Transcript the rise of dictators

RISE OF DICTATORS
AND THE FATEFULL SLIDE
INTO WAR AND CHAOS
CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II
Isolationism
• Depression shifted focus to domestic affairs
• Rise of militaristic regimes threatened war:
–
–
–
Germany
Italy
Japan
Retreat in Europe
• U.S. quarreled with former allies over
repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans
• U.S. never joined the League of Nations
• U.S. refused recognition of Soviet Union
TOTALITARIANISM
What is the difference between socialism,
communism, and totalitarianism?
What is the best example of totalitarianism in our
world today?
Why would people be attracted to totalitarianism?
THE RISE OF DICTATORS
• Germany
– Hitler : pogroms (11/1938 Krystallnacht),
burning of the Reichstag
• Italy
– Mussolini: purges, Ethiopia
• Spain
– Franco: Guernica, Spanish Civil War
• What about Russia and Japan?
Hitler
Hitler
The German leader Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) is surrounded in this propagandistic painting by
images that came to symbolize hate, genocide, and war: Nazi flags with emblems of the
swastika; the iron cross on the dictator's pocket; and Nazi troops in loyal salute. The antiSemitic Hitler denounced the United States as a "Jewish rubbish heap" of "inferiority and
decadence" that was "incapable of conducting war." (U.S. Army Center of Military History)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
NAZI 1932
CAMPAIGN
POSTER
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_01.shtml
Jews arrested during Kristallnacht line up for roll call at the Buchenwald
concentration camp. November 1938. Lorenz C. Schmuhl Papers,
USHMM Archives
http://timewitnesses.org/english/Kristall.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vinland/
images/fake-mussolini-s.jpg
http://www.herodote.net/Dossier/Guerre_Espagne.htm
http://library.usu.edu/Specol/digitalexhibits/masaryk/stalin.html
Rivalry in Asia:
Washington Conference of
1921
•
•
•
•
England agreed to U.S. naval equality
Japan accepted as third largest naval power
All nations agreed to limit naval construction
Nine-Power Treaty: Open Door Policy
reaffirmed
• Four-Power Treaty: Established alliance
among U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France
Rivalry in Asia
• 1920: Japanese occupied Korea, parts of
Manchuria
• U.S. Open Door policy blocked Japanese
dominance of China
Rape of Nanking – 1937-1938
http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~wwu/truth/genocide.shtml
• http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/shanghai-baby.jpg
http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~wwu/truth/genocide.shtml
Japanese Death Camps
Everyone knows about the Nazi
Holocaust, but very few know about the
genocide of 13 million civilians during
the Japanese occupation of China. The
climax of this horror was the Nanking
Massacre, the focus of this article. On
December 13, 1937, the Imperial
Japanese Army stormed the Chinese
city of Nanking, and during the
following six weeks, 300,000 people
were killed and over 20,000 women
were raped. Nanking's kill frequency
exceeds that of the Nazi Holocaust, and
most frighteningly, was not at all
systematic in execution.
http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/
~wwu/images/truth/genocide/
japan_deathfactory_map.jpg
Map: Japanese Expansion Before Pearl Harbor
Japanese Expansion Before Pearl Harbor
The Japanese quest for predominance began at the turn of the century and intensified in the 1930s. China suffered the most at
the hands of Tokyo's military. Vulnerable U.S. possessions in Asia and the Pacific proved no obstacle to Japan's ambitions for
a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
•
•
•
•
•
•
HOLOCAUST
1933 – Nazis open concentration camps
1938 – Kristallnacht
10/1939 – euthanasia of “undesirables” in hospitals
3/1941 – SS Einsatzgruppen (murder squads) formed
7/1941- Hitler urges “final solution” to “Jewish Question”
12/1941 – gassing of Jews, Gypsies, Catholics begins
9,508,340 Jews
in Europe before WWII
5,962,129
Killed by Nazis
= 63% of total
population
http://www.2goglobal.com/2GoChronicals/2%20Go%20Photos/Europe/Poland/auschwitz_ii.htm
Jews arrested during Kristallnacht line up for roll call at the Buchenwald
concentration camp. November 1938. Lorenz C. Schmuhl Papers,
USHMM Archives
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/genocide/racial_state_01.shtml
Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945
Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945
When the British liberated the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp near Hanover,
Germany, in April of 1945, they found this mass grave. It held the remains of
thousands of Holocaust victims who had been starved, gassed, and machine-gunned
by their Nazi jailers. This photograph and many others provide irrefutable proof of
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
the Holocaust's savagery. (Imperial War Museum)
Jewish mother and son being rounded up by Nazis
Jewish mother and son being rounded up by Nazis
Hitler ordered the "Final Solution"--the extermination of Europe's Jews--soon after
the United States entered the war. In this picture, German troops arrest residents of
the Warsaw ghetto for deportation to concentration camps. Few would survive the
Copyright ©Research)
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
camps where over six million Jews died. (YIVO Institute for Jewish
May 13, 1939
In Hamburg, 1,000 Jewish refugees board the SS St. Louis, a German
ocean liner, for trip to Cuba, where they hope to find temporary refuge.
Cuba and Miami turn them away. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/timeline.html
What were the reasons the US gave
for turning away Jewish refugees?
Do you think that the US was
justified in not allowing more Jewish
immigrants to immigrate?
The Lure of Pacifism
and Neutrality
• Most Americans resolved against another
meaningless war
• 1935: Senator Gerald Nye led passage of
neutrality legislation
–
–
U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited
U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited
• 1937: Japan invaded China
• FDR permitted sale of arms to China
America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home"
America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home"
The isolationist America First Committee produced this bumper sticker in 1941 in a
vain attempt to halt the United States descent into war. America First was organized
in September of 1940 and attracted many prominent members, including the famed
aviator Charles Lindbergh. (Herbert Hoover Presidential Library)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
American Response
•
•
•
•
•
Isolationism
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937
1934: Senator Nye’s investigations re: munitions
“cash and carry” policy (Neutrality Act of 1939)
Decline of armed forces and navy
DID THESE
POLICIES WORK?
Cooperation in Latin America
• Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substituted
cooperation for military coercion
• FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy renounced
past imperialism
• U.S. continued political, economic
domination of Latin America
Appeasement
• US  legalistic neutrality/dubious morality
– FDR fails to rouse US from isolationism
• UK  PM Neville Chamberlain organizes Sudetenland
cession at Munich 1938
• Hitler’s Sudetenland Speech
http://www.history.com/audio/adolf-hitler-on-thesudetenland-crisis#adolf-hitler-on-the-sudetenland-crisis
• France  see above
• USSR  Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact
• League of Nations  defunct
British Prime Ministers
Neville Chamberlain & Winston Churchill
COMPARE AND CONTRAST THEIR
RESPONSES TO HITLER
http://www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/content/images/2005_1053.JPG
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/images/churchill_neville_chamberlain.jpg
Timeline of Appeasement
11/1937
Hitler declares need for “lebensraum”
3/1938
Hitler orders invasion of Austria
Spr. 1938 Hitler menaces Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia
9/30/1938 Munich Pact
Neville Chamberlin of UK and Daladier of France try
appeasement and “give” Sudetenland to Germany.
Winston Churchill makes unheeded protest.
3/15/1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia
Spr. 1939 Hitler menaces Poland
8/23/1939 Hitler and Stalin sign nonaggression pact
9/1/1939
Hitler invades Poland with blitzkrieg
War in Europe
• FDR approved appeasement of Hitler
• 1938: Hitler seized Czechoslovakia
• FDR attempted to revise the neutrality acts,
to give edge to England, France
• July, 1939: FDR attacked neutrality acts
• September, 1939: World War II began,
Roosevelt declared the acts in force
Map: The German Advance, 1939-1942
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
•
•
•
•
Poland falls in 3 weeks.
Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg by May 1940.
Germans by-pass Maginot Line. Allied forces are cut-off.
Mrashall Petain makes separate peace with Hitler, “Vichy”
regime in Southern France.
• France falls June 1940.
• Remnants of French and UK forces, approx. 340,000, escape
at Dunkirk.
• Gen. Charles de Gaulle leads French troops/govt. in exile.
http://www.sitemaps.com/Custom_Map_Design/Historical/Maginot_Line.jpg
http://www.damninteresting.com/wp-content/maginot.JPG
The Fall
of
France
Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry
• 1920s: American diplomacy permeated by a
sense of disillusionment
• U.S. refused to be bound by any agreement
to preserve international peace
Map: German and Italian Expansion, 1933-1942
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The Blitz
RESULT:
China falls to Japan.
Finland Falls to Russia.
Spain falls to Franco.
Czechoslovakia, Austria, Poland, Denmark, Norway, & France
fall to Germany.
After the disaster at Dunkirk, only Britain remains to resist
totalitarianism inEurope.
http://www.historychannel.com/broadband/clipview/index.jsp?i
d=v3t4
http://www.historychannel.com/broadband/clipview/index.jsp?id=t
dih_0311
We Shall Fight on the Beaches
June 4, 1940
-Winston Churchill
House of Commons
Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have
fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious
apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the
end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we
shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we
shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the
beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the
fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never
surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island
or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire
beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on
the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power
and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old. (at
10min20sec)
http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/series/greatspeeches