Transcript WWII 1939-1945 - Cloudfront.net

Topic 21: The Second World War
Topic 22: The Home Front During The War
WWII 1939-1945
CHAPTER 34: FDR & SHADOW OF
WAR
Political Philosophies
 1. Democracy – a system of government in
which the people have the power to rule,
either directly or indirectly through their
elected officials
 2. Capitalism – an economic system in which
private individuals and corporations own and
operate most means of production
Political Philosophies
 3. Socialism – belief that the means of
production capital, land, raw materials,
factories should be owned and controlled by
society
 4. Communism – a society without class
distinctions or private property (equality?)
Road To WWII
 Totalitarian regimes gain power in Europe
1920’s-1930’s
 Totalitarianism – total control over every
aspect of citizen’s lives
- a form of dictatorship
Fascism
 Political Philosophy based on nationalism and 1
single party system
 Like communism, state has absolute authority
 Unlike communism, defends private property
and social classes
Totalitarian Rulers
 1. Benito Mussolini – (Italy) fascist
 2. Adolf Hitler – (Germany) gains power 1933
 3. Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union (Communist)
 4.Japanese Military dictatorship 1930’s
Anti-Comintern Pact, 1937
 Alliance formed: Germany, Italy, Japan
 Pledge to oppose international communism
Nazi- Soviet Pact, 1939
 Stalin (U.S.S.R.)
Signs nonaggression pact with
Hitler (Germany)
Hitler Invaded…
 1.Rhineland, 1936
 Region between
Germany & France
 2. Austria 1938
 3. Sudentenland
1938
(Czechoslovakia)
Hitler Invaded…(Cont’d)
 Poland Sept. 1st,
1939
 Great Britain &
France declare war
on Germany
 WWII officially
begins
Why Didn’t Anyone Stop Hitler
Prior To Sept. 1st 1939?
 The “Appeasement” Policy:
 Allowing aggressors to have what they
want…
 In the hope they will demand no more
2 Sides
 ALLIES:
 AXIS POWERS:
 1. Great Britain
 1. Germany
 2. France
 2. Italy (will switch
sides eventually)
 3. U.S. (joins 1941)
 4. Soviet Union (joins
1941 After Hitler
betrays Stalin)
 3. Japan
(1940) Meanwhile, Hitler…
 Invades and
conquers Northern
Europe
 Denmark, Norway
1940
And Conquered France!
 Germans attack May
10, 1940
 France surrenders
June 22, 1940
 Defeat of France
shocks the world
Battle of Britain
 Great Britain bombed Aug. 1940
 1 night 70,000 fire bombs dropped
 Massive destruction
 Great Britain Defeats Germans …barely
Battle of Britain, 1940
 Winston Churchill asked American President
Franklin Roosevelt for help
 “Cash & Carry Policy” enacted
American “Neutrality” 1939
 Neutrality Act of 1939
 U.S. neutrality in name, not in deed.
 Allowed for sale of American weapons/
supplies to European allies on a
 “Cash-and-Carry” basis
“Destroyers for Bases” Deal, 1940
 U.S. provided Britain with older naval ships
(50)
 In return,
 U.S. gained rights to establish military bases
in British held Caribbean islands
American President FDR
 Franklin D. Roosevelt
ran for 3rd term (1940)
 Won 54% of popular
vote
 “better a third term
than a third rater”
Roosevelt’s Address to Congress
(1940)
 To Protect “4
Freedoms”
 1. Freedom of Speech
 2. Freedom of Religion
 3. Freedom of Want
 4. Freedom of Fear
Lend Lease Act, 1941
 Allowed Britain to
borrow U.S. war
materials
 FDR & British Prime
Minister Winston
Churchill met secretly
Atlantic Charter (Churchill
& FDR), 1941
 1. Self determination
of people
 2. Free trade
 3. disarmament
 The Cornerstones of a
world free of fascism
Operation Barbarossa, 1941
 Hitler Betrayed Stalin!
 And invaded the Soviet Union in June!
 And then winter began…
“Big Three” - 1941
 Stalin Joined the Allies
 “Big Three” =
Roosevelt (U.S.),
Churchill (Great
Britain), Stalin (Soviet
Union)
 Agree to defeating
Hitler
Holocaust
 1941 – extermination
of Jews, people of
color, Gypsies,
Clergy, disabled
 Gestapo = secret
police arrest
opponents of Hitler
Concentration Camps
 1942- transported to
concentration camps
 6 million Jews Killed,
6 Million Non- Jews
Killed
Persecution of Gypsies
 Roma People
 From various parts of
Europe
 250,000 – 500,000
Die in the Holocaust
Japan
 1. Conquered
Manchuria 1931
 2. Invaded China
1937
 Nanking- 200,000
Chinese citizens
killed
 3. Invaded IndoChina (Vietnam)
Tripartite Pact
 1940 An Alliance between Germany, Japan,
Italy
President Roosevelt, In response
to Japanese Aggression…
 Froze Japanese
assets in U.S.
 Restricted oil exports
to Japan
 Placed embargo on
sale of scrap iron to
Japan
Japanese Leader
 General Hideki Tojo
planned secret
attack on the U.S.
Pacific fleet
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
 December 7, 1941
 Japanese planes
attacked American
fleet
 2,400 die
 1,200 wounded
Statistics
 8 Battleships sunk
 10 other ships
damaged
 Including the U.S.S.
Arizona
 200 planes destroyed
Why Pearl Harbor?
 Key American
military base in the
Pacific
 Dec. 8 : President
Roosevelt declared
war on Japan
 Dec. 11: Germany &
Italy declared war on
U.S.
Pearl Harbor…
 “Yesterday,
December 7th,1941,
a date which will
live in infamy” - FDR
Chapter 35: America in WWII
APUSH
Executive Order 9066
 Feb 19, 1942
 100,000 people of Japanese descent (Nisei)
 On West Coast
 Removed from homes
 Placed in “relocation camps”
 More 60% were U.S. citizens
 1/3 under the age of 19
Korematsu vs. United States
(1944)
 RE: Japanese Internment
 Supreme Court decided that in times of war,
the curbing of civil rights is justified.
 1988 U.S. government formally apologized
paid surviving families $20,000
Japanese Internment Camps

 -
Manzanar
Santa Anita Racetrack Assembly
Center
Economic Impact of
U.S.
War in
 1. War Industry/ Defense Jobs
 8 million people moved West of the
Mississippi 1940-1950
 African Americans Moved West
 2. “Bracero Program” 1942- 200,000
Mexican farm workers recruited to work in
fields (temporarily)
Economic Impact of the war
 The end of the Great Depression
 Defense jobs
 American factories bombarded the enemy
with the production of weapons, goods,
supplies
Native American “Code
Talkers”
 Every military branch
used Native
American
 “code talkers” to
encode & decipher
secret messages
 Using Native Am.
Languages
“Rosie the Riveter”
 Recruitment campaign
 women in defense/
“male” jobs:
 Toolmakers, machinists,
crane operators,
shipyard workers,
weapons manufacturing
 6 million entered
workforce
260,000 Additional Women Joined…
 Signed up for…
 1.Women’s Army
Corp (WACs)
 2.Women
Appointed for
Voluntary
Emergency Service
(WAVES)
260,000 Additional Women
Joined…
 3.Women’s Auxiliary
Ferrying Squadron
(WAFs)
 Female pilots
 Team of 28
 Transported soldiers,
light aircraft
260,000 Additional Women
Joined…
 4. U.S. Cadet Nurse
Corps
 20 nursing schools in
the country
 Government paid
training
“Rosie” at Work…
Wartime Migrations
 Wartime Jobs caused
population shifts
 California grew by 2
million
 1.6 million African
Americans moved west
and north
Naval Battles, 1942
 Battles in the Pacific
 1. Battle of Coral Sea
(May)
 2. Battle of Midway
(June)
Kamikazes
 Japanese suicide
bombers
 Crashed into
American aircraft
carriers in the Pacific
“Operation Overlord” – “DDAY”, 1944
 Turning point in war
 176,000 Allied Soldiers
 British, Canadian,
American Troops
 600 warships, 10,000
aircraft
 Landed in…
 Normandy, France
“D-Day”
 Launched
“amphibious”
offensive against
German army
 June 6, 1944
 Allies won – Germans
forced to retreat
August. 25
And… Allies Liberated Paris, France!
Battle of the Bulge- December,
1944
 Allied Forces
continue towards
Belgium
 Faced defensive
attack by German
forces
Allies in Germany
 British & American
Air force bombed
urban centers
 1945
Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945
 “The Big Three”
 1. Franklin D.
Roosevelt (U.S.)
 2. Winston Churchill
(G.B.),
 3. Joseph Stalin
(Soviet Union)
Yalta Conference, 1945
 THE Big Three
 Agree to divide Germany into 4 Zones:
 1. Soviets will control east
 2. U.S., Great Britain, France will control
western Germany
 Berlin, Germany = joint occupation
 Germany to pay $20 billion in war reparations
Death of Franklin D.
Roosevelt
 Died Suddenly April,
1945
 V.P. sworn is as
President Harry Truman
May, 1945
 Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945
 Nazis surrendered May 7, 1945
 Was the war over?
 Japan did not surrender
Manhattan Project
 American President
Harry S. Truman
 considered turning
to the top secret
“Manhattan project”
– Atomic Bomb
Atomic Bomb
 $2 million top secret American experiment
 First A-bomb tested July, 16 1945
 In southwestern desert
Truman’s Choice
 Orders military to
drop A-Bomb on
Japan
 If they don’t
surrender by August
3.
 Moral debates ensue
August 6, 1945 - Hiroshima
 B-29 bomber airplane




called Enola Gay
Dropped 5 ton uranium
bomb (“little boy”)
Hiroshima, Japan
80,000 people killed
60,000 more died of
radiation poisoning by
the end of the year
August 9, 1945 - Nagasaki
 Second bomb
dropped (“ Fat man”)
in
 Nagasaki, Japan
 Another 60,000
people die
 Japan surrenders
September 2, 1945
Spring, 1945
 Allies liberated Concentration Camps
WWII Aftermath…
 55-60 Million People
died
 Half are civilians
 2010 Population in
California : 38 Million
 2010 Population in
(Holocaust, Atomic
bomb)
 “Crimes against
humanity” enters
vocabulary – refers to
atrocities committed
by Nazis
Canada: 34 million
More about…
AMERICAN LIFE, 1940’S
Effects on American Life
 1. Increase in
productivity
 2. Full employment
 3. End of Great
Depression
Effects on American Life
 4. New
Technologies:
 radar, computers,
electronics, rockets,
atomic energy
Effects on American Life
 5. Opportunities for
women, minorities
 Desegregation of
armed forces AFTER
the war
 Women earned
2/3rds of male pay
Effects on American Life
 6. G.I. Bill :
 “Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act”
 College scholarships,
home loans, small
business loans for
returning vets
Wartime Race Riots in the
U.S.
 Summer 1943 :
 Race riots in Detroit Michigan, Baltimore
Maryland, Los Angles California
1. Riots in Detroit
 June20th- June 21st,





1943
Public housing for
African Americans in
“white neighborhood”
Caused protests/riots
Police brutality
6,000 Federal Troops
called in
30 dead
2. Zoot Suit Riots, Los
Angeles
 June, 1943
 Navy sailors
stationed in L.A. &
Long Beach
 VS.
 Mexican American
“Zoot Suiters”
2. Riots in Los Angeles
 Mob of Servicemen
 Look for and beat
 “Zoot Suiters”
 Lasted 10 days
Zoot Suit Riots
 Riots ended when
 Military declared
Downtown L.A.
 “Out of bounds” for
servicemen
As A Result of WWII…
Impact of our Modern World…
1. Two World Powers Emerge
 United States
 And…
 The Soviet Union
2. Marshall Plan is
Established
 1948 “Economic




Recovery Act”
U.S. Plan to re-build +
re-construct
European countries
Western Europe accepts
help = growth &
prosperity
Eastern Europe…does
not
3. United Nations is Formed




Founded 1945
Focus:
1. international law
2. international
security
 3.economic
development
 4. social progress
 5. human rights
4. The Nation of Israel
 UN Partition Plan
 Divides Palestine
into
 Jewish & Arab states
 Conflict remains to
this day
5. Eventually Leads to
Berlin Wall
Berlin, Germany
divided amongst
Allies
 Soviet Union
demands removal of
Westerners from
Berlin
 Builds wall 1961
 East Germans cut off
from rest of the
world
Berlin Wall Falls ,1989