Transcript DJ Alonge and Taimoor Aslam

DJ Alonge and Taimoor Aslam
Unit 5 Review
2nd period
China
• In the year 1900 the U.S, Japan, Germany, France, Italy,
Russia, and Britain ransacked the Forbidden City in reaction
to Chinese violence against foreigners
• In 1911 Dr. Sun Yat-sen led the Xinhai Revolution that
toppled the Qing dynasty
• In 1917 China declared war on Germany and entered World
War I.
• From 1937–1945 Japan invaded China
• Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalists and Mao Zedong's
Communists formed a front to stop Japan
• Mao Zedong talked at Yan'an to set guidelines for the union
of Communist ideology
• In 1949 the Communists gained control of the country and
established the People's Republic of China
• Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists established their own
government in Taiwan
• From 1956–1957 the people of mainland China voiced their
opinions in the Hundred Flowers Movement
• In the Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong made a goal to
produce more steel in a year than Britain
• After the death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping took over and China
became more tolerant
Mao Zedong
• In 1983 Zhang Daqian, one of the greatest painters of all
time, dies in Taiwan
• In 1989 protesters in Tiananmen Square are joined by
hundreds of thousands of students; there were hundreds
of casualties
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) ranks China's
economy the third largest in the world
• In 1993 construction begins on the Three Gorges Dam, the
world's largest hydropower project
• In 1997 Britain returned Hong Kong to mainland China
• In 2003 China launched
its first manned spacecraft
Famous
Painting
• The China-Tibet railway, the world's highest-altitude train
route, begins operation
• In 2007 the director of the food and drug agency is
executed for accepting bribes
• In 2008 Beijing hosts the Summer Olympics.
• The National Stadium, the world's largest steel structure, is
constructed for the event
• In addition the National Aquatics Center was created for
the swimming competitions
Olympic Park
North America
• In 1901 U.S. President William Mckinley was assassinated
and Theodore Roosevelt became president
• In 1903 The Great Train Robbery, a ten-minute motion
picture directed by Edwin Porter was shown in theaters.
• In 1903 the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur,
successfully flew a gasoline-powered airplane
• Albert Einstein formulates the Special Theory of
Relativity, and in 1916 he formulates the General Theory
of Relativity
• The Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are
formed
• In 1906 a massive earthquake destroys much of San
Francisco; hundreds of people died
• In 1908 The Ford Company produces the first Model T
• In 1911 a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York
killed a 145 workers
• This tragedy lead to unions for workers rights
• In 1912 New Mexico and Arizona become the forty-seventh
and forty-eighth states of the U.S.
• In 1912 the S.S. Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic after
colliding with an iceberg; 1,513 people are killed
Titanic
• In 1914 Canada enters World War I with the British
declaration of war against Germany
• In 1917, the U.S. enters the war on the Allied side
• Alexander Graham Bell and Dr. Thomas Watson
make the first transcontinental telephone call.
• The telephone is one of the inventions that will
revolutionize twentieth-century communications.
• The Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and
the U.S.) are victorious in World War I; the
Armistice is signed by Germany on November 11,
1918
• In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
grants American women the right to vote
• In 1929 the U.S. stock market crashes on October 24, "Black
Thursday," which triggered a world wide depression
• The Great Depression will last until the beginning of World War
II
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected president of the United
States in a landslide victory for the Democratic party.
• Roosevelt's New Deal was designed to stimulate economic
recovery, create jobs, and provide relief to the millions of
Americans
• In 1948 the U.S. Congress passes the Marshall Plan Act for the
reconstruction of Western Europe.
• In 1948 a period of political tension known as the Cold War
between the U.S. and the USSR begins
• The conflict reaches its highest point with the Cuban Missile
Crisis of 1962.
• In 1960 John F. Kennedy is elected president of the United
States, and he becomes the first Catholic to hold the office.
• He serves until his assassination in Dallas, Texas, by Lee Harvey
Oswald in 1963.
• African Americans are guaranteed the right to vote after the
Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is passed
John F. Kennedy
• Apollo 11 is launched from Cape Kennedy in Florida; Neil
Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the moon
• In 1972 U.S. troops withdraw from Vietnam; a cease-fire
agreement is signed the following year.
• In 1975, President Gerald Ford declares the Vietnam War
officially over.
• The New Canadian Constitution is approved by all
provinces except Québec, where a French-Canadian
separatist movement has been taking place
• In 1987 a worldwide stock market crash signals the end of a
period of economic growth and the beginning of a
recession
• The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq triggers the first Gulf War
• In 1992 Bill Clinton begins a two-term presidency, supported
by great economic growth
• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is put in
place.
• The treaty is credited for increasing trade between Canada,
the U.S., and Mexico, but the treaty is also questioned for
exporting US jobs
• In the year 2000 the U.S. presidential election ended in a
legal challenge
• George W. Bush is eventually elected president because the
Supreme Court did not allow the recounting of votes in
Florida
Europe
• In the year 1900 a German naval law introduced a
20 year building program for a fleet to compete
with the British navy
• In 1903 Alexander, the King of Serbia, was
assassinated
• From 1901-1905 the Church was separated from
the state in France
• From 1903-1905 scandal broke out in Belgium over
Belgian rule in Zaire
• In 1907 the Russian Social Revolutionary Party
(Bolsheviks) was founded
• In 1908 Carlos I of Portugal was assassinated.
• Portuguese revolution brought about the end of the
monarchy
• In 1914 the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led
to World War I
• During 1915 the Germans started the submarine campaign
to blockade British Isles
• In 1917 the Russian Revolution began
• In 1918 an Armistice ended World War I
Russian Revolution
• In 1921 Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy
in Russia
• In 1922 Mussolini became the Italian Prime
Minister; he became dictator in 1925
• In 1924 Vladimir Lenin dies in Russia; Stalin
becomes the next leader
• During 1928 Stalin launched a five year plan to
expand Soviet industry
• During 1933 Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler, appointed a
German Chancellor
• In 1936 Germany invaded the Rhineland region on
the French-Belgian border
• In 1938 Hitler forced Austria to form a union with Germany
• In 1938 the Munich crisis happened; France and Britain
agreed to let Germany partition Czechoslovakia
(appeasement)
• During 1939 Stalin and Hitler agreed to divide Poland
between themselves
• During 1939 Germany invaded Poland; this led to World
War II
• In 1940 France surrenders to Germany
• The jet aircraft was developed
Jet Aircraft
in England and Germany
• From 1939–1945 a Nazi arranged genocide resulted
in the death of almost 6 million Jews
• In 1944 the Allies invaded France and began to reconquer Europe
• During 1953 Stalin died in Russia; Nikita Khrushchev
takes power
• In 1955 the Warsaw Pact is signed
• The Warsaw Pact was an agreement made between
the communists nations
• During 1957 the Russians launched Sputnik
• This was the a key step in Russia’s space race
with the United States
• In 1961 the Berlin Wall was built to stop East
Germans from fleeing to the West
• In 1968 the Hungarian Communist party
introduced a group of reforms called the New
Economic Mechanism
Sputnik
The Middle East
• In the 1920s the League of Nations placed Syria and
Lebanon under French control and Palestine and Iraq
under British control
• In 1923 oil was discovered in Iraq.
• During the 1930s, British and U.S. companies competed
for oil in the Gulf region
• Lebanon gained independence from France in 1943
• In 1946, Syria became independent
• In 1948 the State of Israel is established.
• Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq declare war on Israel
• The 1948 Arab-Israeli War brings attacks on at least
700,000 Palestinians by Zionist militants
• In the 1950s oil is discovered in the United Arab Emirates
• In 1960 Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
form the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC)
• In 1961 Kuwait gains independence from Britain
• In 1963 two coups brought the Ba'ath Arab nationalist
party to power in Syria and Iraq
• In 1967 the Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt, Jordan,
and Syria resulted in the Israeli occupation of the West
Bank
• In 1967 Southern Yemen gained independence from Britain
• In 1973 Syria and Egypt launched and eventually lost the October
War against Israel,
• After the war, Saudi Arabia led a petroleum embargo against states
that supported Israel
• Demonstrations forced the resignation of the Israeli prime minister
after the defeat of the Israeli army in the 1973 war
• This resulted in the Likud party gaining power in 1977
• From 1975–77 civil war erupted in Lebanon in 1975
• Israel invaded Lebanon 1982 and occupied it until 2000.
• In the 1980s the Iran-Iraq War resulted in an estimated 1
million deaths on both sides
• In 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon, resulting in the Sabra and
Shatila massacre in Palestinian refugee camps
• In 1990 Iraqi forces occupied neighboring Kuwait and are
kicked out by U.S. forces in the Gulf War of 1991
• In 1990 North and South Yemen unite to become the
Unified Arab Republic of Yemen
• In 2000 a second intifada begins in the West Bank and
Gaza
• An intifada is the Palestinian uprising against Israeli
occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
• In 2003 a U.S. led coalition ends the regime of
Saddam Hussein and occupies Iraq
• With Saddam Hussein’s reign finally over,
closure has been brought to the Gulf War
• The National Museum of Baghdad is looted
• The National Library is burned to the ground
in the first days of the U.S. led war
Saddam Hussein
Koreas
• In 1910 The Treaty of Annexation is signed on August 29,
marking Korea's formal annexation to Japan
• The Government-General of Korea, controls all aspects of
governance–political, social, economic, and cultural
• On March 1, 1919 more than a million Koreans take to the
streets in the March First Movement, demanding
independence
• The demonstrations force the Japanese colonial
administrators in Seoul to rethink their colonial policy,
• On August 15, 1945 Korea is liberated from thirty-five years
of Japanese colonial rule
• After independence, the Korean peninsula is divided in two,
with the north under Soviet control and the south under
American occupation
• Two separate states—the Republic of Korea in the south and
the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north—are
proclaimed in 1948
• On June 25, 1950 the civil war, known as the "Korean War,"
begins. A truce is signed at P'anmunjôm at the 38th Parallel in
1953.
• In 1988 Seoul hosts the 24th Summer Olympic Games
Central Asia
• From 1901–1919 Emir Habibullah Khan of Afghanistan
pushes for modernization of his country
• The Anglo-Russian Convention defines British and Russian
spheres of influence in the region, which each country
agrees to respect
• In 1912 Muslims in the Xinjiang Province of China are
allowed self-rule, which brings peace to the region after
many years of unrest
• In 1916 a revolt against Russian rule is triggered by the
announcement that men from the Central Asian provinces
will be required to dig trenches for the Russian troops
• In 1919 the Treaty of Rawalpindi, Britain cedes control of
Afghanistan's foreign relations and King Amanullah becomes the
first ruler of an independent monarchy.
• In 1924 the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan,
Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan are born
• In 1921 Mongolia expels the occupying troops to become
independent; It becomes the People's Republic of Mongolia in
1924
• In 1921 the Afghans finish a Treaty of Friendship with the new
Bolshevik regime of the Soviet Union
• In 1928 the Central Asian republics of the USSR switch from the
Arabic to the Roman script
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In 1931 Afghanistan becomes a constitutional monarchy
In 1941 Hitler invades the USSR
In 1979 the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
In 1989, under Gorbachev, Soviet troops withdraw from
Afghanistan
• In 1991 Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
and Tajikistan become independent republics
• In 1994 the Taliban movement gains momentum in
Afghanistan
• In 1994, Taliban forces take Kandahar and two years
later enter the capital of Kabul.
• By 1998, the group controls almost 90 percent of the
country.
• Women's rights are sharply lessened under the Taliban
government, which enforces an extreme form of
Islamic law.
• In 1996 Osama bin Laden is given safe haven in
Afghanistan.
• In 2004, the delegates of Loya Jirga agree on a new
constitution for Afghanistan
South America
• From 1899–1903 The War of a Thousand Days is fought
between liberal and conservative factions in Colombia.
• In 1908 Juan Vicente Gómez begins his temporary
dictatorship in Venezuela, which continues until 1935.
• The oil boom begins in 1909 and leads to extensive
immigration.
• In 1916 Argentinean radicals led by Hipólito Yrigoyen
gain political control of the country. Yrigoyen is
reelected in 1928 but ousted by a military coup in 1930.
• In 1922 The Revolt of the Lieutenants takes place in
Brazil,
• In 1924 Víctor Raúl Haya founds the American Popular
Revolutionary Alliance (APRA).
• In 1930–34 Getúlio Dornelles Vargas is dictator in Brazil.
• Between 1934 and 1937, he serves as the elected
president, and as dictator between 1937 and 1945
• From 1932–35 Bolivia and Paraguay fight the Chaco War
over the Chaco Boreal region.
• In 1936 an agrarian reform law is passed in Colombia and
the Confederation of Colombian Workers is founded.
• In 1948, leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán is assassinated, and this
ends the period of Liberal reform
Victor Haya
• From 1939–45 Colombia assists the United States in ensuring
that the Panama Canal remains open during World War II.
• In 1944, a Brazilian force of 25,000 troops participates in the
Allied invasion of Italy.
• In 1941 Ecuador and Peru fight a border war. Under the terms
of the Rio Protocol of 1942, Ecuador cedes some territory to
Peru.
• In 1946 Juan Perón is elected president of Argentina.
• From 1948–58 The Civil War in Colombia left hundreds of
thousands dead.
• In 1974, the Colombian government begins an offensive
against oppositional guerrilla groups.
• In 1952 The Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR) leads
a successful revolution in Bolivia.
• In 1953 a military coup brings Gustavo Rojas Pinilla to power in
Colombia.
• From 1954–89 Alfredo Stroessner is dictator in Paraguay. He is
known for allowing Nazi war criminals to seek refuge in
Paraguay.
• In 1963 The Tupamaros guerrilla resistance group is formed in
Uruguay. They engage in political kidnappings and other
terrorist tactics.
• In 1964 the election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei
Montalva signals the beginning of a period of reform in Chile.
• He is succeeded by Socialist Party member Salvador Allende,
who serves until a military coup, supported by the U.S., unseats
him in 1973
• In 1964 Brazilian president João Goulart is ousted from
power in a coup and goes into exile.
• From 1976–83 The "Dirty War" takes place in Argentina as
the military in power persecutes and kills thousands of
peole.
• In 1980 General Luis García Meza seizes control of the
Bolivian government in a coup.
• His regime is characterized by crime, mismanagement, and
oppression.
• In 1982 Argentina fights a war with the United Kingdom
over the Falkland Islands. Although Argentina surrenders,
rights to the Falklands are not given away.
• From 1990–2000 Alberto Fujimori is president of Peru. He
flees to Japan when allegations of corruption in his
government begin to emerge
Japan
• In 1905 The Treaty of Portsmouth ends the Russo-Japanese War
(1904–5) and gives Japan full control of Korea, the southern
Sakhalin Islands, and China's southern Liaodong Peninsula.
• Manchuria is returned to China and Japan agrees to pay Russia
for its lost territory.
• In 1910 Japan officially annexes Korea, which remains a
Japanese colony until 1945
• In 1914, Japan declares war against Germany, entering World
War I on the side of the allies . Japan is motivated by a desire to
expand its territories, especially in China and the Pacific Islands.
• In 1918 Hara Takashi is named prime minister and forms what is
considered Japan's first party cabinet.
• In 1925 the Diet gives all male citizens the right to vote.
• In 1937, Japanese and Chinese troops clash on Marco Polo
Bridge on the outskirts of Beijing. Although this incident is
relatively minor, it quickly grew into the Sino-Japanese War.
• In 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy,
inspired by Germany's recent military successes in Europe.
Japan's main goal is expansion into China and Southeast Asia.
• On December 1941 Japan declares war on the United States and
attacks the American naval base at Pearl Harbor.
• In 1945 despite early martial victories, after a naval defeat at
Midway Island on June 3–7, 1942, the Japanese war effort
declines and ends with Japan's surrender on August 15.
• In 1945, the Allied Occupation demilitarized the country, tried
war criminals, and enacted important reforms in Japan's
industries.
• In 1955 the Liberal Democratic party is formed.
• This conservative party, which relies on the support
of farmers, professionals, and corporations, among
others, dominates Japanese politics to the present
day
• In 1974 Prime Minister Sato Eisaku receives the
Nobel Peace Prize for normalizing relations between
Japan and South Korea
Sato Eisaku
• In 1953 Cambodia achieves full independence from
the French.
• In 1954 a treaty divides Vietnam into communist
North Vietnam and anticommunist South Vietnam.
• Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh independence
movement since 1941, becomes president of North
Vietnam.
• In 1957 Malaysia is granted independence from the
British.
• In 1964 The Gulf of Tonkin Incident leads to the
increase of U.S. involvement in Vietnam
Southeast Asia
• In 1930 Ho Chi Min forms the Indochinese Communist
Party
• In 1932 Thailand's absolute monarchy is replaced with
a constitutional monarchy in a coup d'état
• From 1942–45 the Japanese occupy Thailand, Vietnam,
Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines
• In 1946 the Philippines achieve independence
• In 1948 The Union of Burma is formed, independent of
the British.
• In 1949 Laos becomes independent of French rule.
Indonesia becomes the Republic of Indonesia.
• In 1967 Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,
and Thailand create the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN).
• In 1975 Vietnam is unified under Communist leadership
• In 1975 the communist Khmer Rouge take Phnom Penh
in Cambodia and rename the country Kampuchea.
• In 1975 The Pathet Lao (Communist party) takes over
Laos and renames it the Lao People's Democratic
Republic
• From 1978–79 the Vietnamese invade Phnom Penh and
drive the Khmer Rouge from power
India
• In 1905 growing civil unrest in Bengal prompts Lord
Curzon, the governor-general, to partition the province
into East and West.
• In 1906 The Muslim League is founded to represent the
political demands of Muslim Indians, and Muhammad
Iqbal proposes the creation of Pakistan
• In 1911 King George V announces that the capital of the
Indian colony will move from Calcutta to Delhi.
• From 1914–18 to get greater participation from their
Indian subjects during World War I, Britain makes
promises of freedom to the colony.
• When this freedom is not delivered by 1919, a large
demonstration takes place in Amritsar. Four hundred
people are killed as the British open fire on the
protestors.
• In 1915 Mohandas Gandhi returns from Britain and
goes to India where he tells everyone of what he has
learned
• In 1936 under the leadership of activist Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, the Muslim League becomes more radical.
• In the 1940s, it adopts the idea of a separate Islamic
state
• In 1940 Muhammad Ali Jinnah announces the plan for
Pakistan in the Lahore Resolution, Muslims arrived in
the country.
• In 1947 Jawarhalal Nehru becomes the first prime
minister of India. The Muslim state of Pakistan is
created in the northwest part of the former colony;
East Pakistan is to the northeast.
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah becomes governor-general;
Liaqat Ali Khan is appointed prime minister.
• In 1948 Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse
a Hindu extremist who opposes Gandhi's
willingness to work with the Muslim League.
• In 1950 India adopts a constitution, which divides
power between state and national authorities.
• From 1971–72 a civil war breaks out between the
two halves of Pakistan. With the aid of India, East
Pakistan declares its independence and becomes
Bangladesh.
• In 1977 In Pakistan, Bhutto is ousted and later
executed by General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq who
institutes Islamic law.
• In 1991 Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi is
assassinated
• In 1992 a mob motivated by Hindu zealots destroys a
mosque built by the general of Mughal emperor
Babur in Ayodhya
• In 2002 relations between India and Pakistan
underwent extreme pain.
• In 2004 talks between leaders provided a sense of
hope for better relations in the future.
Rajiv Gandhi
Oceania
• In 1901 the Immigration Restriction Act is enacted
to prevent the emigration of non-Europeans to the
continent
• The policy will remain in force until the 1950s and is
not entirely overturned until 1978
• In 1920 Australia becomes a founding member of
the League of Nations
• In 1939 Australia joins World War II on the side of
the Allies, declaring war on Germany, then Italy and
Japan
• The Australian government agrees to accept Jewish
refugees
• In 1945 Australia becomes a charter member
of the United Nations
• In 1965 Australian troops are sent to fight in
Vietnam
• In 1971 Neville Bonner becomes the first
Aboriginal member of parliament
Neville Bonner
Africa
• 1902 - Treaty of Verceniging ends second Boer War
in South Africa; defeated Boers remain bitter and
determined to regain power
• 1907 - Government of Mozambique organized
• 1910 - Union of South Africa
• 1922 - Egypt becomes independent from Britain
under King Fuad
• 1923 - Ethiopia admitted to League of Nations
• 1935-36 - Italians under Mussolini invade and annex
Ethiopia
• 1941 - Ethiopia liberated from Italians by Ethiopians
and British, and recognized as independent
• 1951 - Libya gains independence
• 1954-62 - War for independence in Algeria;
freedom won in 1962
• 1956 - Morocco, Tunisia and Sudan gain their
independence
• 1957 - Ghana is the first country in sub-Saharan
Africa to become independent
• 1958-60 - Independence for Zaire, Nigeria, Somalia
and 12 of France’s 13 sub-Saharan colonies
• 1960s - Civil war in South Sudan
• 1960-65 - Civil war in Zaire
• 1961-67 - Independence for Tanzania, Uganda,
Kenya, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Burundi, Malawi,
Zambia, Lesotho, Botswana, Gambia and Swaziland
• 1963 - Organization of African Unity founded
• 1980s - As opposition to apartheid grows, many
South African artists utilize their creative abilities to
speak out against racial oppression
• Mozambique gains independence from Portugal
• Namibia gains independence from South Africa
• Nelson Mandela is released from prison after
twenty-seven years in jail