Transcript Failure of post-war (WWI) efforts

CAUSES of WORLD WAR II
• Failure of post-war (WWI) efforts
-Treaty of Versailles fails, League of Nations ineffective, U.S. not
a member, nationalism & imperialism flow
• Rise of dictators
-totalitarian: govt. exercises total control
• Axis Coalition
-Italy & Germany & later Japan
• Appeasement
-GB & France give in to Axis powers in effort to keep peace
Joseph Stalin
• Soviet Union, 1924
• Lenin dies
• Stalin transforms Russia
into 3rd largest industrial
power
• Reign of Terror-purges 7
million (execution or
camp, p.569) eliminates
threats to govt.
• Soviet Union a massive
“police state”
Joseph Stalin. Notice: Who/what groups of people are gathered around him?
Adolf Hitler
• Austrian, painter, WWI Veteran
• 1923, wrote Mein Kempf (My
Struggle) while in prison for
attempting to take over the
govt.
• wanted Germans to defy
Verseilles Treaty by rearming
& reclaiming lost land
• blamed minority groups,
mainly Jews, for Germany’s
weaknesses
• believed Aryans were the
“master race”
NAZISM
• form of fascism shaped
by Hitler’s ideas about
German nationalism &
racial superiority
• Nationalist Socialist
German Workers Party
• 1932 elections-Nazi
party became largest
party in Reichstag
• 1933 Hitler made
chancellor of Germany
• Hitler gave himself title
Der Fuhrer (the leader)
• becomes president
1934
• Begins restricting
freedoms
When Reichstag building burns down, Hitler blames Communists.
GERMAN PROPAGANDAHitler promises work for unemployed
Benito Mussolini
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WWI Veteran
1919 forms revolutionary Fascist
Party - dissatisfied WWI vets,
opponents of the monarchy,
Socialists & anarchists
“il Duce” (the leader)
Fascism- run by a strong
centralized govt. & dictator,
emphasizes nationalism
fears communism
His “blackshirts” terrorized
opposition
King threatened, appoints him
prime minister
Italy invades, conquers Ethiopia in
1936
Bitter about the way things turned out after WWI…...
“Svastika”—derived from
Sanskrit, means conducive
to well being; an ancient
symbol in ancient
Mesopotamia, Christianity
&
Byzantine art, Mayan &
other cultures of the
Americas
***Today the symbol is
used by Hindus & Buddhists
(footprints of Buddha).
1936- Hitler & Mussolini form an alliance- The AXIS POWERS.
( Later becomes Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis & its allies)
Spanish Civil War
• 1936-- rebels led by General
Francisco Franco attempt to take over
Spain’s govt. They become known as
Nationalists.
• Nationalists v. ruling Republicans
results in Civil War
• Franco backed by Germany & Italy;
Republicans backed by Soviet Union
• 1939, Franco takes Madrid &
becomes military dictator of Spain.
Franco rules until his death in 1975.
Europe on the eve of war, 1939
Germany Rearms & Expands, 1936-1939
• March, 1936– German troops enters Rhineland, a region
in western Germany that the Versailles Treaty banned
them from occupying. GB & France take no action.
• March, 1938-- Germany took over Austria.
• Hitler demands Sudetenland (region of Czechoslovakia).
• Chamberlain (GB) & Daladier (France) sign Munich
Pact, believing this will be Hitler’s final conquest.
APPEASEMENT!!
• 1939– Hitler signs secret agreement with Stalin —The
Nonaggression Pact (eliminates threat of Soviet
invasion from the east in exchange for territory)
German Aggression, 1939-1941
War Begins
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Hitler wants Poland.
France & GB agree to help Poland under attack
Germany does not want a two front war (WWI)
Stalin signs Nonaggression Pact– secretly agreeing to split Poland
Sept. 1, 1939- Hitler attacks Poland, blitzkrieg!
Sept. 3, 1939- GB & France declare war on Germany
France protects it border with Germany—the Maginot Line.
1940- Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium &
Luxembourg
Germany attacks France
• British & French
forces retreat to
French coastal city of
Dunkirk
• Hundreds of
thousands of soldiers
were ferried to Great
Britain in one of the
greatest rescues in
the history of warfare.
Miracle at Dunkirk, May/June 1940
Luftwaffe flies over Paris.
• Italy joins Germany in
attack of France
• June 22, 1940 France
surrenders to Germany
• Vichy France (south)
collaborates with
Germany while Germany
occupies remainder of
France
• Gen. de Gaulle leads
French Resistance
movement from the
safety of GB
Germany fails to take Great Britain
• Luftwaffe targets ports,
airfields, radar installations
• Germans bomb London
• Brits bomb Berlin
• Hitler orders massive air
raids—including firebombs
(chemical)
• Blitz continues until May 1941
• Royal Air Force (RAF) was
greatly outnumbered
• In spitfires & hurricanes RAF
defeated the Luftwaffe
• British deciphered Hitler’s
secret code & knew he would
not invade without air
superiority---thanks to a new
invention called RADAR!
• Hitler had been stopped!!
Battle of Britain
--Germany executes
Operation SeaLion
--AUGUST to SEPTEMBER
1940
1,000 planes rained over
Britain
--by May 1941
20,000 Londoners dead,
70,000 wounded
- Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill became Prime
Minister in May 1940.
Japan militarizes
Manchurian Incident
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Dissatisfaction with democracy
& weaknesses in govt. leads
to rise in Nationalism
1932- Japanese military
invades Chinese Manchuria
Japan establishes
Manchukuo, a puppet state.
U.S. & GB propose that Japan
had broken the Kellogg-Briand
Pact, but did not act.
League of Nations demanded
Japan withdraw from
Manchuria. Japan quit League
of Nations.
Tojo Hideki
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Military dictator
1934- Japan terminates Washington
Naval Treaty (builds ships) & begins
conquest of Far East
Jiang Jieshi & Mao Zedong locked in
bitter power struggle in China unite to
fight Japan. Japanese controlled cities &
Chinese guerrillas dominated
countryside.
1939- stalemate between China & Japan.
East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere: from
Manchuria in the north to the Dutch East
Indies in the south. Japan wants to get
rid of Europe in Asia & attain critical
resources needed to industrialize,
conquer China– Oil & rubber.
1940 Japan joins AXIS Powers.
Japan moves into French Indochina.
1941 Japan signs a neutrality pact with
Soviet Union.
Japanese Empire 1942