Transcript File - MHS CP10 Social Studies

The US Enters World War II
Preparations at Home
Mobilizing An Army (Quickly)
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Selective
Training and
Service Act
First peacetime
draft in US
history
 All males, 21-36,
are required to
register for
military service

A New Type of Military
 Over
1 million African-Americans (still
segregated, though)
 Tuskegee Airmen
 About
350,000 women in non-combat
roles
 Approx. 300,000 Mexican-Americans
 25,000 Native Americans
 Navajo
Code Talkers
Training and Preparing and Army
Boot Camp Training
 Feeding an Army
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Supporting A War - Economy
 War
Productions
Board and the
Office of War
Mobilization
 Stop
production
on civilian goods
and use the
materials for
wartime supplies
Supporting A War - Economy
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No nylons….we need parachutes
No typewriters….we need guns
No bicycle tires….we need army truck tires
No extra wool suit vests……we need uniforms
Less food….plant your own “Victory Gardens”
Rationing of gasoline and food products as well.
 Coupon books were used for families. Once
you hit your limit per week (1/2 pound sugar, 5
gallons gas…) you had to wait until next weeks
book
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Cookbooks for Rationing
Liberty Ships
Mass Naval Production
Supporting A War - Economy
 Unemployment
vanishes during the
war, wages
increase, spending
increases.
Working our way
out of the
Depression.
 18
million
women in the
workplace,
many doing
traditionally
male jobs.
Welders,
mechanics,
lumberjacks,
riveters.
Supporting A War - Economy
 Fair Employment
Practices
Committee
1/5
of the
available
workforce
became AfricanAmerican
Supporting A War - Economy
 The
Bracero Program
 Allowed
Mexican farm
laborers to come into
America to boost
agricultural production
Zoot
Suit Riots in Los
Angeles based on job
competition with white
America
Supporting A War - Economy
 Federal
Spending on the war
jumped from 8.9 billion to 95.2
billion.
 Increased taxes.
 Increased government borrowing
from banks.
 Increased sale of war bonds.
Japanese Internment
 February
19, 1942, FDR
signed Executive Order 9066
As
a security measure, it
authorized the government to
inter (confine) almost 120,000
American citizens of Japanese
ancestry in camps, inland and
away from the west coast
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EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 9066
FEBRUARY 19, 1942
Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas
Whereas, The successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against
sabotage to national defense material, national defense premises and national defense utilities as defined in
Section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, 40 Stat. 533 as amended by the Act of November 30, 1940, 54 Stat. 1220. and the
Act of August 21, 1941. 55 Stat. 655 (U.S.C., Title 50, Sec. 104):
Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief
of the Army and Navy, l hereby authorized and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders whom he
may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander deem such action necessary or
desirable to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military
Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right
of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restriction the Secretary of War or the
appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to
provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom. such transportation, food, shelter, and other
accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military Commander
and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. The designation of military areas
in any region or locality shall supersede designation of prohibited and restricted areas by the Attorney General
under the Proclamation of December 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the
Attorney General under the said Proclamation in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas.
I hereby further authorize and direct the Secretary of War and the said Military Commanders to take such other
steps as he or the appropriate Military Commander may deem advisable to enforce compliance with the
restrictions applicable to each Military area herein above authorized to be designated. including the use of Federal
troops and other Federal Agencies, with authority to accept assistance of state and local agencies.
I hereby further authorize and direct all Executive Department, independent establishments and other Federal
Agencies, to assist the Secretary of War or the said Military Commanders in carrying out this Executive Order,
including the furnishing of medical aid, hospitalization, food, clothing, transportation, use of land, shelter, and other
supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities and service.
This order shall not be construed as modifying or limiting in any way the authority granted under Executive Order
8972. dated December 12.1941, nor shall it be construed as limiting or modifying the duty and responsibility of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, with response to the investigation of alleged acts of sabotage or duty and
responsibility of the Attorney General and the Department of Justice under the Proclamation of December 7 and 8,
1941, prescribing regulations for the conduct and control of alien enemies, except as such duty and responsibility
is superseded by the designation of military areas thereunder.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The White House, February 19,1942.
The War in Europe
Crossing the Atlantic
 Immediate
Goals
 Keep
supply lanes to Europe open
 Get US warships and troops to Europe
 Obstacles
 German
 In
U-boats, “Wolfpacks”
June, 1942, German U-boats sank over
175 ships
The War in Africa
Hitler had invaded North Africa in hopes of
driving through Egypt and into the Middle
East for oil to support his industry and
military growth. He stalled in Libya.
 The Allied plan was to work across North
Africa from Morocco (US) east, and from
Egypt (GB) west and squeeze Hitler in the
middle. North across the Mediterranean to
Italy was the ultimate plan to start freeing
Europe..
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Battles raged from August, 1940, through to
Axis surrender in May, 1943 in Tunisia
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Africa and Europe, Strategy
The Invasion of Italy
 Once
North Africa
was secured in 1943,
it was time to invade
Italy
 July,
1943, Patton
began towards
mainland Italy by
taking the island of
Sicily
The Invasion of Italy
Italy loses faith in Mussolini as the Allies
advance from Sicily and into southern
Italy. He is removed as the head of the
Fascist party and arrested.
 Germany smuggles him out to northern
Italy.
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The Invasion of Italy
In September, 1943, the
Allies are nearing
Rome.
 Italy surrenders and
joins the Allies against
Germany.
 Mussolini has been
placed in charge of
Northern Italy.
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The Invasion of Italy
Allied forces capture Rome in late 1944,
and Germany surrenders in April, 1945.
 Mussolini is captured and executed.
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War in Russia
In order to provide his forces in Europe
and in Africa with supplies (oil) and food,
Hitler invaded Russia on June 22, 1941.
 Russia was unprepared since they had
signed the non-aggression pact earlier.
 Before Russia could fully mobilize and
fight back, Hitler had driven all the way to
Stalingrad by September, 1942.
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War in Russia
 Before
Hitler could advance,
though, the cold Russian winter
began and stalled his troops.
 This gave the Russian troops an
advantage, and they began
pushing back towards Germany
by January, 1943.
War in France
With Italy secured, and the Russians
moving west towards Germany, the Allies
planned an invasion of western Europe
through France.
 The Allies softened up the Germans with
bombing raids through 1943, including fire
bombing Hamburg.
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War in France
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Operation Overlord was a planned invasion of
the northern coast of France at Normandy.
On June 6, 1944, 4,600 ships left England.
1,000 planes bombed German forces on the
coast, and more than 23,000 men parachuted
behind German lines.
Met with heavy resistance, and the Allies
suffered over 2,000 casualties at Omaha beach
alone.
War in France
 By
the end of July, over 2
million Allied troops had
landed in France.
 Complemented by French
resistance fighters, Paris is
liberated on August 25, 1944.
War in France
Charles
de
Gaulle,
French
General in
Paris
Battle of the Bulge
From France, the Allies took the
Netherlands and started working south
towards Germany.
 Germany’s last major offensive in Belgium
and Luxembourg to drive back the Allies in
December, 1944.
 Over 80,000 Allied casualties, and more
than 100,000 German casualties.
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To Germany
After Germany was defeated at the Battle
of the Bulge, US forces converged on
Germany from the N, S, W, while Russia
converged from the E.
 On the Eastern Front, over 11 million
Russians were killed, and over 3 million
Germans.
 Russian troops entered Berlin in April,
1945.
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To Germany
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Allied forces met with
Germany at the Elbe
River on April 25,
1945.
Hitler, rather than
face capture and
defeat, committed
suicide on April 30.
Germany
surrendered on May
8, 1945.
What to do with Germany?
The
harsh treatment of
Germany after WWI was
a direct cause of WWII,
so how do we deal with
Germany this time?
What to do with Germany?
 Germany
disarms
 Germany forced to give up all
acquired territories
 Reparation payments not in cash,
but in industrial goods (keep them
employed but using products to
pay off debt)
What to do with Germany?
The
Allies divided the
country into four military
zones (US, France, Russia,
Great Britain) and each
country helped to rebuild a
portion of Germany
What to do with Germany?
 Nazi
War Trials
 Rather
than punish all of Germany,
the Allies elected to only punish the
leaders
 Public trials held in Nuremberg,
Germany
 22 Germany defendants
What to do with Germany?
 Nazi
War Trials
Charged
with war, war crimes,
crimes against humanity
In total, 12 defendants were
sentenced to hanging, seven
went to prison and three were
acquitted
Liberating the Concentration
Camps – The Holocaust
As troops moved through Europe, Nazi
concentration camps were disbanded and
prisoners freed
 As a result of Hitler’s “Final Solution”, over
6 million Jews had been worked to death
and executed, while more than 5 million
other “undesirables” were killed, including
disabled people, minorities, Gypsies,
homosexuals, and political opponents
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