Transcript PP Ch 35
AMERICA IN WWII 1941-1945 The Allies • ABC- 1 Agreement • Agreement with G.B. • Get Germany first • Foundation for American military strategy • Held off the war in the Pacific for time being • Almost lost = Needed Time Shock of War • Executive Order 9066 • Japanese = 110,000 • Pacific Coast • Sabotage • Concentration Camps = Internment Camps = Topaz • Korematsu v U.S. • 1988 • $20,0 • U.S. unites • Ethnic groups = no division • 00 = Camp Survivor • Military Orders War Machine • $100 Billion = 1942 • Snapped economy into order • War Production Board (WPB) • Factories = Weaponry • Bullets, aircraft, ships, tanks, machine guns • Henry J. Kaiser • Shipbuilder = miracle man • 14 Days • Conserver Rubber • Japan invades Dutch East Indies = British Malaya • Speed Limit / Conserve gasoline • Farmers increased output War at Home • Office of Price Administration (OPA) • Inflation = Brought prices under control • Regulations • Ration Books • Meat, butter, gas • National War Labor Board (NWLB) • Imposed ceiling on wage increases • Union membership increased • Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act = June 1943 • Authorized federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries • Criminal offense = Strike against any government operated industry • Armed services Womanpower • 15 million men • 216,000 women • Noncombat duties • (WAAC’s) • Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps • (WAVES) • Navy • (SPAR’s) • Coast Guard • (WASPS) • Women Airforce Service Pilots • Women Cont. • 6 million worked in the factories • 3,000 Day Cares set up • “Rosie the Riveter’s” • Foreshadowed a revolution • Roles of women • Roosevelt issues executive order • Accelerated South’s economy Wartime Migrations • Defense Contracts • Federally financed Industrial facilities = $6 Billion • Great Migration • African Americans • Tensions over employment • Philip Randolph • “Negro March on Washington” = 1941 • Demand equal opportunities = war jobs • Forbids discrimination in defense industries • Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) • Monitor compliance • Membership increased in NAACP • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) = 1942 • Nonviolent • Bracero Program Mexico • Shorthanded = Factories/Farms • Agreement with Mexico = 1942 • Thousands of Mexican Agricultural workers = Braceros • Harvest the fruit and grain crops of the West Native Americans • Native Americans • Moved from Reservations • Cities • 25,000 served in Armed Forces • Navajos / Comanches • “Code Talkers” • Incomprehensible to Germans • War invigorated the economy • Took us out of Great Depression • Macy’s = 1944 • Anniversary of P. H. • Rang up biggest sales in history • Americans had it good • National debt skyrocketed • $10 Million an hour • War time bill = $330 billion Holding Home Front The Pacific • Japanese overran the Pacific capturing: • Hong Kong • Dutch East Indies • French Indochina • Guam • • • • • • Malaya Wake Island Burma Solomon Islands Thailand Much of China Cont. • Philippines • 80,000 American and Filipino troops battled the Japanese for control •Douglas MacArthur • Commander of Allied forces on the islands • “Backs against the wall” • Bataan • MacArthur ordered to leave Doolittle’s Raid • April 18, 1942 • Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle • Led 16 bombers • Bombed Tokyo • Surprise attack • All 16 aircraft were lost • 11 crewmen were killed /captured • The crews of 14 - in their entirety returned • Lifted spirits • Strategic Island north of Hawaii Midway • June 3, 1942 • Scout planes found Japanese fleet = broke the code • Planes still on decks of carriers • Japanese lost • 4 aircraft carriers • 1 cruiser • 250 planes • “Avenged Pearl Harbor” • Turning point • Began “island hopping” Japanese Defense •Kamikaze • Suicide-plane attacks • Crashed bomb-laded planes into Allied ships • Philippines • 424 Kamikaze pilots • 16 ships sunk • 80 damaged Iwo Jima • Critical to the U.S. as a base • Heavily loaded bombers might reach Japan • 25 Day assault • Feb – March 1945 • Most heavily defended spot • 20,000 Japanese troops • Tunnels/Caves • 4,000 marines died taking island • Only 200 Japanese survived Okinawa • April 1945 • U.S. Marines invaded Okinawa • Japanese unleashed 1,900+ Kamikaze attacks • Sinking 30 ships • Damaging 300+ • Fighting ended on June 21, 1945 • 50,000 American casualties • 110,000 Japanese casualties Halting Hitler • “Wolf Packs” • 1942 • 500 merchant ships sunk • 111 in June • Radar • Allies gain upper hand = 1943 Stalingrad • August 1942 • Winter • Defend at all costs • Soviets roll in fresh tanks • Oil Fields • Surround Germans = Cut off supplies • Industrial Center • Conquering house by house • Germans surrender • Jan. 31, 1943 • Huge Death Tolls on both sides North Africa • Assault on French-held North Africa • November 1942 • Dwight D. Eisenhower • Joint allied operation • 400,000 men • 850 ships • German-Italians were trapped in Tunisia • Surrendered in May 1943 • January 1943 • Churchill/ FDR = Casablanca Conference • Morocco (Africa) • Step up Pacific War • Invade Sicily = Pressure on Italy • “Unconditional Surrender” • Destroy governments • Sicily falls August 1943 • Mussolini kicked out • Killed • Italy surrendered unconditionally = Sept 1943 Italy • Big 3 meet • • • • Stalin, Churchill, FDR Tehran = Iran Nov. 28 – Dec. 1, 1943 Cross Channel invasion D-Day • June 6, 1944 • Dwight D. Eisenhower • Operation Overlord • Normandy = Northern France • Omaha Beach • Air / Land bombardment • 4,600 Vessels • Force of 3 million • 7 days of fighting • 80 miles strip of land • 567,000 tons of supplies • July 25 • George S. Patton = “Blood-nGuts” • Gap in German Lines • August 23 • Reached Seine River • 2 days later France liberated • Sept. 1944 • France, Belgium, Luxemburg freed Battle of the Bulge • December 16, 1944 • Belgium • Hitler wanted to split forces • Last big push • G.B. / American • Captured 120 POW’s • Moved into large field = mowed over • Raged for 1 month • Pushed Germans back • Huge loses • 120,000 • 1,600 planes • 600 tanks • Germany could not recover • Republicans = Thomas E. Dewey Election 0f 1944 • Governor of New York • New Dealism / Change • Democrats = FDR • Vice President = Truman • 4 Terms? / War • FDR wins 432 to 99 • 1939 • ¼ million Jews remained in Germany Final Solution • Final Solution • Genocide • The deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population • Silenced political opposition • Targeted other groups • • • • Gypsies Freemasons – supporters of Jewish community Jehovah’s Witnesses – Refused to join the army or salute Hitler Sick / Weak / Handicapped • Began in Poland Final Stage • Nazi Death Squads • “Security Squadrons” (SS) • Shot on the spot • Ghettos • Segregated Jewish areas • Sealed off with barbed wire / stone walls • Bodies pilled up in the streets • Factories built along ghettos • Put to work Concentration Camps • Dragged from homes • Herded onto trains / trucks • Shipped to concentration camps • Camps turned over to the SS • Hunger, Humiliation, and work = Death • Crude barracks – Thousand people in each • Rats / Fleas • Worked from Dawn to Dusk / 7 days • Too weak = killed Final Stage • Early 1942 • Phase of Mass murder • Poison Gas • Built 6 death camps in Poland • Huge gas chambers • 12,000 killed each day •Auschwitz • Largest of the death camps • Bodies buried in huge pits • Gave off a horrible smell Cont. • Tried to cover up evidence • Crematoriums • Used as experiments • Deadly germs • Study effects of disease • Test methods of sterilization • Improve master race • Soviets Reach Berlin April 1945 Surrender • First to come upon camps • FDR = Dies April 12, 1945 • Truman now President • Hitler commits suicide = April 30, 1945 • Germany surrenders • May 8, 1945 • V-E Day = Victory in Europe Atomic Bomb • Most ambitious enterprise in history • Best-kept secret • Manhattan Project • 600,000 Americans were involved in the project • Albert Einstein • Alamogordo, New Mexico • July 16, 1945 • Blinding Flash • 180 miles away • Mushroom Cloud Warning • Potsdam Conference • Berlin = July 1945 • 17 day parley • Stalin, Truman, Clement • Stern ultimatum to Japan • Leaflets Truman • July 25, 1945 • Truman ordered dropping for 2 atomic bombs • U.S. warned Japan that it faced “prompt and utter destruction” unless it surrendered at once • August 6, 1945 • B-29 Bomber Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Atomic Bomb code name --- Little boy • Hiroshima • Japanese military center • 43 seconds = 180,000 • Japan hesitant to surrender • August 9, 1945 • 2nd Bomber ---- code name --- Fat Man • Nagasaki • Leveled half the city • 80,000 • 200,000+ people died as a result • Injuries, radiation Surrender • September 2, 1945 • Emperor Hirohito horrified by the destruction • Told Japan’s leaders to draw up papers to end the war • Ceremonies took place on the U.S. battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay •V-J Day = Victory in Japan • Germany • USSR • Military Deaths = 10,000,000 • Civilian Deaths = 17,000,000 • Cost = $192 Billion • U.K. • Military Deaths = 300,000 • Civilian Deaths = 60,600 • Cost = $120 Billion • U.S. • Military Deaths = 405,399 • Civilian Deaths = 6 • Cost = $316 Billion • France • Military Deaths = 250,000 • Civilian Deaths = 350,000 Casualties • Military Deaths = 3,500,000 • Civilian Deaths = 1,600,000 • Cost = $272 Billion • Italy • Military Deaths = 242,000 • Civilian Deaths = 60,000 • Cost = $94 Billion • Japan • Military Deaths = 2,000,000 • Civilian Deaths = 650,000 • China • Military Deaths = 2,000,000 • Civilian Deaths = 7,750,000