Transcript World War II - Cobb Learning

World War II
China
• Nationalistic forces in
1920’s winning
against warlords
• Kuomintang
[Nationalists] led by
Chiang Kai Shek
• Japan fears growing
strength of China
5 Powers Treaty
1921-22
• France, Great Britain, Italy,
Japan, United States.
• Established a ratio for the size
of each navy
• Ten-year ban on the building of
warships
• Restrictions on submarine
warfare
• Outlawed poisonous gas.
Locarno Pact
1925
• Great Britain, France, Germany,
Italy, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and
Poland
• Collectively agreed to common
boundaries specified in Treaty of
Versailles of 1919
• Defense pacts with France and
Poland and France and
Czechoslovakia
• Germany promised entry into
League of Nations
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1930
• Aristide Briand – Foreign
Minister of France
• Kellogg – US Secretary of
State, Calvin Coolidge
• Renunciation of war as an
instrument of national
policy
• Signed outside of League
of Nations so did not
perish with League
Japan
“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
• 1930’s military
buildup
• ManchuriaSeptember 1931
• Lytton
Commission
• Japan withdraws
from League of
Nations
China Proper
• July 7, 1937
• Chinese and Japanese
troops in minor
squirmish
• Punitive expedition by
Japan followed
• Bombing of cities
• By 1945 - 20 million
dead
Nanking
• December 1937
• Atrocities
• 40,000 slaughtered
Italy and Ethiopia
• October 1935
• Haile Selassie— “It is
us today, it will be you
tomorrow.”
• Italy leaves League of
Nations
• Attacks against
civilians
– Bombing cities
– Poison gas
Spain and Civil War
1936-1939
• 1931-King Alfonso
abdicates—Republic
created
• Falange—Franco and
Nationalists
• Republic supporters
Loyalists
• International Brigades
• Fifth Column
Training ground for
German/Italian air
forces
Bombing of civilian
towns – Guernica
Franco refuses to join
Axis powers during
war and is dictator for
decades
Light of God
Brutality
Mother
and
Child
People
Germany
•Beer Hall Putsch—Munich
•Hitler arrested for treason where
he writes “My Struggle”
Rhineland
• 1926 Germany joins League of
Nations
• 1930 end of Allied occupation
• October 1933 Germany withdraws
from League of Nations
• First concentration camps built for
political prisoners 1933
• Einstein leaves Germany 1933
• March 1936 Hitler seizes
Rhineland in violation of Treaty of
Versailles
• German military ready to
withdraw at signs of resistance
Rome-Berlin Axis
• October 1936
• Japan later joins Axis
powers
United States Role
Neutrality Act 1937
Isolationists
1935 Nuremberg Laws
Anschluss
• March 1938
• League of Nations
does nothing
• 6 million Germans
added to Reich
German “Police” Enter Austria
Czechoslovakia
• Only democratic nation in
central Europe - prosperous
• Sudetenland annexed
September 1938
• Adds 3 million Germans and
many minorities to Reich
• Munich Conference 1938
• Britain convinces France to
abandon alliance with
Czechoslovakia
• Chamberlain “Peace in our
Time”
Kristallnacht
November 9-10, 1938
30,000 Jews sent to
concentration camps
•Mussolini takes Albania
– April 1939
•Britain and France
pledge to protect Poland
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
• August 1939
• Secret negotiations
• Days later Germans
invade Poland
Polish Corridor
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•
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•
September 1, 1939
Annexed Danzig
Attack Poland
September 3—war
declared by Britain
and France
• Blitzkrieg
• Within one month
Poland is partitioned
Blitzkrieg
France and Britain dig
in behind Maginot Line
expecting a repeat of
WWI
Phony War
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Heroic efforts to stop Germans
Mobilization
Soviets invade Poland
Finland falls 1940
On to the Baltic States
Sitzkrieg
USSR expelled from
League of Nations
Invasion of Denmark and Norway
Ends Phony War
April 1940
Quisling
Churchill replaces Chamberlain
May 10, 1940
Germany Continues
• May-June 1940
Netherlands, Belgium,
and Luxembourg fall
• Outflanks Maginot
Line
Battle of Dunkirk
• May-June 1940
• Massive evacuation of
over 300,000 from
coast to England
Paris Falls
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June 5, 1940
Maginot Line fails
Italy invades from the south
June 22, 1940 Henri Petain –
forms Vichy [puppet]
government
• France divided into Occupied
France and Vichy France
• Free French Government-De
Gaulle
• June 10, 1940 Italy enters war
Battle of Britain
Operation Sea Lion
• August 1940 Germany attacked all
major cities and
military installations
for nearly two years
• Royal Air Force
• “Radar"
• Germans lost 2,375
planes compared to
800 British planes
Lend-Lease Act
March 1941
Eastern Europe
• Italy – our sea
• Germany – Romania,
Bulgaria, Hungary
• Germany targets
Greece
• Parachutes
Russia
• Russians demand
Bulgaria, Istanbul,
Dardanelles and
Bosporus as spheres of
influence
• Hitler wants all of
Europe
• Why not take Britain?
• What does Russia
need?
New Order
Aryan Race
Final Solution
• 1941
• Extermination of all Jews
in Europe
• Dachau
• Holocaust
Operation Barbarossa
• June 22, 1941
• “Scorched Earth”
• Winter Approaches
Atlantic Charter
• Secret meeting
August 1941
Provisions of Charter
• Sought no territorial gains
• People would have to consent to territorial
change
• Respect right to choose form of government
• All nations should have equal rights to trade
and raw material
• economic cooperation to ensure decent
standard of living
Charter Continued
• Right for all people to be free from want
and fear
• Freedom of the seas should be guaranteed
• Need to international organization so that
nations could abolish use of force and
ensure general security
Siege of Leningrad
900 Days beginning in 1941
US Enters War
• Pearl Harbor
bombed
December 7, 1941
• Philippines and
Guam attacked same
day
• US declares war
December 8
• Germany and Italy
declare war
December 10
North Africa
• General Rommel - Afrika
Korps
• Goal – Suez Canal and sever
Britain’s ties to its Asian
empire
• Advances towards Alexandria
• Hitler also fighting Russia
El Alamein
• German forces
stopped at El Alamein
• General Montgomery
pushes Germans west
• General Eisenhower
pushes Germans east
• Germans retreat to
Tunisia October 1942
• May 1943 German
and Italian troops
surrender
Stalingrad
• Winter 1942-3
• Turning Point
• What did Hitler want?
– Oil rich Caucasus
– Industrialized
Stalingrad
• 1943 Germany
surrenders to Soviets
Allies Attack
Operation Torch
• July 1943 Sicily
• Mussolini’s government
collapses
• Germany takes 2/3 of
country
• Italy surrenders
September 3, 1943
• Mussolini killed April
1945
June 6, 1944
D-Day Operation Overlord
• Normandy
• July 20, 1944 Assassination
attempt on Hitler
• August 1944- Paris freed
• December 1944 - Battle of
the Bulge--Ardennes Forest
• April 30, 1945 Hitler
Suicide
• May 7, 1945 Germany
Surrenders V-E Day
Japan/United States
• Japan expands taking
British and French
territory
• Japan joins Axis
powers September
1940
• US protests
– Aid to Chiang Kai
Shek
– Embargo on oil and
scrap iron
Philippines
“I will return” –MacArthur
• General MacArthur
recalled July 1941
• Ignores plan to
withdraw to Bataan
Peninsula
• Bataan Death March
December 10, 1941
• Independence July 4,
1946
Japanese Internment Camps
• February 19, 1942
• 2/3 are US citizens
• 110,000 JapaneseAmericans
• Governor Earl Warren
Pacific Battles
• April 1942
“Doolittle’s Raid” morale boost
• Battle of Coral Sea
May 1942
• Battle of Midway
June 1942
• Code Talkers
• US begins Island
Hopping campaign
1942-1943
• Guadalcanal August
1942
• October 1944 Battle of
Leyte Gulf
• Iwo Jima
• Burma-to help
Chinese Nationalists
Pacific
Continued
Pacific Continued
• Battle of Okinawa
April-June 1945
• Kamikaze
• Hiroshima August 6,
1945 - Enola Gay
• Nagasaki August 9,
1945
• Soviet Union declares
war on Japan August
9, 1945
Japanese Surrender
• August 14, 1945
• VJ Day
• Hirohito must keep
throne
• Signing of treaty
aboard USS
Missouri
Results of War
SocialMost destructive war
22 million dead, 34 million wounded
Killing civilians acceptable
Millions of refugees
Results of War
Economic
Most costly
Europe and Asia land ravaged
Spread of communism
Results of War
Political
Totalitarian regimes overthrown
US and USSR become superpowers
Cold War
Eventual downfall of Western imperialism
Decline of France and Great Britain
Atomic Age
Creation of United Nations
Conferences
• Casablanca - January 1943
– Roosevelt and Churchill
– Demand of unconditional surrender of Axis
powers
– Agreed to invade Sicily and then Italy
Conferences
• Teheran November 12, 1943
– Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
– A second front is needed
– Stalin makes his goal of Eastern European
domination known
Conferences
• Yalta February 1945
– Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
– Stalin agrees to open a second front within three
months of defeat of Germany in return for Pacific
territory including occupation of Northern Korea
– Discussion of occupation of Germany post-war
– Discussion of voting procedures in United Nations
– Stalin promises free elections in Poland
– Agreement that post-war Europe can determine own
governments
Conferences
• Potsdam August 1945
– April 12, 1945 Roosevelt dies
– Truman, Stalin, Churchill [replaced during
conference by new Prime Minister Clement
Attlee
– Allied Control Council established to govern
occupied Germany