Transcript Slide 1
This timeline highlights key events and words from our study of Weimar & Nazi Germany. Have a think before you click- what do you know about this year? Click on it to reveal the main events of that year- how much do you know about those events? The key aspects of Nazi Germany are then listed below- again test yourselfwhat do you know about this topic? Then click to reveal the key details. If you click in the wrong place, you may miss a hyperlink, so make sure the “finger” appears, and if it doesn’t- click on the home button and try again! TERROR 1929 1932 1918 1928 1933 1945 1919 1926 1934 1942 1920 1925 1935 1939 1923 1924 1936 1938 PROPAGANDA YOUNG PEOPLE WOMEN THE ECONOMY RACIAL POLICY RELIGION OPPOSITION End of WWI (11th November) 1918 “Stab in the Back myth” begins Kaiser Abdicates & Flees Treaty of Versailles (June/July) 1919 Spartacist Rising Red Rising of the Ruhr 1920 Kapp Putsch Occupation of the Ruhr (January) Stresemann’s early reforms Passive Resistance ( 1923 Munich Putsch (8-9th November) Hyperinflation Hitler trial (February) & jail term 1924 Beginning of the Golden Years Dawes Plan (loans from USA) 1925 Locarno Pact (Treaty with GB, France & Italy) Germany joins League of Nations (Germany trusted again) 1926 1928 Nazis receive 2% vote Young Plan (lowered reparation payments) 1929 Wall Street Crash (leads to US recalling German loans) Beginnings of Great Depression 1932/3 1932 Nazis receive 32% vote Hitler appointed Chancellor (January) Boycott of Jewish shops Reichstag Fire (February) 1933 Political Parties banned Enabling Act (March) Trade Unions banned Night of the Long Knives (June) 1934 Army oath of loyalty (August) Death of Hindenburg (August) 1935 Nuremberg Laws (Restricting Jewish citizenship) Olympic Games in Berlin 1936 Kristallnacht (Night of rioting & looting against Jews across Germany) 1938 1938-1944: Edelweiss Pirates most active 1939 World War II begins Beginning of the “Final Solution” for the Jews 1942 The White Rose Group active in Munich Bombing of Germany begins World War II ends 1945 End of Nazi rule Hitler commits suicide Terror • • • • Method of control in Germany Ran by Heinrich Himmler SS- Hitler’s personal bodyguards: fiercely loyal to Hitler Concentration Camps- Originally used to temporary arrest, they soon became forced labour camps for all who “did not fit” in Germany, They held Jews, Communists, Socialists, trade unionists, church leaders- anyone who criticised the Nazis • The Gestapo- Secret Police: Tapped telephones, opened mail and collected information from a huge network of informers. They arrested people without trial, tortured them & put them in concentration camps • Informers- used Block Wardens to spy on every street corner- reported to Gestapo • Police & Courts- Bosses of police were Nazis, which meant the police were a part of the network of informers. The courts were under Nazi control as well, and as a result offences carrying the death penalty rose dramatically. TERROR PROPAGANDA YOUNG PEOPLE WOMEN THE ECONOMY RACIAL POLICY RELIGION OPPOSITION Propaganda • Run by Josef Goebbels • Took control of all forms of mass media • Newspapers- anti-Nazi newspapers were shut down. Goebbel’s Ministry of Propaganda sent out daily instructions to newspapers telling them what to print. Display boards were set up in public places so that everyone could read them • Rallies- the Nazis presented an image of order & chaos at these massive meetings- full of swastika flags and searchlights. The Nuremberg rally was the annual highlight • Books- book-burnings were organised as early as 1933, preventing people from reading and thinking beyond the Nazi message. • Radio- Goebbels took control of all broadcasting. Cheap radios were made- 70% of Germans owned a radio by 1939. Loudspeakers were set up in public squares. • Films- Goebbels controlled all of the films made, and showed newsreels before the main film, highlighting Nazi achievements. “The Eternal Jew” is an example of a film made by the Nazis. TERROR PROPAGANDA YOUNG PEOPLE WOMEN THE ECONOMY RACIAL POLICY RELIGION OPPOSITION Young People • Seen as the future of Germany by Hitler • Schools- curriculum rewritten (learnt about the Aryan race in Biology, the unfair Treaty of Versailles in History)- all teachers had to be Nazis. • Hitler Youth- Boys youth group- 80% members by 1939- focus on fitness and courage to prepare them for war (hiking, boxing, jumping out of windows) • League of German Maidens- female youth group which held similar activities to the boys, and taught them good housekeeping skills and trained them to be future mothers. • Not all children were indoctrinated successfully- e.g. Edelweiss Pirates & White Rose Group. TERROR PROPAGANDA YOUNG PEOPLE WOMEN THE ECONOMY RACIAL POLICY RELIGION OPPOSITION Women • The Nazis held a traditional view on the role of women • Removed from employment, and encouraged to follow the “3 K’s” (Church, Children & Cooking) • Expected to dress modestly, not smoke or slim • Couples received marriage loans of 1000DM, which would be reduced if they had children. • Women received medals as a reward for having lots of children (4-Bronze, 6-Silver, 8-Gold). TERROR PROPAGANDA YOUNG PEOPLE WOMEN THE ECONOMY RACIAL POLICY RELIGION OPPOSITION The Economy • Major problem was unemployment- 6 million in 1933. • Nazis introduced a number of schemes to reduce unemployment: • Removed Jews & women from employment register • Introduced Public Building scheme to provide jobs & create new Nazi infrastructure • Introduced the National Labour Service for males aged 18-25 (community service) • Increased the armed forces- conscripted males aged 18-25 to the army for 2 years. • Rearmed the German Army • Workers were ‘looked after’ through the “strength through joy” organisation, which arranged leisure activities- very popular • Initially the Nazis focused on their balance of trade (imports v exports), but when Hitler felt the results were too slow, they focused on rearmament in order to take over other countries & their economies. TERROR PROPAGANDA YOUNG PEOPLE WOMEN THE ECONOMY RACIAL POLICY RELIGION OPPOSITION Racial Policy • Widely known that Hitler was anti-Semitic • Believed that German blood had been “contaminated” by other ethnicities, and had to be made pure through selective breeding and removal of “inferiors”. • Political opponents, tramps, homosexuals, habitual criminals, Jehovah’s Witnesses and Jews all persecuted. • 1933- Jewish shops boycotted • 1934-38- Many laws passed to make life difficult for Jews • 1935- Nuremberg Laws (Restricting German citizenship for Jews) • 1936- Lull in Anti-Semitism due to Olympic Games • 1938- Kristallnacht (night of rioting & looting against Jews in Germany- 30,000 sent to concentration camps • 1942- Final Solution agreed- extermination of Jews begins- 6 million killed in total. TERROR PROPAGANDA YOUNG PEOPLE WOMEN THE ECONOMY RACIAL POLICY RELIGION OPPOSITION Religion • Hitler appeared religious at times, but anti-religion at others! • Signed Concordat in 1933 with Catholic Church- agreed to stay out of each other’s way. • United Protestant Churches into German Reich Church- headed by pro-Nazi Bishop Müller. • Bibles replaced with Mein Kampf, Swastikas draped over the altar • Nazis established the German Faith Movement- pagan alternative to Christianity: favoured by SS soldiers. • Many suggestions that most Germans still considered themselves Christian. TERROR PROPAGANDA YOUNG PEOPLE WOMEN THE ECONOMY RACIAL POLICY RELIGION OPPOSITION Opposition • Many people didn’t oppose the Nazis, because their policies benefited them. • Were examples of private grumbling, but Terror State ensured that people kept this to themselves. • Opposition appeared in later years: • Edelweiss Pirates- Ignored Hitler Youth, listened to American Music, smoked, drank etc. • White Rose Group- Leafleted and opposed Nazi youth meetings TERROR PROPAGANDA YOUNG PEOPLE WOMEN THE ECONOMY RACIAL POLICY RELIGION OPPOSITION