Transcript Chapter 27 The Global Crisis, 1921-1941

Mrs. Carchidi
US 2 - Honors
I. REPLACING THE LEAGUE & DIPLOMACY
A. Since the U.S. did not join the League of Nations
Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes secured
legislation ending the war with the Central Powers in
1921.
B. Hughes also embarked on a series to build safeguards
against future wars that would not hamper American
freedom of action in the world.
1. WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE OF 1921 – PROPOSED
a 10 year moratorium on the construction of large warships
and scrapping nearly 2 million tons of existing shipping.
a)
Britain and Japan agreed to the US proposal
2. THE FIVE POWER PACT of Feb. 1922- (U.S., GR.BR., JAPAN,
FRANCE, and ITALY) established limits for total naval tonnage
& a ratio of armaments among the signatories.
a)
For every 5 tons of American & British warships, Japan would
maintain 3 & France & Italy 1.75 each.
b) Note that the Japanese were OK w/ this b/c it meant they were the
dominate fleet in the Pacific (the US & Gr. Br. Had to patrol both
Oceans while Japan was only concerned w/ the Pacific).
3. THE NINE POWER PACT, (UNITED STATES, JAPAN, CHINA,
FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN, ITALY, BELGIUM, NETHERLANDS,
AND PORTUGAL) pledged to continue the Open Door Policy
in China
4. THE FOUR POWER PACT (U.S., BRITAIN, FRANCE & JAPAN)
promised to respect one another’s Pacific territories &
cooperate to prevent aggression
C. Frank Kellogg became the new Secretary of State in 1925.
Kellogg continued with Hughes’ plan of keeping peace while
keeping the US out of the League.
1. THE KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT OF 1928 – Sec. of State
Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand proposed a
multilateral treaty outlawing war as an instrument of national
policy.
a) 14 nations signed the agreement in Paris on August 27, 1928,
amid great solemnity & wide international acclaim.
b) 48 other nations later joined the pact
c) it contained no instruments of enforcement but rested on the
“moral force” of world opinion
2. THE DAWES PLAN, 1924 – developed by American diplomat
Charles G. Dawes, it allowed American Banks to lend money to
Germany so they could pay their reparations to the Allies who in
turn used this money to pay their war debt to the U.S
3. The FORDNEY-MCCUMBER ACT OF 1922 – made tariffs so
high that European & Latin American countries could not sell their
goods in the US making it even harder for them to pay back their
WWI debt.
4. The Great Depression – made the situations even worse and Herbert
Hoover was not able to deal with the problems at home or abroad.
Signing the Kellogg-Briand pact
A.
The administration of Franklin Roosevelt faced a
dual challenge as it entered office in 1933. It had to
deal with the worst economic crisis in the nation’s
history & it had to deal with the effects of a
decaying international structure.
1. The RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENT ACT OF 1934 –
Authorized the President to lower tariffs by as much as 50% in
return for reciprocal reductions by other nations.
a)
By 1940 Secretary of State Cordell Hull had 22 agreements signed.
2. 1933 = United States recognizes the Communist Government of
the Soviet Union, in return the Soviets promise to stop their
propaganda in the US and to protect American citizens in
Russia.
b)
The Americans hoped to expand trade in Russia & the Soviets hoped
the American would help keep the Japanese from attacking Russia.
A.
A.) In 1933, FDR declared “…I would dedicate this
nation to the policy of the good neighbor – the
neighbor who resolutely respects himself &
respects the rights of others”. This launched what
has become known as the GOOD NEIGHBOR
POLICY.
1. Late 1933 Sec. of State Cordell Hull signed the
Montevideo Pact stating “no state has the right to
intervene in the internal or external affairs of another
state.” This pact was signed with representatives of the
Latin American countries and marked a turning point in
US relations w/ Latin America.
a)
b)
c)
d)
1934 – the Platt amendment was canceled
1934 – US troops were withdrawn from Haiti
1936 – US gave up its rights to intervene in Panama’s affairs
Gradually – US ended its control over the custom houses of the
Dominican Republic.
A.
As time passed FDR had to deal w/ a growing number of
aggressive Totalitarian rulers. For example:
1.
Italy – 1922 – BENITO MUSSOLINI seized power as the
leader of Fascism which is a system of government
concentrating all political, economic, & cultural power in the
state; it was dedicated to aggressive expansionism. Mussolini
dreamed of controlling the Mediterranean & the Middle East.
(Famous quote “Democracy is a Rotting Corpse”)
2. Soviet Union – 1924 – upon the death of Lenin JOSEPH
STALIN became the new communist dictator of Soviet
Russia & his goal was world wide communism.
3. Japan – 1927-1929 – Government by Assassination –
the JAPANESE WARLORDS – seized controlling power
in the Imperial cabinet through the death of more
moderate politicians. Their goal was to control East
Asia & the Pacific.
4. Germany – 1933 – ADOLPH
HITLER – became
Chancellor of Germany as
the leader of the Nazi Party
(National Socialist German
Workers Party) on a
program of Anti-Semitism
& Militarism. His goal was
to eradicate the Jews from
Europe and take control of
Russia and Eastern Europe.
5. Spain – 1939 –
FRANCISCO FRANCO –
became Fascist Dictator of
Spain after a BLOODY
Civil War in which he was
supported by Hitler &
Mussolini. His goals were
to get communists out of
Spain & institute land
reform.
B. By the mid-1930’s these dictatorships began their policy
of aggression, forcing peaceful countries to their knees
while the Western Democracies did nothing.
1. 1935 – Italy invaded Ethiopia – the Ethiopian Emperor
Haile Selassie complained to the League of Nations
but the League did nothing to stop Italy.
2. 1934 – Japan Invades Manchuria; 1937 – Japan
invades CHINA (this is considered the start of WWII in
Asia)
3. 1936 – Germany took over the RHINELAND in
violation of the Treaty of Versailles. (The Rhineland
was taken from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles to
be a buffer zone between Ger. & France.
4. Oct & Nov. 1936 – Germany, Italy & Japan sign military
alliance pacts.
A.) Despite the growing threat to peace, most Americans believed the
US should isolate itself from other people’s wars & problems. The
reasons for this are varied and include the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Most Americans were disillusioned by the results of WWI
The League of nations had NOT become an effective instrument for peace
US Senate Investigation results on the profits made by US businesses as a
result of WWI & make many Americans believe that our loans to the allies
were largely responsible for drawing the nation into war.
The Atlantic & Pacific oceans would protect us even if all of Europe fell to
the dictators
Our improved relations w/ Latin America gave the nation another
safeguard against attack.
Our governments’ first responsibility was to fight the Great Depression
Deeply convinced PACIFISTS believed all wars were unjustifiable & pacifism
was a strong movement in the US & Great Britain at this time.
B. During the 1930’s, congress passed a series of laws trying to
keep the US out of the growing conflicts around the globe.
1. JOHNSON DEBT DEFAULT ACT OF 1934 – forbade the American
gov’t. & private citizens to lend money to any country that had
failed to repay its World War I debts. (Finland was the ONLY country
to repay its debt)
2. THE NEUTRALITY ACTS OF 1935, 1936, 1937
a)
b)
c)
Prohibited the shipment of munitions to warring nations (belligerents)
Authorized the Pres. to list commodities other than munitions that could be sold
to belligerents only on a CASH & CARRY basis.
Unlawful for Americans to travel on the ships of belligerent nations. (keep Am.
Citizens away from disasters like the Lusitania)
3. THE QUARANTINE SPEECH – FDR concerned about Japan’s
aggression in the East made a speech on Oct. 5, 1937 stating “The
peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort to uphold laws
& principles… when an epidemic of physical disease starts to
spread… a Quarantine of the patients is in order…”
a)
b)
December 12, 1937 – the Japanese strafe and bomb the US gunboat Panay.
Several Americans were killed and Sec. of State Hull sent a sharp note to the
Japanese government.
The Japanese gave a full apology and paid compensation for the dead &
wounded and promised that no such incident would recur.
Section 3 – From Neutrality to Intervention
I.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
A. Hitler & Mussolini were helping the Fascist under Franco
while the Soviet’s and the International Brigades were
fighting against Franco in the Spanish Civil War 1936-1937.
1. The Germans & Italians tests their newest military equipment &
gave picked “volunteers” actual battle experience.
2. International Brigades were made up of true volunteers from the
Western Democracies who were fighting against fascism
a) ERROL FLYNN & ERNEST HEMINGWAY were among the American
volunteers in the International Brigades (the Lincoln Brigade was the
most famous of the American volunteers)
b) Soviet volunteers were taking a stand against fascism and for
communism.
3. January, 1937 – The US Congress barred all shipments of war
materials to either side in the Civil War. (this move helped the
fascists b/c they were already prepared for war & had a stockpile
of war materials)
II. The Failure of Munich
A. New Aggressions became when Hitler’s army marched
into Austria and on March 13, 1938 declared an Anschluss
or union between the two German speaking countries.
1. With Austria under German control, CZECHOSLOVAKIA found itself
surrounded on 3 sides by the German Army.
2. Hitler wanted the SUDETENLAND which had native German speaking
peoples.
3. Czechoslovakia had a strong military itself and had made military
alliances with Britain, France & the Soviet Union.
B. With Europe on the verge of war and the prompting of
Benito Mussolini of Italy a conference was held in Munich
Germany on September 30, 1938.
1. Present at the meeting were:
a) HITLER OF GERMANY
b) MUSSOLINI OF ITALY
c) NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN OF GREAT BRITAIN
d) EDOUARD DALADIER OF FRANCE
2.) The representatives from Czechoslovakia were kept out of the meeting.
The result was that:
a) Hitler could have the Sudetenland
b) Hitler had to promise to leave the rest of Czechoslovakia
alone.
3.) Chamberlain believed in a policy of APPEASEMENT (giving
into an enemy’s demands to prevent war) He also believed
that the Munich Agreement was “PEACE FOR OUR TIME”.
a) March, 1939 – Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia.
At this point England & France warned Hitler that if he
attacked Poland it would mean war.
SECTION 4 – U.S. Becomes involved in War
I. NEUTRALITY TESTED
A. In January 1939 FDR warned Congress that the world
situation had become extremely grave.
1. March 15, 1939 Hitler’s armies moved into the rest of
Czechoslovakia.
2. April 7, 1939 – Mussolini’s troops invaded Albania
3. August 23, 1939 – Germany & the Soviet Union announced
they had signed a NON-AGGRESSION PACT
a) Secret protocols of this pact had Germany & the Soviet Union
sharing Poland & promising no attacks against each other.
4. September 1, 1939 – German troops invade Poland
without warning.

This is considered the START OF WWII IN EUROPE
a) BLITZKRIEG – Lightening War – German bombers
& armored Divisions struck into Poland.
5.
6.
7.
8.
September 6, 1939 – Great Britain & France
declared war on Germany
September 6, 1939 – Soviet troops begin
moving into Poland from the East.
October to November Russian troops took
over the Baltic states (ESTONIA, LATVIA,
LITHUANIA)
November 30, 1939 – Soviets invade FINLAND
– Finns beat them they withdraw.
B. FDR asked Congress to revise the Neutrality
Laws so the Allies could purchase weapons
from the United States.
1. Nov. 4, 1939 – a new neutrality act went into effect “ANY
COUNTRY CAN BUY ARMS FROM THE U.S. PROVIDED
THEY WERE TRANSPORTED TO THAT COUNTRY ON
FOREIGN SHIPS” ON A CASH AND CARRY BASIS.
2. After the Fall of France and during the Battle of Britain
66% of Americans polled believed that Germany posed a
direct threat to the US.
a) This change in public opinion made Congress more able to
pass new laws that allowed the US to help the allies.
A.
B.
FDR never stated whether he would run or not until
July of 1940 when he announced he would accept a
“draft” from his party. He was quickly nominated by
the Democrats to run for an UNPRECIDENTENTED
3rd Term.
The Republican nominee was WENDELL WILLKIE, a
dynamic & attractive businessman with no political
experience.
1. Both party Platforms were very similar:
a)
Both said they would keep the country out of war but would
extend generous assistance to the Allies.
b) Willkie said it would be dangerous to elect FDR to a 3rd terms
c) This election was closer than either the ’32 or ’36 elections
FDR won decisively.
2. FDR received 55% of the popular vote & 449 electoral votes
3. Willkie received 45% of the popular vote & 82 electoral votes.
by
A.
After the Fall of Poland there was a six month
period of regrouping, called the PHONY WAR,
before Hitler was ready to begin his attack against
the west again.
1. April 9, 1940 – Hitler began his BLITZKRIEG and within
WEEKS had captured: DENMARK, NORWAY, THE
NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM, LUXEMBOURG, &
NORTHERN FRANCE.
2. May 26, 1940 – British begin to evacuate their troops from
DUNKIRK a seaport in Northern France
3. June 10, 1940 – ITALY declared war on Great Britain & France
4. JUNE 22, 1940 – FRANCE signed an armistice w/ Germany
a)
b)
c)
Northern France came under German occupation
Southern France came under the German controlled FIELD
MARSHALL PETAIN & the VICHY government w/ headquarters in
the town of VICHY = Vichy French
FREE FRENCH – under the command of General CHARLES DE
GAULLE – were in LONDON & pledged continued resistance.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/battleofbritain/11428.shtml
B. With the Fall of France Great Britain stood alone & almost
defenseless. WINSTON CHURCHILL replaced Neville
Chamberlain as Prime Minister of Great Britain.
1. Churchill promised the British that they would NEVER
SURRENDER. He said “WE SHALL DEFEND OUR ISLAND,
WHATEVER THE COST MAY BE… WE SHALL NEVER
SURRENDER… IF GREAT BRITAIN ITSELF SHALL FALL THEN
OUR EMPIRE BEYOND THE SEAS… WOULD CARRY ON THE
STRUGGLE UNITL IN GOD’S GOOD TIME, THE NEW
WORLD…STEPS FORTH TO THE RESCUE & LIBERATION OF THE
OLD”
2. Hitler planned the invasion of Great Britain (OPERATION SEA
LION). This plan was contingent on the German Air Force – the
Luftwaffe – controlling the air space over England.
3. THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN – began in August, 1940 – German
bombers attacked Great Britain. The entire battle took place in the
skies over England
a)
Luftwaffe was winning the battle until Hitler ordered that the attack switch from
RAF airfields and installations to bombing of London. This gave the RAF time to
rebuild their airfields and get their fighters up in the sky.
b) Even though outnumbered the RAF WON the Battle of Britain & Hitler could not
invade.
c) Churchill said after the battle “Never in the field of Human conflict was so much owed
by so many to so few”
IV. Neutrality Abandoned
A. In Dec. 1940, Great Britain was virtually bankrupt
& could no longer meet the cash & carry
requirements imposed by the Neutrality Acts.
FDR made a new proposal to Congress which
became known as the LEND-LEASE ACT.
1. Congress appropriated an initial sum of $7 billion for
ships, planes, tanks & anything else the Allies needed.
a) The US was given the nickname “THE ARSENAL OF
DEMOCRACY”
2. According to the act; the US would not only sell but Lend
or Lease armaments to any nation deemed “vital to the
defense of the US”
B.) With Lend-Lease established we needed to ensure that
American supplies would actually reach Great Britain.
Shipping lanes in the Atlantic had become extremely
dangerous with German & Italian “Wolf Packs” turning the
North Atlantic into a graveyard of ships.
1. April, 1941 – American naval vessels began to trail enemy subs
& radio their positions to British warships.
2. July, 1941 – American troops occupied ICELAND to prevent
Germany from doing the same and to provide naval protection
(convoy) to merchant ships.
3. September, 1941 – The Germans sank the US Destroyer
“GREER”. FDR responded by ordering American ships to fire on
German submarines “on sight”.
4. November, 1941 after German subs sank one destroyer, the
“Reuben James” and hit another one killing many American
sailors; FDR gave the order that merchant vessels were to be
armed and allowed to sail into belligerent ports.
C.) A series of meetings were held tying the US &
Great British more closely together. Some of these
were secret and others very public.
1. A JOINT BOARD OF DEFENSE – was established
between the US and Canada where our military leaders
planned for the defense of North America.
a)
Created by FDR and Prime Minister Mackenzie King of Canada
2. ATLANTIC CHARTER – FDR met CHURCHILL for the 1st
time in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean on board the
pride of the British navy “HMS Prince of Wales”. It was
here the two men drew up the Atlantic Charter, the war
aims for the allies.
a) A world Free of Aggression
b) A world in which every nation would have the right to adopt its
own form of government
c) Nations everywhere had to work together to free all people from
the burden of FEAR & WANT.
V. THE ROAD TO PEARL HARBOR
A. September 1940 Japan signed the TRIPARTITE PACT, a loose defensive
alliance w/ Germany & Italy. Even though the wars in Europe and the
Pacific were largely separate conflicts.
1. July, 1941 – Japanese troops moved in and took over the French colony of
French INDOCHINA (Vietnam, Laos & Cambodia)
FDR froze all Japanese assets in the US & established a complete trade
embargo
2.
a) This move severely limited Japan’s ability to purchase essential supplies including OIL.
b) Japan would either have to repair relations w/ the US or to find those missing supplies by
c)
attacking British and Dutch holdings in the Pacific.
Prime Minister, Prince Konoye, seemed to want compromise but he was ousted from
office & replaced by GENERAL HIDEKI TOJO who began to plan for the attack on the
US.
3. Tojo sent diplomats to Washington to the State Department to “pretend” to
negotiate.
a) US had broken Japanese codes w/ OPERATION MAGIC (Dept. of Navy’s decoder) &
b)
c)
d)
knew that the Japanese were going to attack us “somewhere” after November 29.
Most officials were convinced that the Japanese would move first against British or
Dutch possessions to the south.
American intelligence took note of a Japanese naval task force that began sailing east in
the general direction of Hawaii on November 25 & radioed a routine warning to the US
naval facility at Pearl Harbor.
Because Hawaii was so far away, few believed that such an attack was possible.
B. At 7:55 AM on Sunday December 7, 1941, a wave of
Japanese bombers attacked the United States naval base
at Pearl Harbor.
1. 300 Carrier Based Planes attacked the naval and air bases
on Oahu
a) 8 battleships were hit & the USS Arizona went down w/ over 1,000
men still onboard.
b) Japanese bombers destroyed the American airfields & planes
c) Over 3,000 American sailors & soldiers were killed or wounded
d) Destroyer: USS PHOENIX lost only 1 man during the attack & didn’t
lose another for the rest of the war. The ship was nicknamed the
“LUCKY PHOENIX”
2. The attack was so bad because Pearl was prepared for an
act of SABOTAGE and all the battleships, planes, etc. were
grouped together to protect them.
3. Also on December 7th Japanese planes attacked: WAKE,
MIDWAY, GUAM & THE PHILIPPINES
4. DEC. 8, 1941 – FDR addressed a special session of Congress
& asked for a declaration of war against Japan.
a) “Yesterday, December 7, 1941 – a date which will live in
infamy – the United States of America was suddenly &
deliberately attacked by naval & air forces of the Empire
of Japan.”
b) US Senate voted UNANIMOUSLY for war; the House of
Representatives had one vote against war
i.
5.
6.
7.
JEANETTE RANKIN OF MONTANA – she lost her seat in the House
as a result of her anti-war feelings – she was a pacifist & protested
war right though the Vietnam Conflict before she died.
Great Britain & the Governments in Exile (France,
Denmark, the Netherlands, etc) declared War against
Japan
Soviet Union did not declare war on Japan & Japan
did not declare war on the Soviet Union (since the
Soviets beat the crap out of them Twice along the
Manchurian Soviet border)
Dec. 11, 1941 – GERMANY & ITALY declared war on
the US – whereupon Congress declared war on them.

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Read “Where Historians Disagree” on pages 734
& 735
Read “America in the World” on page 726