Transcript Outcomes of WWII

Opening Question (4/19)
• Why did the Holocaust occur?
• What are some other examples of genocide that
have occurred in the 20th century?
– Why does genocide occur in the world?
– Do you think that there will come a day when genocide will
no longer happen?
• Vocabulary: The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights = Issued in 1948 to protect the “inherent
dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of
all members of the human family”
Plan for the Day
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1. Review HW
2. Discuss Outcomes of WWII
3. Review War in Europe for Test
4. ABC Brainstorm Review for Test
– TEST is next class
• Will have some big important info on Imperialism, WWI,
and the Interwar years as well
• You will have a binder check next class as well,
please be ready. (No more taking 15-20 minutes to get it
ready… either you have it or you don’t…)
The outcomes of World War II included the
war crimes trials, the division of Europe,
plans to rebuild Germany and Japan, and the
establishment of international cooperative
organizations.
• WWII was a global military conflict that, in terms of lives
lost and material destruction, was the most devastating war
in human history. It began in 1939 as a European conflict
between Germany and an Anglo-French coalition but
eventually included most of the nations of the world. It
ended in 1945, leaving a new world order dominated by the
U.S. and the USSR.
• More than any previous war, World War II involved the
commitment of nations’ entire human and economic
resources, the blurring of the distinction between
combatant and noncombatant, and the expansion of the
battlefield to include all of the enemy’s territory. The most
important determinants of its outcome were industrial
capacity and personnel. In the last stages of the war, two
radically new weapons were introduced: the long-range
rocket and the atomic bomb.
Human Losses:
• The human cost of the war fell heaviest on the USSR, for
which the official total, military and civilian, is given as
more than 20 million killed. The Allied military and civilian
losses were 44 million; those of the Axis, 11 million. The
military deaths on both sides in Europe numbered 19
million and in the war against Japan, 6 million. The U.S.,
which had no significant civilian losses, sustained 292,131
battle deaths and 115,187 deaths from other causes.
• The highest numbers of deaths, military and civilian, were
as follows: USSR more than 13,000,000 military and
7,000,000 civilian; China 3,500,000 and 10,000,000; Germany
3,500,000 and 3,800,000; Poland 120,000 and 5,300,000; Japan
1,700,000 and 380,000; Yugoslavia 300,000 and 1,300,000;
Romania 200,000 and 465,000; France 250,000 and 360,000;
British Empire and Commonwealth 452,000 and 60,000;
Italy 330,000 and 80,000; Hungary 120,000 and 280,000; and
Czechoslovakia 10,000 and 330,000.
Human Losses:
• The human cost of the war fell heaviest on the USSR, for
which the official total, military and civilian, is given as
more than 20 million killed. The Allied military and civilian
losses were 44 million; those of the Axis, 11 million. The
military deaths on both sides in Europe numbered 19
million and in the war against Japan, 6 million. The U.S.,
which had no significant civilian losses, sustained 292,131
battle deaths and 115,187 deaths from other causes.
• The highest numbers of deaths, military and civilian, were
as follows: USSR more than 13,000,000 military and
7,000,000 civilian; China 3,500,000 and 10,000,000; Germany
3,500,000 and 3,800,000; Poland 120,000 and 5,300,000; Japan
1,700,000 and 380,000; Yugoslavia 300,000 and 1,300,000;
Romania 200,000 and 465,000; France 250,000 and 360,000;
British Empire and Commonwealth 452,000 and 60,000;
Italy 330,000 and 80,000; Hungary 120,000 and 280,000; and
Czechoslovakia 10,000 and 330,000.
Perhaps the most significant casualty over the long term was the
world balance of power. Britain, France, Germany, and Japan
ceased to be great powers in the traditional military sense,
leaving only two, the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
What were the outcomes of World War II?
1. European powers’ loss of empires
2. Establishment of two major powers in the
world: The United States and the U.S.S.R.
What were the outcomes of World War II?
3. War Crime Trials: Nuremberg Trials
Series of trials, or tribunals, most notable for the prosecution of
prominent members of the political, military, and economic
leadership of Nazi Germany, held in Nuremberg, Germany
from 1945 to 1946 at the Palace of Justice.
Nuremberg
What were the outcomes of World War II?
4. Division of Europe
– Iron Curtain
The symbolic, ideological, and
physical boundary dividing
Europe into two separate areas
from the end of WWII in 1945
until the end of the Cold War in
1991.
Iron Curtain
The term was popularized by Winston Churchill’s “Sinews of
Peace” address, March 5, 1946, at Westminster College in
Fulton, Missouri, used in the context of Soviet-dominated
Eastern Europe:
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an "iron
curtain" has descended across the Continent. Behind that
line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and
Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest,
Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and
the populations around them lie in what I must call the
Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another,
not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some
cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.”
What were the outcomes of World War II?
On both sides of the Iron Curtain, the states
developed their own international
economic and military alliances:
5. Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw
Pact.
What were the outcomes of
World War II?
6. Marshall Plan
Officially: The European Recovery Program
It was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and
creating a stronger foundation for the countries of Western
Europe, and repelling communism after World War II.
Operating for four years beginning in April of 1948, the US gave
some 13 billion in economic and technical assistance to help the
recovery of countries that had joined the Organization for
European Economic Co-operation (adopting the principles of
representative democracy and free-market economy..
What were the outcomes of World War II?
7. Establishment of the United Nations
An international organization whose stated aims are to
facilitate cooperation in international law, international
security, economic development, social progress, human
rights and achieving world peace.
Founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations.
Headquartered in NYC, there are currently 192 member
states, including nearly every recognized independent
state in the world.
What were the outcomes of World War II?
8. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Issued in 1948 to protect the “inherent dignity and the
equal and inalienable rights of all members of the
human family”
Efforts for reconstruction of
Germany
• Democratic government installed in West
Germany and West Berlin
• Germany and Berlin divided among the four
Allied powers
• Emergence of West Germany as an economic
power in postwar Europe
• The Berlin Wall was a physical barrier separating West
Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (East
Germany), including East Berlin.
• There also existed a longer inner German border
demarcating the border between East and West
Germany.
• Both borders came to symbolize the Iron Curtain
between Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc.
• The wall remained more than a quarter of a century,
from 13 Aug. 1961 until 9 Nov. 1989.
• During this time, at least 98 people were confirmed
killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin.
• The Berlin Blockade, aka the “German hold-up”
lasted from 24 June 1948 until 11 May 1949.
• It was one of the first major international crises
of the Cold War.
• The Soviet Union blocked the Western force’s
railway and road access to the western sectors
of Berlin so that west Berlin would be forced to
rely on the Soviet Union for food and fuel,
thereby giving them nominal control over the
entire city.
• In response, the Western Allies formed the
Berlin Airlift to bring supplies to the people of
Berlin.
• The German capital of Berlin was located
100 miles inside the Soviet occupation
zone…
• The United States and the British Royal Air
Force flew over 200,000 flights that
provided 13,000 tons of food daily.