Transcript p. 358 The First Modern War

The First Modern War
p. 358
Why a “Modern” War?
• WW I saw the greatest use of technology
and resources in history up to that time.
• The skills of most in the military, even the
leaders, were not adequate for the new
techniques and machinery being used.
• The shock on millions of men and women
would change their thinking and outlook,
affecting future generations.
Mobilization
• The great powers prepared for war…..
• Troops mobilized:
– France—8.5 million
– Britain—9 million
– Russia—12 million
– Germany—11 million
The von Schlieffen Plan
• Germany depended on a 30-year old plan to win
the war quickly against France and Russia.
– Attack France quickly before slow Russia mobilizes.
– Attack Russia after defeating France.
• Project
• Handout (where you must commit your plan)
The von Schlieffen Plan
• For several decades, long before WW I,
Germany had planned how to fight a rapid
war, on two fronts, against …..(2)
• France
– Defeat them quickly
• Russia...
– Will mobilize slowly so they will be attacked
second.
– The Plan
The von Schlieffen Plan
• Invasion plan (with rationale): (7)
• France would be attacked first, before it could get help
from Britain and Russia.
– Russia was assumed to take a long time to mobilize
– Britain would not enter the war unless Belgium was invaded
• Belgium would have to be invaded as Germany could invade France faster
• By the time Britain joined war it would be too late; France and Belgium would
have fallen.
• Once France was defeated in about month, all German
forces would be rapidly turned on Russia
– It was assumed that Russian industry could not sustain a war on
the scale needed to survive a German invasion.
The von Schlieffen Plan
• Possible Obstacle(s)/setbacks: (2)
– Russia might attack sooner
– The French might get their army up to the front and set up a
strong defense faster.
• So, what went wrong? Copy
– The German attack against France went well, but the French
military commandeered every taxi cab, truck, and bus in Paris
and rushed their army to the Marne River. Stopping the German
advance.
– Russia attacked eastern Germany and Austria earlier than
anticipated, taking land from Austria-Hungary, and forcing the
Germans to divide their successful army in France and send
part to meet the Russians.
Stalemate:
• situation in a war where neither side can defeat
the other.
• The Western Front (France) was a stalemate
because of trench warfare.
• The war in the trenches would last for almost
four years.
A trench system.
No Man’s
Land
French troops fire grenade with a small
catapult.
Zeppelin:
Rigid-framed, hydrogen gas-filled balloons used by
the Germans to bomb France and England
• Airplane
– Spotter
– Fighter
– bomber
u-boat:
• Submarine warships,
• would hide underwater and attack passing ships.
– Used by the British and Germans
– Used most effectively by the Germans
• (Unterseeboot) against ships carrying cargo to Britain.
• convoy:
• To avoid submarine attacks, Allies organized
cargo ships in groups,
– protected by fast sub-hunting destroyers.
The most modern weaponry and warfare
techniques were used in the Great War:
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Rapid-fire machine gun
Long-range artillery
Poison gas
Gas mask
Tank
Bolt-action rifle
Steel helmet
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Messenger dogs
Barbed wire
Tinned food
Telephone
Trench warfare
EC: Review--WW I Alliances
• Triple Entente changed
name to:
– Allies
• Members were: (7)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Serbia
Britain (UK)
Russia
France
Italy
Japan (1915)
United States (1917)
• Triple Alliance changed
name to::
– Central Powers
• Members were: (3)
– Austria-Hungary
– Germany
– Ottoman Empire
Dardanelles:
• Narrow strait separating Russia from the rest of Europe.
– Needed by Allies to supply Russia
– controlled by the Ottoman Turks.
• Britain sent home and colonial troops to take it
– mostly ANZACs (Australians and New Zealanders)
• to attack at Gallipoli, intending to take Istanbul.
• British troops are trapped for ten months,
– lose 200,000 troops, and withdraw.
• Britain fails
– to knock Turkey out of the war
– To get supplies to a desperate Russia.
T. E. Lawrence:
• British officer sent alone to work with the Arab
leaders.
– Known as “Lawrence of Arabia”
• Succeeded in uniting the many Arab groups
– led them in successful guerrilla raids on Turkish
forces,
• destruction of rail and communication lines.
– Became a supporter of Arab independence.
The Middle East
• EC: Eventually the Arabs would gain (3)
– Palestine,
– Syria,
– Iraq
– Though Britain promised them independence, the
British and French had already planned to divide
the lands between themselves.
• Lawrence was bitterly disappointed at the treachery.
• Arabs had another reason to distrust and hate the West.
hwk
Standards Check, p. 358
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Question:
Russia mobilized quickly in the east.
Caused Germany to divert troops there.
Britain and France stopped the weaker
German western army at the Marne.
Map Skills, p. 359:
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2
They moved less than 150 miles
No movement at all from 1915-1916
3
Battle lines were pushed back far into
Russian territory
• Defeats badly affected the Russian people
Eastern Front
• At first, Russia succeeded in penetrating eastern
Germany,
– but was disastrously defeated by Germany at EC: _____
• Tannenberg, in 1914.
• Russia could not supply its armies as fast as the
Germans and Austria-Hungary.
– EC: Soon millions of Russian troops had no replacement (3)…
• Food
• Ammunition
• Weapons
– As a result, Russian troops were increasingly demoralized,
The Great Atrocity
• The Ottoman Empire was also fighting Russia.
• Armenian insurgents backed the Russians.
– Russia promised Armenian independence when
Turks were defeated.
• Turkey decided to deport/exterminate all of them
to the deserts of Syria in 1915.
– This event is called the EC: __________________
and over 1.5 million die
– “Armenian genocide”
Standards Check, p. 361
• Question:
• New or improved guns and artillery caused
more casualties.
• Poison gas terrified soldiers
• Submarines sank many ships
Thinking Critically, p. 361
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1
They gave trench soldiers increased mobility,
But also increased their risk of injury and death.
2
Probably a negative effect: they were living in
dangerous, harsh conditions
• Facing uncertainty of when the next attack would
occur
Standards Check, p. 362:
• Question:
• The Eastern Front shifted over more area
than the Western Front,
• With less trench warfare and even more
casualties.
Map Skills, p. 362
• Question:
• It was bordered on two sides by Allied
countries, Russia and British Egypt
• It had to fight on several fronts.
Africa
• _________________ home and colonial troops,
cut off from the empire were easily defeated by
British and French home and colonial troops.
• German
West Asia
• The Middle East was vital to the Allies for two
reasons:
– Getting supplies to Russia
– Securing control of petroleum deposits
• ____________________________ (country’s
name) was in the way.
– Cut off Allied supplies to Russia
– Controlled lands endangering Allied petroleum
supplies,
– Cut off communications to West Asia.
– The Ottoman Empire
Standards Check, p. 363:
• The Ottoman Empire
• joined the Central
Powers, but
eventually lost
territory
– Arab revolt, supported
by Britain
• Colonies/Dominions
• British India, French
West Africa, Canada,
Australia, and New
Zealand sent colonial
troops to support the
Allies.
All the imperialists used resources and
troops from their colonies.
• ___________________ called on troops from
• Britain
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India
Burma
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
South Africa
• ___________________ called on troops from
• France
– West Africa
• Many of these non-White troops fought with the hope that their homelands
would be given self-rule
• Others hoped they would be respected as equal citizens in the White empire,
– they would be very disappointed and win nothing.
A Soldat’s Life: p. 364
worksheet
• Questions from text, 1 & 2
• Add these questions on your Cornell Notes and
answer them (discuss with your neighbors)…..
– Is All Quiet on the Western Front a pro-war or anti-war
novel?
• Use evidence from the text to back up your opinion.
– Why would Erich Maria Remarque write this book?
• Use evidence from the text to back up your opinion.
– Why would Adolf Hitler’s government later ban this book
in Germany, even though the author is a German?
• Use evidence from the text to back up your opinion
Reading: p. 364 Answers:
• 1.
• He (Paul, the young German soldier) can no longer stand the
silence in the foxhole.
• 2
• That enemy soldiers are fellow humans with lives and families,
hopes and dreams.
Reading: p. 364 Answers:
• Is All Quiet on the Western Front a pro-war or anti-war novel?
Use evidence from the text to back up your opinion.
– Answer: anti-war
– Evidence: “disillusioned veteran”
• Why would Erich Maria Remarque write this book?
– Answer: to show the senselessness of war
– Evidence: “comrade, I did not want to kill you”;
• “it was that abstraction I stabbed”,
• “why do they never tell us that you are poor devils like us?”
• Why would Adolf Hitler’s government ban this book in 1930s
Germany, even though the author is a German?
– Answer: Hitler needed Germans to want to go war again.
– Evidence: “Forgive me comrade, how could you be my enemy?”