Transcript WWII - 1941

WORLD WAR II
AGGRESSION, APPEASEMENT, AND DEVASTATION
1931-1955
THE CHALLENGE OF PEACE
 Dictators want war, democracies want peace
 Dictators saw democratic leaders as weak
APPEASEMENT
Hitler builds up army in defiance of Treaty of _________
Hitler invades demilitarized Rhineland in 1936
The Allies, led by Neville Chamberlain, continue to
appease Hitler’s demands for more land
France was too weak to stop Hitler, and Britain was
unwilling to make any aggressive moves
Widespread pacifism sought peace at any price
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo form Axis powers in mid-1930s
AGGRESSION CONTINUES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFNUdCtMXWE
HOW WAS THIS POSSIBLE?
 Munich Conference in 1938
 France and England convince Czechs to
surrender
 Hitler promises he won’t take anything
else
 "Peace for our time!“
 “The fools, why are they are cheering?”
 Hitler then signs a non-aggression pact
with the Soviet Union
 Would not fight each other if one went
to war
 Agreed to divide Poland and Eastern
Europe
 Hitler invades Poland on 9/1/1939
OUTBREAK OF WAR
“Miracle”
at Dunkirk
Blitzkrieg
Maginot
Line
FRANCE FALLS
GERMANY BLITZES BRITAIN
OPERATION BARBAROSSA
 Hitler wanted the
resources of Russia
 Sent 3,000,000 troops into
Russia in another blitz
 Russians destroyed
factories to keep them out
of German control
 Germans were unable to
take Moscow and
Leningrad. Why do you
think?
BEFORE AMERICAN ENTRY
NAZI TERRITORY
JAPANESE TERRITORY
Why did Japan feel the need to conquer so much territory?
THE DAY THAT LIVES IN INFAMY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxIsVYdB0lA
THE DAY THAT LIVES IN INFAMY
• economic pressure on Japan (steel, oil)
• Pearl Harbor (Dec 7 1941)
• 2400 killed (over 1100 on Arizona), 1200 wounded;
• 20 warships sunk or severely damaged; 150 planes destroyed
FDR before
Congress asking
for a Declaration
of War against
Japan, Dec. 8,
1941
The U.S.S. West Virginia, Pearl Harbor
(U.S. Army)
Be advised, some of the following
EPARATE
pictures
are graphic. TROCITY
AS
A
“Inferior” races pushed aside to
make room for Aryan people to live
Genocide
Unknown to many of the Allies
until after the war ended
Death camps modeled off of gulags
Japan’s “Co-Prosperity Sphere”
Between 9 and 12 million people
died in the Holocaust
THE FIRST BEDTIME
 The United States declares war on Japan on December 8th, 1941
 Germany and Italy declare war on the United States on Dec. 11th
 The Japanese capture the Philippines
 The Big Three meet in 1942 to discuss a united Total War effort
OPERATION TORCH
Patton (silver pistols) vs
Rommel (Desert Fox)
for the first time
OPERATION VALKYRIE
Understanding the SS and Gestapo
Hitler had avoided assassination
several times
Rommel and Stauffenberg orchestrate
Valkyrie
Stauffenberg “kills” Hitler
Plan must work before SS can take
over from new government
Hitler survived 15 known assassination
attempts by his own people
FIRST TURNING POINT
 The Allied success in Africa allows for an invasion of Italy
 The Italians overthrow Il Duce
 New government signs an armistice
 Hitler rescues Mussolini
 Italy taken in 18 months
 Stalingrad
OPERATION NEPTUNE
 Had been planned for many months, waiting for right time
 Patton’s “fake” invasion
 Band of Brothers
 French rise up against German occupants
 Germany is now surrounded
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDZs442oqxA
TURNING THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 Empire of the Sun
• Philippines
• Bataan Death March
 Island-hopping
 Guadalcanal
 Midway – turning point
 Iwo Jima
 MacArthur “returns”
 Islands becoming a
launching pad for the
eventual bombing of
the major cities in Japan
FALL OF THE THIRD REICH
 Allies continue to push towards Germany
 Battle of the Bulge
 Constant bombing of Germany devastates civilians
 By March, Allies cross the Rhine
 On April 12th, 1945, Roosevelt dies of cerebral hemorrhage
 Berlin surrounded shortly after
 Downfall
WAR ON THE
HOME FRONT
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
1. Industrial Production
• War Production Board (later: Office of War Mobilization)
• By 1944, war production double that of all Axis powers
• “cost-plus” basis
• Results:
• end of Depression;
• consolidation of industry
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
2.Rationing and Price
Controls
• Office of Price
Administration
• Rationing
3.Controlling Labor
• “no-strike” pledges
• Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act
(War Labor Disputes Act) (1943)
• union membership: major increase
Labor Union
Membership, 1920-1960
Ration Card
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
4. Farmers – farm income doubled, as in World War I
5. Financing the War: $321 billion total! cost $100 billion for 1945 alone
• Income Tax (Revenue Act of 1942 –
94%!, everyone, withholding)
• Liberty Bonds
War Bond
Military
Expenditures and
the National Debt,
1929-1945
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
6.Propaganda
• Office of War Information
• Result: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWI
• anti-Japanese hysteria on West Coast
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
Effects on
Society
IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
End of the Depression
High employment
Farm crisis ended
personal income
rationing
savings
Union membership
Corporate consolidation
IMPACT ON SOCIETY
• Urbanization
• Migration to West, esp. California
• rapid industrialization of some western states (California)
• Henry J. Kaiser – Kaiser Steel
• South –military posts and defense installations
Population Shifts 1940-1950
Wartime Army Camps, Naval Bases,
and Airfields
IMPACT ON THE FAMILY
• Armed Forces - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in WACS
and WAVES.
• Work Force - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase)
• concentrated in government clerical jobs
• "Rosie the Riveter"
• Families – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime
• Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war
IMPACT ON SOCIETY
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•
•
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Second Great Migration and the Double “V” Campaign
Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943)
Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units
Black unions, threatened marches (A. Philip Randolph on Washington
1942) - pressure on companies with gov’t contracts
• FDR’s response:
• Executive order 8802 prohibiting discrimination in defense plants
• Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination
Results:
 Significant decrease
in number willing to
accept status of second
class citizens.
 Repudiation of Nazi
racism strengthened
civil rights efforts
SEGREGATED UNITS
IMPACT ON CIVIL RIGHTS
•
•
•
•
•
Japanese Americans
Internment
Executive Order 8066
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
In re Endo (1944)
Japanese
American
Internment
Camps
Japanese-American
store
Members of the Mochida family
awaiting
evacuation bus
JapaneseAmerican
Internment
Awaiting baggage inspection
upon arrival at Assembly
Center, Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942
Crowd of onlookers on the first day of
evacuation from the Japanese quarter in San
Francisco
War Relocation authority center,
Manzanar, California. July 3, 1942
Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at
noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno,
CA, April 29, 1942. (National Archives and Records
Administration)
JapaneseAmerican
Internment
The Hirano family,
Colorado River
Relocation Center,
Poston, AZ
EXPANSION OF GOV’T POWER
• New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC).
• Vast expansion of power for federal government
Employees in the Executive
Branch, 1901–1995
Presidential Election of 1944
FALL OF JAPAN
 Hitler commits suicide on April 29th; Germany surrenders 9 days
later; Soviet Union invades Manchuria
 War in the Pacific not over
 America considers amphibious invasion
 Kamikaze still destroying ships at sea
 Manhattan Project
 Truman orders strike on August 6th, 1945
 “Little Boy” levels Hiroshima
 “Fat Man” destroys Nagasaki three days later
 Japan surrenders on September 2nd, 1945
AFTERMATH
 Time lapse summary (time permitting)
 Germany and Berlin divided by Allies
 Grim reapings
 How would Versailles not be repeated?
 Cold War begins