A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions
Invading country
Country invaded
Start of war
Starting time of
invasion
Strength of
invading force
Prediction
France
Russia
Napoleon
Germany
Soviet Union
Hitler
Spring, 1812
6/22/1941
the largest land
campaign in history
Blitzkrieg (lightning
quick victory,
conquest of Russia war), lasting no
longer than 3 months
in 5 weeks
600,000
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Initial resistance refusing to stand and
fight; retreating
strategy
eastwards, burning
crops and homes
yes
Capture of the
Russian capital
Major battles
Truce offer
Smolensk, Borodino,
the Berezina River
by Napoleon, rejected
by the Czar
“scorch the earth”,
fierce fight to
defend major cities
no
Leningrad,
Stalingrad
no
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A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions
Biggest enemy for snow, freezing
the invading force temperature
Turning point
Fate of the
invading force
War-provoker’s
fate
heavy rain, “General
Mud”, snow, freezing
temperature
October 1812 when 1943, when the Soviet
Napoleon ordered a troops pushed the
German forces back
retreat
only 100, 000
survived
Napoleon abdicated
and went into exile,
his empire at an end
heavy losses
Hitler committed
suicide, his empire
collapsing
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Fighting with the Forces of Nature
In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French,
led his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the
fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their
homeland. He was prepared for the long march across
Russian soil to Moscow, the capital city. But he was not
prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in
Moscow — the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.
In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched
an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was
called. Hitler’s military might was unequaled.
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His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of
Europe.
Hitler expected a short campaign but, like
Napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson. The
Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
Napoleon’s Campaign
In the spring of 1812, Napoleon
assembled an army of six hundred
thousand men on the borders of Russia.
The soldiers were well trained, efficient,
and well equipped. This military force
was called the Grand Army. Napoleon,
confident of a quick victory, predicted
the conquest of Russia in five weeks.
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Shortly afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the
Neman River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory
that Napoleon expected never happened. To his surprise,
the Russians refused to stand and fight. Instead, they
retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as
they went. The Grand Army followed, but its advance
march soon became bogged down by slow-moving supply
lines.
In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at
Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead
on each side. Yet, the Russians were again able to
retreat farther into Russian territory. Napoleon had won
no decisive victory.
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He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he
continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep
his army in Smolensk for the approaching winter?
Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow,
448 kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French
and Russian armies met in a fierce battle at Borodino,
112 kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty
thousand French and forty-four thousand Russians lay
dead or wounded on the battlefield.
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Again, the Russian army retreated to
safety. Napoleon had a clear path to
Moscow, but the occupation of the city
became an empty victory. The Russians
fled their capital. Soon after the French
arrived, a raging fire destroyed twothirds of the city.
Napoleon offered
a truce to Alexander I, but the Russian
czar knew he could bide his time: “We
shall let the Russian winter fight the war
for us.”
Supplementary Reading
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Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and
quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October
1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From
fields and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run
attacks on the French. A short distance from Moscow, the
temperature had already dropped to minus 4 degrees
Celsius. On November 3, the winter’s first snow came.
Exhausted horses fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became
stuck in the snow. Equipment had to be burned for fuel.
Soldiers took ill and froze to death. The French soldiers
dragged on, leaving the dead along every mile.
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As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the
French had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat.
At the Berezina River, the Russians
nearly trapped the retreating French
by burning the bridges over the
swollen river. But Napoleon, by a
stroke of luck, was able to build two
new bridges. Thousands of French
soldiers escaped, but at the cost of
fifty thousand dead. Once across the
Berezina, the tattered survivors
limped toward Vilna.
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Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led
into Russia, less than one hundred thousand came back.
The weakened French army continued its retreat westward
across Europe. Soon, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia
formed a powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers.
In March 1814, Paris was captured. Napoleon abdicated and
went into exile, his empire at an end.
Hitler’s Invasion
By early 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, had
seized control of most of Europe. To the east of Hitler’s
German empire was the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941,
without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of
the Soviet Union that was the largest military land
campaign in history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler
expected the campaign to last no longer than three months.
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He planned to use the blitzkrieg , or “lightning war,”
tactics that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion
had three broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow
and through the Ukraine.
Caught off guard by the invasion,
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed
the Russian people to “scorch the earth”
in front of the German invaders. Farms
and factories were burned, destroyed,
or rendered useless. During the first ten
weeks of the invasion, the Germans pushed the front
eastward, and the Russians suffered more than a million
casualties.
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In the north, the Germans closed in on Leningrad.
Despite great suffering, however, the people of Leningrad
refused to surrender. As the battle of Leningrad dragged
on into winter, the city’s situation became desperate. As
food ran out, people died from hunger and disease. By the
middle of the winter of 1941—1942, nearly four thousand
people starved to death every day. Close to one million
people died as a result of the siege.
In the center of Russia, Hitler’s goal was the capture
of Moscow. Because the Germans had anticipated a quick
victory, they had made no plans for winter supplies.
October arrived with heavy rains. “General Mud” slowed
down the movement of the Germans’ lightning attack.
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As Hitler’s armies drew closer and closer to Moscow,
an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the
harshest in years. Temperatures
dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius.
Heavy snows fell. The German soldiers,
completely unprepared for the Russian
winter, froze in their light summer
uniforms. The German tanks lay buried
in the heavy snowbanks. The Russian
winter brought the German offensive to
a halt.
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By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new
offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol.
Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city
that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River.
Despite great suffering, Soviet defenders refused to give up
Stalingrad.
In November 1942, the Russians launched a
counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter
cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were further
weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January
1943 did the Germans give up their siege. Of the three
hundred thousand Germans attacking Stalingrad, only
ninety thousand starving soldiers were left. The loss of
the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against
Hitler. The German victories were over, thanks in part to
the Russian winter.
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During 1943 and 1944, the Soviet armies pushed the
German front back toward the west. In the north, the
Red Army broke the three-year siege of Leningrad with a
surprise attack on January 15, 1944.
Within two weeks, the heroic survivors
of Leningrad saw their invaders depart.
By March 1944, the Ukraine farming
region was again in Soviet hands. On May
9, 1944, Sevastopol was liberated from
the Germans. The Russians were now
heading for Berlin.
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For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned
into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought
unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II
reached almost 23 million.
Russia’s Icy Defender
The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any
military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated
the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing
temperatures took their toll on both invading armies. For
the Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
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But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that
met him in Moscow — the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.
Analyze the structure of the sentence.
“that met him in Moscow” is an attributive clause
modifying “the devastating enemy” while “the raw,
bitter, bleak Russian winter” is in apposition to “the
devastating enemy”.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌——俄罗斯阴冷凄
苦的寒冬。
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Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon
before him, was taught a painful lesson.
What does this sentence imply?
It implies that Hitler’s Russian campaign still ended in
failure.
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Napoleon offered a truce to Alexander I, but the Russian
czar knew he could bide his time: “We shall let the
Russian winter fight the war for us.”
Paraphrase “offered a truce” and “bide his time”.
“Offer a truce” means “offer an agreement to stop
fighting”. “Bide his time” means “wait patiently for
a chance”.
Why did the Russian czar say “We shall let the Russian
winter fight the war for us”?
Because the Russian winter was raw, bitter, bleak
and the Grand Army’s supply lines moved slowly, the
Russian czar was confident that they would defeat
the Grand Army.
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The Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet
soldiers.
Paraphrase the sentence.
The Russian winter at last helped the Soviet soldiers
to fight off their enemy.
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The Grand Army followed, but its advance march soon
became bogged down by slow-moving supply lines.
What is the meaning of “became dogged down”?
become/be/get bogged down: be unable to make
progress
Most of the tanks were bogged down because of
mechanical defects and inexperienced crews.
The local government got bogged down in problems of
how to handle the emission of hazardous chemicals by
industrial facilities.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓
慢而停顿下来。
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Napoleon, confident of a quick victory, predicted the
conquest of Russia in five weeks.
1. What’s the function of “confident of a quick victory”
in the sentence?
It is an adjective phrase, which serves as an
adverbial modifier (状语), indicating the cause.
2. What can you infer from the sentence about
Napoleon’s characters?
He is self-confident, but too proud.
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At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the
retreating French by burning the bridges over the swollen
river.
Paraphrase the phrase “the swollen river”.
the swollen river: the rising river
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
在别列兹那河，俄国人焚烧了涨水的河道上的桥梁，
差点将后撤的法军困于河边。
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Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph
Stalin instructed the Russian people to “scorch the earth”
in front of the German invaders.
What’s the meaning of “caught off guard”?
catch off guard: take sb. by surprise
The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.
The manager didn’t know what to say. It was clear
that my question had caught him off guard.
Why did Stalin instruct the Russian people to “scorch
the earth”?
In this way, Hitler’s army couldn’t get any supply.
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What is the meaning of this sentence in Chinese?
苏联领导人约瑟夫•斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全
国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。
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The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide
against Hitler.
Paraphrase the sentence.
In Hitler’s Russian campaign, the battle for Stalingrad
was a turning point, from which German troops
became weak and was at a dilemma.
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raw: adj. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed,
organized or analyzed
The event took place on a raw February
morning.
这块砧板是专门用来切生肉的。
This cutting board is only used to cut raw meat.
Raw materials are the natural substances from which
industrial products are made.
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launch: vt.
1) start
Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes
to explore other planets.
这家电脑公司今年开始生产一种新产品。
This computer company launches a new product this
year.
2) send (sth.) on its course
On October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists
launched the world’s first artificial satellite,
called Sputnik.
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Collocation:
launch an attack
launch a massive campaign
launch a company
launch threats at sb.
launch into
launch out
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发动进攻
发动一场大规模的运动
开一家公司
向某人发出威胁
（积极有力地）开始
（精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始
He launched into a long speech about the danger of
taking drugs.
他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。
She wants to be more than a singer and is launching
out into films.
她不仅仅是想当一名歌手，而且正在积极涉足电影界。
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campaign: n. a series of military operations or planned
activities with a particular aim
The government is launching a massive campaign
against corruption.
在我们城市开展的灭鼠运动开端良好。
The campaign against rats in our city got off to a
good start.
CF: campaign, battle & war
这三个词都是名词，均含有“战斗，战争”之意。
campaign 通常指在一场大的战争中，某一地区进行的一连
串有既定目的的军事行动，也可作引申用。
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CF: campaign, battle & war
这三个词都是名词，均含有“战斗，战争”之意。
battle 强调指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指
陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间
的争斗。
war 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change
the form where necessary.
war criminals were proceeded against following
1. Many _____
World War II.
campaign lasts for eighteen
2. The American presidential ___________
months.
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3. It was a decisive ________
____ because of
battle — we won the war
it.
4. The Philippines had suffered grievously under the
campaign
Japanese occupation. A highly effective guerilla ___________
controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and
mountain areas.
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efficient: adj. working well, quickly and without waste
To cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more
efficient cars.
雇佣未受良好训练的工人效果是不会好的。
It is not efficient to hire poorly trained workers.
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conquest: n. conquering, defeat
Hitler badly miscalculated when
he assumed the conquest of the
USSR would be simple.
1939 年德国征服了波兰。
The year 1939 had witnessed the
conquest of Poland by Germany.
CF: conquest, triumph & victory
这三个词都是名词，均含有“胜利”之意。
conquest 指获取胜利或征服，把失败者置于控制之下。
triumph 着重指胜利或成功的辉煌。
victory
普通用词，主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的
胜利，强调艰辛与成功。
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Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change
the form where necessary.
1. Under the leadership of the Party, we are marching from
_______ to _________
victory
victory .
2. The Yangtze Bridge is a great _________
triumph of modern civil
engineering.
3. It was a _________
triumph of human intellect, and also
international cooperation and communication.
4. In process of time, Rome became a great empire by
conquest .
__________
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retreat: v. move back or withdraw when faced with
danger or difficulty
After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward.
我们采取如下策略：敌进我退，敌退我追。
We adopted the following strategies: When the enemy
advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue.
NB: retreat 的反义词是advance，例如：
to advance against (on, to, toward)
to retreat from
to retreat to
朝…前进
从…撤退
撤退到
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engage: vt.
1) begin fighting with sb.
The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the
enemy immediately.
他们与敌人交战。
They engaged the enemy.
2) draw into; involve
We tried to engage him in our conversation, but in vain.
3) attract sb.’s interest
We failed to engage any active support for our project.
他善良的性情吸引每个人。
His good nature engages everyone.
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4) occupy
Studying engages most of a serious student’s time.
工作占去她很多时间。
Work engages much of her time.
Pattern：engage (sb.) in sth.: (cause to) take part in sth.
They are currently engaged in lengthy trade
negotiations.
The teacher
Collocation:
engage as
engage in
engage with
tried to engage the shy boy in conversation.
使聘为…
从事；使参加
与…啮合
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be faced with: have to deal with
The librarians were faced with the huge task of listing
all the books.
We were faced with an exceptionally difficult
situation.
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crucial: adj. very important (followed by to)
Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory in the
crucial final game.
增强消费者信心是经济复苏的关键。
Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic
recovery.
CF: crucial, critical & decisive
这三个词都是形容词，都有“紧要的、紧迫的、重要的”
之意。
crucial 意为“决定性的、极重要的”，指对关键性事物不
断增长的缺乏或需求，紧急情况或危急转折关头。
例如：
We must pay attention to this crucial test.
我们必须重视这次决定性的试验。
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CF: crucial, critical & decisive
这三个词都是形容词，都有“紧要的、紧迫的、重要
的”之意
critical 意为“决定性的”，与crucial相似，但表示对缺
乏程度更精确的估计。在转折关头时比crucial表
现出更大的严重性。例如：
The patient’s condition is critical.
病人情况危急。
decisive 意思是“决定性的、果断的”，具有重要、特殊
或决定性效果。 例如：
Our air forces were decisive in winning the war.
我们的空军对打赢这场战争有决定性的贡献。
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take a gamble: take a risk
The company took a gamble by cutting the price of
their products, and it paid off.
I think she’s taking a gamble investing all her
money in stocks.
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press on/ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way
(used in the pattern: press on/ahead (with sth.))
Our school authorities are keen to press on with
educational reform.
Organizers of the strike are determined to press on.
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bide one’s time: wait patiently for a chance
His political rivals are biding their time for an attack
on his policies.
He bided his time until Harvard University offered
him a professorship.
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minus: prep. below zero; made less by; slightly lower
than the mark stated
Tomorrow’s temperature will be as low as minus ten
degrees Centigrade.
20 minus 10 is 10.
我在期末考试中得了B减。
I got B minus in the final examination.
NB: 1) minus 的反义词是plus（加上）。例如：3 plus 6 is 9.
2) minus 还可以作形容词，意为“负的；减去的”。例如：
a minus quantity 负数；minus electricity 负电。此外，
minus还可用作名词，意为“负号， 减号；负数”。
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drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly
and tediously
These compensation cases have already dragged on
for one year.
这个会还要拖多久？
How much longer is the meeting
going to drag on?
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at the cost of: with the loss of
The local government developed its economy but at
the cost of environment.
比尔为救约翰付出了自己的生命。
Bill saved John at the cost of his own life.
Collocation:
at any cost 不惜任何代价
at all costs 不惜一切代价
at no cost
不需花代价
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limp:
1. vi. walk with difficulty, esp. when one foot or leg is hurt
That dog must be hurt — it’s limping.
I injured my ankle and had to limp.
他一瘸一拐地走出足球场。
He limped off the football field.
2. adj. lacking or having lost rigidity, as of structure or
substance; lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless
a limp handshake
无力的握手
limp opposition
微弱的反抗
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catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise
The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.
The manager didn’t know what to say. It was clear
that my question had caught him off guard.
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instruct: vt.
1) give orders or directions to (sb.)
The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson
for compensation.
The professor instructed us that we had one month to
conduct the project.
我奉命在这里等老师来。
I’ve been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives.
Pattern: instruct sb. to do sth.
instruct sb. that
instruct sb. with quote
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2) teach (sb.)
He instructed family members in nursing techniques.
他们教给了我做这项工作的最好办法。
They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job.
Pattern: instruct sb. in/on sth.
CF: instruct, direct & order
这几个词都是动词，都有“吩咐、命令”之意。
instruct 指向人下命令或指示、指导等，还可指交待。例如：
He was instructed to represent the Government.
他奉命代表政府。
He hasn’t instructed us where to go.
他还没指示我们去哪里。
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CF: instruct, direct & order
direct 一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等，对采取
的行动有准确 说明。例如：
The owners directed that the factory be closed.
厂主下令关厂。
The officer directed them to advance.
军官命令他们前进。
order 是普通用语，往往带有强制性，语气较强。 例如：
He ordered the enemy to lay down their arms.
他命令敌人放下武器。
The policeman ordered the motorist to stop.
警察命令驾驶者停车。
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render: vt. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition
(same as make)
The drug will render the tiger harmless for up to two hours.
He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of
the neck.
地震导致成百上千的人无家可归。
Hundreds of people were rendered homeless
by the earthquake.
Collocation:
render into
render up
render blow for blow
render good for evil
译成(某种语言)
做(祷告); 放弃, 交出
以牙还牙
以德报怨
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casualty: n. a person who is killed or injured in war or in
an accident
First reports of the traffic accident tell of more than
50 casualties.
The precise number of casualties in yesterday’s
bomb explosion is not known.
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bring to a halt: stop completely
Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a halt by an air
traffic controllers’ strike.
我们的旅行因风暴而终止。
Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm.
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offensive:
1. n. aggressive action, attack
The Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful
conclusion.
红军发动大规模的军事攻击。
The Red Army led a massive military offensive.
Collocation:
launch/mount an offensive 发动进攻
carry out/undertake an offensive 进攻
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Collocation:
on the offensive
处于攻势
assume/go on/go over/take the offensive
进攻，采取攻势
If all else fails, I’ll go over to the offensive.
如果其他方法都失败，那我将采取攻势。
2. adj. of or about attack; causing offense; unpleasant
这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。
The offensive troops gained ground quickly.
My neighbor is really an offensive person. He always
plays the piano deep into the night.
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thanks to: because of
Thanks to her financial support, the two children in the
remote village could go to school.
Thanks to their tireless efforts, the performance
was a great success.
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reckon: v. count; consider; think
The existence of the U.S. is reckoned from the
Declaration of Independence.
许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。
Many people reckon him to be a great basketball player.
NB: 常用的搭配 be reckoned with意为 be taken into
consideration
All these problems had to be reckoned with as they
arose.
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CF: reckon, regard, consider & count
这几个词都是动词，都有“认为”之意。
reckon 用来指对事件全面权衡，在有些非正式的行文中，
也用来表示建议或想法。后面接宾语从句或复合宾
语（和as 连用，但在被动语态中也常不带as）。例如：
I reckon it’s time to go.
我认为该走了。
They reckon the book as one of his best works.
他们认为这本书是他最优秀的作品之一。
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CF: reckon, regard, consider & count
regard 源自法语，意为看、观察，因此，该词更多地通过
对事物外表的评价或视觉感观反映出这一本义。 注
意其后一定要用as。例如：
He is generally regarded as an authority on ancient
bronzes.
一般把他看作是古铜器研究的权威。
consider 表示经过深思熟虑或亲身经历之后而相信或确认。
其宾语后面的补足语可以是名词或形容词。例如：
I consider him a good musician.
我认为他是一个优秀的音乐家。
They always considered themselves very important.
他们总以为自己很了不起。
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CF: reckon, regard, consider & count
count 表示看法多侧重于一种判断。注意其宾语后面不用
as。例如：
After such a bad accident you should count yourself
lucky you’re since alive.
遭此严重的意外你还能活下来，该感到很幸运了。
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toll:
1. n.
1) the number of people or animals killed or injured in
particular circumstances
The death toll rose from 270 in 1952 to 5,000 in1954.
2) money paid for the use of a bridge, road, etc.
Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge.
Collocation:
charge/exact/impose a toll 征收（道路、桥梁等的）通行费
向某人收费（或征税）
levy toll on sb.
war toll
战争伤亡人数
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Collocation:
take a heavy toll 造成重大伤亡（或损失）
The earthquake took a heavy toll on several villages.
这次地震给几个村庄造成重大损失。
take a/its toll
造成损失（或危害、伤亡等）
The flood took a toll of 3,000,000 lives.
洪水造成三百万人死亡。
2. v. sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals
Bells were tolled all over the country at the
President’s death.
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Useful Expressions
Spot Dictation
Blank Filling
Discussion
Talk about the Pictures
Writing Practice
Sentence Translation
Proverbs and Quotations
Supplementary Reading
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A Brief Introduction
A Sample
Homework
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Useful Expressions
1. 骄兵必败
pride comes before a fall
2. 战无不胜
nothing could stand in their way
3. 奋勇抵抗
fierce resistance
4. 阴冷凄苦的俄罗斯寒冬 a raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter
5. 堪称无敌
make ends meet
6.向…发动进攻
launch an attack against…
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7. 痛苦的教训
a painful lesson
8. 速决速胜
a quick, decisive victory
9. 让某人吃惊的是
to sb.’s surprise
10. 面临着一个重要抉择
be faced with a crucial decision
11. 孤注一掷
take the gamble
12. 激战
fierce battle
13.向…提出停战
offer a truce to
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14. 等待时机
bide one’s time
15. 成为一场噩梦
turn into a nightmare
16. 拖着脚步行进
drag on
17. 溃不成军的幸存者
the tattered survivors
18. 不宣而战
without a declaration of war
19. 闪电式战略
lightning war
20. “焦土”政策
“scorch the earth”
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21. 处境变得危急
the situation becomes desperate
22. 食品匮乏
food runs out
23. 死于饥饿与疾病
die from hunger and disease
24. 食品和补给的匮乏
a lack of food and supplies
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Spot Dictation
In the spring of 1812, Napoleon ____________
assembled an army
of six hundred thousand men on the borders of Russia. The
efficient , and well equipped.
soldiers were well trained, __________
Shortly afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the Neman
River into Russia. In August, the French and Russian armies
_________ at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten
engaged
thousand dead on each side. Napoleon __________________
took the gamble of
pressing on to Moscow, 448 kilometers away. On September
7, 1812, the French and Russian armies met in fierce battle
at Borodino, 112 kilometers west of Moscow. Again, the
Russian army retreated to safety. Napoleon had a clear
path to Moscow, but the ____________
occupation of the city became an
empty victory.
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Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and
quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October
________
1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the
swollen
retreating French by burning the bridges over the _________
river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build
two new bridges. Thousands of French soldiers escaped,
but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the
Berezina, the _________
tattered survivors limped toward Vilna.
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Blank Filling
Fill in each blank in the following paragraph with the
appropriate words and phrases from the text.
When Hitler decided to launch his _________
invasion of Russia,
stand in the way of his
he thought that nothing could ___________________
__________ , it seemed, was inevitable. He had
armies. Conquest
catching Stalin _______________
off his guard
surprise on his side, _________
launching his attack without a _____________
declaration of war.
by ___________
campaign to last only a few months.
Hitler expected the ___________
on for much longer. Like
In the event, it was to drag
________
Napoleon before him, he had made a fatal mistake in failing
reckon with the severity of the Russian weather. Many
to _____________
die from the cold as winter set in,
German soldiers were to __________
bringing the German advance __________
to a halt ．
_________
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Discussion
Translate the following Napoleon’s quotations and
discuss his characters with your partner.
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1. The man who has made up his mind to win will never say
“impossible”.
凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。
2. I succeeded because I willed it; I never hesitated.
我成功是因为我有决心，从不踌躇。
3. To really understand a man we must judge him in
misfortune.
要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。
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4. He who fears being conquered is sure of defeat.
怕吃败仗的人必然要打败仗。
5. If you wage war, do it energetically and with severity.
This is the only way to make it shorter, and
consequently less inhuman.
如果打仗，就要毫不留情地全力去打。这是缩短战争
的唯一方法，因而也可以减少战争的残酷。
6. There is a moment in every battle at which the least
maneuver is decisive and gives superiority as one
drop of water causes overflow.
在每一场战争中，都有那么一刻，运用一点策略就是决定
性的并带来优势，正如加一滴水就可以促成溢流一般。
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4. Einstein soon acquired an image, which grew into a
near legend, of being a kindly professor, distracted at
times but unfailingly sweet, who rarely combed his
hair or wore socks.
不久爱因斯坦在人们心目中成了这样一种形象，而且
几乎变成传奇：一位平易近人的教授，有时心不在焉，
但总是和蔼可亲，难得梳头发，不常穿袜子。
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5. 联合国宣布2005年为“世界物理学年”，以庆祝爱因斯坦
“奇迹年”出现100周年。
The United Nations has declared 2005 “The World
Year of Physics” to celebrate the 100th anniversary of
Einstein’s “miracle year.”
6. 你呆在这里损害了全班学生对我的尊重。
Your mere presence here undermines the class’s
respect for me.
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7. 科学是爱因斯坦家餐桌上聊天的话题。
Science was dinner-table conversation in the Einstein
household.
8. 爱因斯坦对科学技术与生俱来怀有兴趣。
Albert’s interest in science and technology came
naturally.
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Talk about the Pictures
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Paragraph Development
A Brief Introduction
An Example and Practice
1. An Example
As we all know, one of the central components of an
essay or a paper is the paragraph. In order to develop a
good paragraph, let us have a clear idea of some special
terms about it. They are: (1) topic sentence; (2)
controlling idea; (3) supporting sentences; (4) concluding
sentence; (5) unity; (6) coherence.
Topic sentence — The sentence within a paragraph or
discourse that states the main thought, often placed at the
beginning.
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Controlling idea — The word(s) or phrase that
expresses the main idea, your attitude, your evaluation of
something. It is the main element of a topic sentence.
Supporting sentences — The sentences within a
paragraph that support the main idea of that paragraph.
These sentences could include examples, direct quotes,
explanations, details, etc.
Concluding sentence — The sentence which completes
that paragraph and often sums up or reaffirms the main
idea of that paragraph.
Unity — One of writing principles referring to the fact
that the sentences all refer to the main idea, or thesis of
the paper.
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Coherence — One of writing principles referring to the
fact that the sentences should be organized in a logical
manner and should follow a definite plan of development.
These special terms summarize the way to develop a
good paragraph. That’s to say, a good paragraph should
have a topic sentence, in which controlling idea is very
important. Other sentences in the paragraph should
develop the main idea and should be organized in a logical
manner and follow a definite plan of development.
Besides the terms mentioned above, the formation of a
paragraph is also worth mentioning. Generally speaking, a
complete paragraph should include three parts: an
introduction sentence, a body and a concluding sentence.
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But in reality, many a time there is not a “concluding
sentence”, especially one paragraph in a long story or
essay.
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Paragraph Development
A Brief Introduction
We had a wonderful vacation! (1) We visited my grand
parents’ home for the holiday. (2) There we met all my
cousins, aunts, and uncles. (3) We ate good food and
played a lot. (4) We went shopping and sightseeing. (5) I
didn’t feel like coming back! (6)
Sentence (1) is a topic sentence. The controlling idea
is “wonderful”. Therefore, in sentences (2), (3), (4) and
(5), the author develops this controlling idea by means of
providing details. In sentence (2) he uses “visited my grand
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parents’ home”, in sentence (3) “met all my cousins, aunts,
and uncles”, in sentence (4) “ate and played”, in sentence
(5) “went shopping and sightseeing”. The last sentence
serves as a concluding sentence. In this way he develops
this paragraph logically, coherently and completely.
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Practice
Directions: The following paragraph is from Unit 1,
Book III. Now you are required to analyze the structure
by pointing out the controlling ideas of the topic
sentence and details.
It’s a self-reliant sort of life.(1) We grow nearly all of
our fruits and vegetables.(2) Our hens keep us in eggs,
with several dozen left over to sell each week.(3) Our
bees provide us with honey, and we cut enough wood to
just about make it through the heating season.(4)
Controlling idea: self-reliant
Details: In Sentence 2 — fruits and vegetables
In Sentence 3 — eggs
In Sentence 4 — honey and wood
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Homework
Directions: Write two passages based on the two topic
sentences and details given.
Passage One:
Topic sentence: John is a good student.
Details: 1) studies hard
2) ready to help others
Model
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Homework
Passage Two:
Topic sentence: T-shirts are very popular in USA.
Details: 1) people at different places wearing T-shirts
2) people at different ages wearing T-shirts
Model
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John is a good student. He studies very hard. Every
morning he is always the first one to come to school. In
class, he listens carefully to the teachers. After class, he
finishes homework as soon as possible. Besides, John is
ready to help others. Whenever his classmates ask him
for help, he will help them at once. For example, When
Jack was ill last week, John went to his home and told
him what the teachers had taught in class. Because of
these, all the teachers and his classmates think John is a
top student.
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T-shirts are very popular in USA. Wherever you go,
you can see people wearing T-shirts. When you go to the
beach, you can see almost all people there wearing Tshirts. If you go to buy something in the supermarket,
you can see most customers are in their colorful T-shirts.
Besides, it seems that American people at different ages
like wearing T-shirts. You can see not only kids and
students in elementary schools but also workers and
college students wearing T-shirts. You can even meet
some old ladies wearing T-shirt in the street. All in all, Tshirts are really popular among American people.
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Sentence Translation
1. He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the
Russian people defending their homeland.
他知道俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗，并为此
做好了准备。
2. As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the
French had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat.
正当俄罗斯军队集聚兵力之时，法国人却不得不逃离
俄国，以避免注定的失败。
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3. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the
tide against Hitler. The German victories were over,
thanks in part to the Russian winter.
斯大林格勒一战的失利最终使希特勒走向穷途末路。
部分地由于俄罗斯的冬季，德国人走向失败了。
4. With the arrival of June 5, the weather was so bad that
General Eisenhower, supreme commander of the
invasion forces, was forced to postpone the invasion by
one day.
6月5日到了，气候如此恶劣，进攻部队最高统帅艾森
豪威尔将军被迫将进攻推迟了一天。
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5. 拿破仑顺利进入莫斯科，然而，对该市的占领成为毫
无意义的胜利。
Napoleon had a clear path to Moscow, but the
occupation of the city became an empty victory.
6. 法国士兵拖着脚步行进，一路上留下无数死尸。
The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead
along every mile.
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7.与此同时，德军一系列重大失误使他们被打得措手不及。
Meanwhile, critical errors by the German side
allowed them to be taken completely by surprise.
8. 不到一年，希特勒自吹能延续千年的帝国便崩溃了。
Within a year Hitler’s empire, which he had boasted
would last a thousand years, lay in ruins.
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Proverbs and Quotations
1. An army marches on its stomach.
兵马未动，粮草先行。
2. He that forecasts all perils will never sail the sea.
担惊受怕者航不了海。/ 懦者事之贼。
3. Either by might or by sleight.
不动武，就斗智。
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4. All delays are dangerous in war.
— John Drydon, British poet
在战争中，任何拖延都是危险的。
——英国诗人 J. 德莱顿
5. In war, whichever side may call itself the victor, there
are no winners, but all are losers.
— Nerille Chamberlain, British prime minister
战争中只有输家，没有赢家，尽管双方不论哪一方均
可能自称为胜利者。
—— 英国首相 N. 张伯伦
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Comprehension Task
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Culture Notes
Dwight David Eisenhower
D-Day
Supplementary Reading
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Dwight David Eisenhower
Dwight David Eisenhower (1890 — 1969)
the popular World War II general and the 34th President
of the United States
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1. A brief introduction
Born in Texas and raised in Kansas, Eisenhower was a
general and political leader of the twentieth century. As
supreme commander in Europe of the forces of the Allies
during World War II, he directed the invasion of
Normandy on D-Day and led in the overthrow of the Nazi
government of Germany. He later organized the military
forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1952,
his popularity was so high that both the Democrats and
the Republicans wanted him for a presidential candidate;
he chose the Republicans. “I Like Ike” was a popular
slogan of his campaigns. He defeated the Democratic
candidate, Adlai Stevenson, in both 1952 and 1956. In
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office, he negotiated the end of the Korean War and
generally pursued moderate policies. His years as
President were marked by increasing prosperity at
home, although the cold war with the Soviet Union
continued abroad. Richard Nixon was Eisenhower’s vice
president.
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2. His chronology
OCTOBER 14,1890
JULY 1,1916
1932
JUNE 25,1942
DECEMBER 24,1943
Born Dwight David Eisenhower, in
Denison, Texas.
Marries Mamie Geneva Dowd.
Becomes staff officer under General
Douglas Mac Arthur.
Assumes command of U.S. forces in
Europe.
Appointed to orchestrate the Allied
invasions of northern and western
Europe.
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JUNE 6,1944
JUNE 7,1948
DECEMBER 19,1950
JANUARY 20,1953
MARCH 28,1969
Detailed Reading
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Leads the D-Day invasion of
Europe.
Becomes President of Columbia
University.
Named supreme commander of
NATO land forces.
Inaugurated as 34th President of
the United States, along with
Richard Nixon as his vice president.
Dies in Washington, D.C.; buried in
Abilene, Kansas.
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3. A video clip about him
Directions: Here is a video clip about Dwight D.
Eisenhower. After you watch it, you are required to say
something about him with your partner or in your group.
You can adopt different ways to do that such as retelling,
dialog, interview and so on.
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D-Day
Directions: This text describes the Normandy Landings in
detail and D-Day is its code name. Now here is a video clip
about it and you can have a visual-aural experience of it.
You can see the transcript of it if necessary.
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Now, on June 6, 1944 Eisenhower was ready and the first
waves of nearly 2 million alive troop sailed for Normandy. A giant
Armanda of 4,000 ships. The skies were alive with a light planes
pounding road and real networks. German reinforcement for
Normandy will be slow in arriving and tired and disorganized
after their continual hammering from the air. German defenses
on the beaches were soften up by massive bombardment. They
expected an attack across the Straits of Dover and the landing at
Normandy came as a complete tactical surprise. This was a
crucial attack at the power of Nazi Germany. This was the D-Day.
It was the greatest amphibious invasion of all time and even
Stalin was force to admit that history of warfare knows no other
like undertaking from the point of view of its scale, its vast
conception and its masterly execution. By the end of D-Day,
more than a quarter of a million of alive troops were firmly
established in French soil.
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Would nature be on the side of the Allied forces as they
prepared to invade mainland Europe or would it favour the
Germans? No one was certain.
The Normandy Landings
Anthony Ward
The largest and most ambitious military expedition in
history was the invasion of Normandy in northern France
by British, American and Canadian forces that took place
in the summer of 1944. Even nature played a role.
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It took more than a year for military planners to
orchestrate every movement of troops, artillery, ships and
aircraft and to set everything in place for the move that
was to open up a second front in Europe. This would
liberate France and open the way for the final assault on
Germany itself.
Everything was controlled; right down to the placement
of military decoys across the English Channel to fool the
Germans into thinking the attack would come from Britain’s
closest point to France at Pas de Calais[ Pas de Calais: the
part of France closest to the British Isles] rather than in
Normandy as planned.
Everything was controlled, that is, except the weather.
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D-Day, the code name given to the day of invasion,
was originally scheduled for 5 June 1944. This date had
been arrived at by considering two factors — moonlight
and tide. The hour of the invasion would need to be near
sunrise, when the seaborne troops would have a rising
tide. This would enable them to land close to the
obstacles that had been placed to hinder their landing
without coming ashore on top of them. The paratroopers
needed a full moon for visibility. The days with the proper
tide-moonlight formula closest to the target date were 5,
6 and 7 June. The fifth was chosen for D-Day to allow a
safety margin in case the attack needed to be postponed.
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In addition to moonlight and favourable tides, calm
seas were needed for the crossing. But an unusually
stormy transition from spring toward summer that year
held out little hope that there would be a suitable break in
the weather. It also meant the possibility that Operation
Overlord, as the invasion was called, might have to be
postponed until later in the year or even the following year.
With the arrival of 5 June, the weather was so bad
that General Eisenhower [Dwight David Eisenhower (18901972): nicknamed Ike. US general, Commander of the
Allied Expeditionary Force (1943-1945) and 34th President
of the US (1953-1961)] , supreme commander of the
invasion forces, was forced to postpone the invasion by
one day.
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When he met with his staff to review their options, they
were faced with the grim reality that 6 June did not
look much better than the original D-Day. The
meteorological report gave a thin ray of hope that a lull
in the storm would allow enough time to launch the
invasion. Consultations went on late into the night on
whether to press ahead. Opinions were divided. Finally,
Eisenhower made his decision. “I am quite positive we
must give the order,” he said. “I don’t like it, but there
it is. I don’t see how we can do anything else.” Within
hours, an armada of 3,000 landing craft, 2,500 other
ships, and 500 naval vessels began to leave English ports.
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Meanwhile, critical errors by the German side allowed
them to be taken completely by surprise. Due to the bad
weather, the German navy cancelled its usual patrol of the
English Channel. Also, a practice drill scheduled for June 6
was called off. The German meteorological services were
unaware of the break in the weather. On the eve of the
attack, many of the top German leaders were absent from
their commands. Rommel [Erwin Rommel (1891-1944)
nicknamed the Desert Fox. German field marshal, noted for
his brilliant generalship in north Africa in World War II. Later
a commander in France. He committed suicide after the
officers’ plot against Hitler. ] , the general in charge of the
coastal defences, was in Germany visiting his wife on her
birthday, and several officers were some distance away in
Rennes[ Rennes: city in northwest France] or on their way
there for a war-game exercise.
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The assault on Normandy began at 12:15 a.m., when the
pathfinders for the American airborne units left their planes
and parachuted to earth. Five minutes later, on the other
side of the invasion area, the British pathfinders made their
jump. The pathfinders were specially trained to find and
mark the drop zones. The main airborne assault was to
commence within the hour.
The airborne attack became confused because of stiff
winds and the evasive flying of the transport planes when
they encountered anti-aircraft fire. As a result, the
paratroopers were scattered over a wide area and most
missed their drop zones, some by as much as 20 miles.
Other complications were caused by the terrain, and the
worst terrain was on the Cotentin Peninsula.
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The Germans had laced the open fields with antipersonnel and glider stakes and flooded the low areas. The
flooding caused the most trouble for the Americans of the
101st and 82nd Airborne divisions, with many of the troops
drowned, laden down by their heavy equipment.
The airborne units were to secure the flanks of the
amphibious assault. That meant capturing bridges,
crossroads and coastal batteries. After accomplishing those
tasks, the paratroopers had to withstand any German
counterattacks.
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As the airborne units struggled to achieve their goals,
the great fleet made its way across the channel to its
appointment with destiny. Leading that grand armada were
the minesweepers. Behind them followed a vast array of
naval vessels of every conceivable type. Never before had
such a fleet been assembled. Including the landing craft
carried on board, the combined Allied invasion armada
numbered up to 6,000 ships. Approximately 150,000 men
were to cross the English Channel and land at assault
beaches code-named “Utah,” “Omaha,” “Gold,” “Juno”
and “Sword.”
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The first areas of French soil wrested from German
control were a group of small islands located three miles
off Utah Beach. Allied commanders were concerned that
these islands could be used as sites for heavy guns. The
men of the U.S. 4th and 24th Cavalry squadrons were
designated to take the islands prior to the main invasion.
The assault teams found only land mines. The Germans had
left the islands unoccupied.
For the majority of the assault troops, however, the
war had not begun yet. After spending as long as 48 hours
aboard the various transport ships as a result of the delay,
many of the men were miserably seasick and in poor shape
for the challenge ahead.
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The naval bombardment began around 5:45 a.m. The air
attack followed. The naval and air bombardments were
designed to destroy the beach guns and obstacles, pin
down the enemy and provide shelter for the ground
troops on the open beaches by making craters. Both,
however, largely failed in their objectives. Weather
conditions had improved, but they were not perfect.
Because of poor visibility caused by low cloud cover, it
was decided that the bombers would delay the release of
bombs 30 seconds to avoid hitting the assaulting troops.
As a result, the bombs fell inland and missed their
targets. Although the naval bombardment was more
accurate, it was not much more effective against the
hardened German gun emplacements.
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The weather also was partially responsible for causing
some of the assault craft to miss their assigned landing
areas. Additionally, many of the landing craft and
amphibious tanks foundered in the rough sea. In the
Omaha area, most of the craft carrying artillery and tanks
intended to support the incoming troops sank in the high
waves.
At Utah Beach, however, a strange stroke of good
fortune occurred when the assault craft encountered a
southerly current that caused them to land in the wrong
sector.
The German shore batteries that would have
contested a landing in the original area would
undoubtedly have taken a heavy toll. The landing at the
new sector was virtually unopposed.
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Despite difficulties, Eisenhower’s gamble with the
elements was to pay off. The invasion forces succeeded
in establishing a toehold on French soil. Reinforcements
began to pour in, thrusting on deep into France. Within a
year Hitler’s empire, which he had boasted would last a
thousand years, lay in ruins.
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ambitious: adj. full of ambition
A slave has but one master; an ambitious man has as
many masters as there are people who may be useful
in bettering his position.
这看起来像一个非常雄心勃勃的计划！我祝你们两个好运！
That looks like a very ambitious plan! I wish both of
you good luck!
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obstacle: n. a thing that blocks one’s way
The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the
road.
这一决定排除了人质获释的最后障碍。
This decision has removed the last obstacle to the
hostages’ release.
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in case: so as to be safe if (sth.) happens
I brought my key just in case you forgot yours.
我带了一些三明治以防我们饿了。
I’ve brought some sandwiches in case we get hungry.
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The fifth was chosen for D-Day to allow a safety margin
in case the attack needed to be postponed.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
6月5日被选定为进攻开始日，其用意是留下一个安全
系数，以防万一进攻需要推迟。
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hold out: offer
Few people held out any hope of finding the lost
jewelry.
我们的食品供应将只能再撑两个星期。
Our food supplies will only hold out for another two
weeks.
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But an unusually stormy transition from spring toward
summer that year held out little hope that there would
be a suitable break in the weather.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
然而，当年春夏之交大风暴异乎寻常地多，希望在这
个时候天气会出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙，
可能性微乎其微。
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due to: because of
Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an
hour late.
她的众多不幸是由无聊造成的。
A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom.
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cancel: vt. decide not to go ahead with (sth. previously
arranged)
Janet had to cancel tomorrow’s trip because of her
bad cold.
去伦敦的火车已被取消。
The train to London has been cancelled.
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call off: decide that a planned event will not take place;
cancel
The police have called off the search for the missing
child until dawn tomorrow.
由于寒冷的天气，明天的比赛已被取消。
Tomorrow’s match has been called off because of the
icy weather.
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on the eve of: immediately before
On the eve of the national entrance examinations, he
was so stressed that he couldn’t concentrate on his
reading.
在中国新年前夕，美国总统向华人社区发去贺信。
The US President issued a letter of congratulations to
the Chinese community on the eve of the Chinese New
Year.
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stiff: adj. (of a wind, etc.) blowing strongly; not easily bent
The handle on this door is rather stiff.
当该名男子在雪地里被发现时，他的尸体已经僵硬得像
块木板。
The man’s body was as stiff as a board when it was
found in the snow.
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secure:
1. vt. make (sth.) safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost
Our missiles and bombers secure us from attack.
他们尽力保卫大桥，使之免遭再次袭击。
They tried to secure the bridge from the threat of
further attack.
2. adj.
Is your online banking information secure from hackers?
尽管失业率上升，79％的美国人觉得他们的工作是安全的。
79% of Americans feel secure in their jobs despite rises
in joblessness.
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withstand: vt. endure without giving in; resist
The specially designed shelters are built to withstand
ground and air attacks.
这座桥被设计成能抵御地震。
The bridge was designed to withstand earthquakes.
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concern: vt. worry
It concerns me that he hasn’t been in contact with the
company yet.
我父亲的健康问题使我们非常担心。
The state of my father’s health concerns us greatly.
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prior to: before
There is only one week prior to her going abroad.
在面试前，他做了大量的准备工作。
He had made a lot of preparation prior to the interview.
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aboard: prep. on board of; on; in.
How many people were aboard the hijacked plane?
在船碰撞中，船上所有的乘客都落入河中。
During the collision all passengers aboard the ship fell
into the river.
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pin down: prevent from moving
It took four nurses to pin down the little boy for an
injection.
该部队在首都以北30英里处被抵抗力量牵制住了。
The troops were pinned down by resistance forces 30
miles north of the capital.
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objective: n. a thing aimed at or wished for
Her main objective now is simply to stay in power.
销售人员可以实现财务目标吗？
Can the sales force achieve its financial objectives?
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responsible: adj. being the cause of; legally or morally
obliged
Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of
the office.
她的部门负责监督理事会。
Her department is responsible for overseeing the
councils.
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contest: vt. fight for; struggle to win or keep
The medal is being keenly contested by eight gymnasts.
她很可能会赢得，因为只有两个人角逐席位。
She is likely to win since only two people are contesting
the seat.
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The German shore batteries that would have contested
a landing in the original area would undoubtedly have
taken a heavy toll. The landing at the new sector was
virtually unopposed.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
要是在原定地区登陆的话，德军海岸炮群无疑会拼命抵
抗并给盟军造成惨重伤亡。在新登陆区的登陆几乎没有
遭到任何抵抗。
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pay off: bring good results; succeed
I was pleased to hear about your job offer — all that
hard work has obviously paid off.
她所有的努力得到了回报，最终，她终于通过了考试。
All her hard work paid off in the end, and she finally
passed the exam.
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Despite difficulties, Eisenhower’s gamble with the
elements was to pay off.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
尽管困难重重，艾森豪威尔在与恶劣天气的赌博中赢
得了胜利。
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boast: vt. talk about in a manner showing too much pride
and satisfaction (usu. used in the pattern:
boast about sth. / that)
He didn’t talk about his success in case people thought
he was boasting.
家长喜欢吹嘘他们的孩子所取得的成就。
Parents enjoy boasting about their children’s
achievements.
They boasted that they had never lost a single game.
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Comprehension Task
Children of War
As we all know, war is always a heavy topic in our life.
However, we cannot live without noticing it for it exists
every day in the world and always brings us a terrible
disaster. Now let us watch a video clip about the great
influence of the war on the children of Palestine and Israel
and have a discussion.
The questions for discussion are as follows:
1. What influence does the war have on children of both
sides?
2. What can we do to help children there?
3. What do you think is the solution to the conflict?
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