Transcript Enola Gay

Chapter 9
The Great Depression & World
War II
Stock Market Speculation
► Bull
Market
► Stock Market Crash
► Great Depression
Bull Market
► Market
where stock prices are rising.
Stock Market Crash
► October
29, 1929, stock prices fell, and the
majority of investors tried to sell all of their
investments. A.K.A. Black Tuesday.
Great Depression
► Long
period of high unemployment and
increased poverty that came as a result of
the stock market crash.
Collapse of Farm Economy
► Dust
Bowl
Dust Bowl
► Time
between 1933 and 1936, when the
land between the Dakotas and Texas
received little rain. Farmers at this time
knew little about stopping soil erosion.
Wind picked up and blew the precious
topsoil away.
President Hoover’s Administration
► Herbert
Hoover
► Hoovervilles
Herbert Hoover
► Elected
during a time of prosperity, Hoover
received all blame when the economy was
thrown into depression.
Hoovervilles
► Communities
of tents and shacks that were
built outside of cities as a result of the
depression.
Roosevelt’s New Deal
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
New Deal
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Tennessee Valley Authority
Social Securities Act
National Labor Relations Act
Fair Labor Standards Act
Civilian Conservation Corps
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Works Progress Administration
Franklin D. Roosevelt
► Ran
for President emphasizing concern for
“the forgotten man” and promising “a new
deal for the American people.”
New Deal
► With
the help of Congress, Roosevelt
instituted a series of federal policies and
programs to boost the economy and put
unemployed people to work.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
► The
government gave loans to farmers and
paid farmers not to grow crops so food
prices would go up.
Tennessee Valley Authority
► (TVA)
Built hydroelectric dams to bring
electricity to new parts of the South,
including northern Alabama, and to provide
employment and cheap electricity.
Social Security Act
► (SSA)
Passed in 1935, provided retirement
income for all workers once they reached
the age of 65.
National Labor Relations Act
► A.K.A.
Wagner Act, set up to monitor unfair
management practices such as firing a
worker who joined a union.
Fair Labor Standards Act
► Raised
minimum wage to 40 cents per hour,
set maximum working hours at 44 hours per
week, and ended child labor under the age
of 16.
Civilian Conservation Corps
► (CCC)
Provided work for unmarried men
between the ages of 17 and 23. These men
worked in National Parks.
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation
► (FDIC)
Insures the money you put in a bank
up to $100,000.
Work Progress Administration
► (WPA)
Provided jobs for unskilled workers.
Totalitarianism
► Where
one political party or group maintains
complete control under a dictatorship and
bans all others.
Totalitarianism
► Italy
► Japan
► Germany
► The
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Italy
► Benito
Mussolini was a fascist, he
established himself as a dictator in 1922.
Japan
► Baron
Tanaka Giichi became Prime Minister
and soon after, Japan began occupying
Manchuria.
Germany
► As
Germany suffered through the Great
Depression, its people turned to the Nazi
Party for help. The party’s leader, Adolf
Hitler, preached a message of racist
fascism. He claimed the Aryan (Caucasian
people of non – Jewish descent) race was
superior and deserved to conquer other
nations.
The Union of Soviet Republics
► Led
by Joseph Stalin
Rejection of Peace
► Japanese
Aggression
► Italian Aggression
► German Aggression
Japanese Aggression
► September
1931, Japan invaded Manchuria.
Italian Aggression
► In
1935 Italy attacked Ethiopia. In 1939, Italy
invaded Albania. Italy, Germany, and Japan
signed an anti-communist pact, thus forming the
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. These nations and their
allies were later called the Axis Powers.
Opponents of the Axis were called the Allied
Powers. At this time, Britain and France were the
leading Allied Powers.
German Aggression
► In
1938, Hitler tested his boundaries by annexing
Austria to Germany. Hoping to avoid war, British
Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French
Premier Edouard Daladier entered through a policy
of appeasement, giving in to Hitler demands. At
the Munich Conference, in 1938, they ignored
Stalin’s offer for military aid and agreed to Hitler’s
capture of Sudetenland. In exchange, Hitler
promised not to invade anywhere else.
The Invasion of Poland – World War
II Begins
► Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg
► Means
“Lightning War.”
U.S. Involvement
► Neutrality
Act
► Ludlow Amendment
► Lend – Lease Act
Neutrality Act
► 1935,
gave the President the authority to
ban arms sales to warring nations.
Ludlow Amendment
► Required
a national vote before the U.S.
could declare war.
Lend – Lease Act
► Gave
the President the authority to lend,
sell, or lease war supplies to countries
whose survival was vital to U.S. defense.
Problems in Southeast Asia
► French
Indochina
► Tojo Hideki
French Indochina
► In
1940, against strong U.S. opposition,
Japan established military bases in French
Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and
Laos). On September 26, the U.S. declared
an embargo on scrap metal, oil, and
aviation fuel to Japan.
Tojo Hideki
► In
November 1941, Japanese diplomats met
with Secretary of State Hull in Washington,
D.C. for negotiations, which proved to be
unsuccessful. Meanwhile, General Hideki,
the new Prime Minister of Japan, was
planning a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.
Pearl Harbor
►
A few minutes before 8:00 a.m. on December 7, 1941,
Japanese airplanes began bombing at Pearl Harbor. In
less than two hours, the Japanese forces sank or seriously
damaged eight battleships and 13 other naval vessels,
destroyed almost 200 warplanes, and killed or wounded
over 3,000 military personnel. The next day, President
Roosevelt called December 7 “a day which will live in
infamy.” With only one opposing vote, both houses of
Congress approved a declaration of war against Japan.
Suddenly, the U.S. found itself plunged into the middle of
World War II.
On the Home front
► Women’s
Participation
► Rationing
► War
Bonds
► Japanese Internment
Women’s Participation
► More
than 200,000 women served in special
units of the Army, Navy, Marines, and Coast
Guard. As men left for the front, women
took their places in offices and factories.
Rationing
► System
which limited the use of certain
critical foods and materials. People could
not purchase coffee, sugar, meat, rubber, or
gasoline without using a government –
issued coupon.
War Bonds
► Bonds
war.
that were used to help finance the
Japanese Internment
► On
February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed
Executive Order 9066, ordering all Japanese
Americans away from military facilities. Under this
order, the U.S. military forced 110,000 Japanese
Americans from their homes and placed them on
federal land, including deserts and swamp, in the
nations interior. They were forced to live there for
the duration of the war.
The U.S. Joins the Allies
► Tuskegee
Airmen
Tuskegee Airmen
► Trained
at the Tuskegee Institute in
Alabama. This black combat unit in the
Army Air Corps flew more than 500 missions
over France, Germany, North Africa, and
Eastern Europe in 1941.
Stemming the Tide
► Midway
► Stalingrad
► North
Africa
Midway
► In
June 1942, the Japanese military began a
concerted attack on U.S. forces stationed at
Midway Island. U.S. naval and air forces
inflicted heavy blows on the Japanese fleet,
forcing them to flee. This U.S. victory
showed that the U.S. Navy could hold its
own, despite the loses at Pearl Harbor.
Stalingrad
► In
the Fall of 1942, German forces in southern
Russia attacked the city pf Stalingrad. This city
was crucial, because it was the supply center for
petroleum products from the Caucasus region in
the south. The Germans needed access to the oil
refineries to continue the war. On November 19,
the Soviet army made a counter offensive, driving
the Germans out of Stalingrad.
North Africa
► Operation
Torch began in November 1942,
when Britain and U.S. troops landed on the
beaches of North Africa. They encountered
stiff resistance, but in May 1943, the greatly
outnumbered Axis forces surrendered. This
first major victory of the war lifted the
spirits of the Allies.
Turning the Tide
► Italy
► Normandy
Italy
► Two
months after his victory in North Africa,
Eisenhower sent paratroopers to attack the
Italian island of Sicily. Due to the success
of the invasion, Mussolini was overthrown.
Normandy
► Promoted
to Supreme Allied Commander of the
European theater of operations, Eisenhower
coordinated Operation Overlord, the largest
amphibious assault ever undertaken. On June 6,
1944, D-Day, a fleet of 6,000 Allied ships launched
the great invasion of the beaches of Normandy.
Allied losses were high and it took 6 weeks to
secure landing areas. On August 25, 1944, the
Allies fought their way into Paris, liberating the city
from four years of German occupation.
Germany’s Defeat
► In
the face of certain defeat, Hitler
committed suicide on April 30, 1945.
The Holocaust
► As
allied soldiers began liberating areas of Europe
formerly held by Germany, they encountered
many disturbing sites. They found concentration
camps that housed ghost-like people with hollow
eyes and bony frames. Gas chambers and ovens
only hinted at the horror perpetrated in these
camps, but the hundreds of thousands of bodies
buried in mass graves confirmed the soldiers
suspicions. At the beginning of the war, Hitler had
instructed German soldiers to kill Jews and other
social undesirables on the spot.
Japan’s Defeat
► General
Douglas MacArthur
► Kamikaze
General Douglas MacArthur
► Wanted
to concentrate the U.S. attack on Japan.
In 1942, MacArthur had to retreat from the
Japanese and surrender the Philippines. As he left
the shores, he vowed, “I shall return.” For eight
months the U.S. Marines engaged the Japanese at
Guadalcanal. Finally, in October, 1944, MacArthur
victoriously returned to the Philippines. Landing
on the island of Leyte, he said, “People of the
Philippines, I have returned.”
Kamikaze
► Pilots
that would load their planes with
explosives and willingly crash into Allied
naval ships.
The Atomic Bomb
► Manhattan
► Hiroshima
► Nagasaki
Project
Manhattan Project
► Special
project which involved scientists that
escaped from Germany, Britain, Canada,
and the U.S. The object of the project was
to build a weapon of incredible power: the
atomic bomb.
Hiroshima
► On
August 6, 1945, a specially equipped B29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped an
atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
Nagasaki
► Just
three days later, on August 9, the U.S.
dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki.
Over 150,000 Japanese died in these two
explosions. On August 14, 1945, as a result
of these two disasters, the Japanese
surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur.
World War II was over.