Transcript 9b. WWII Battles Complete with VIDEO clips 2014

WWII--- THE COST
• TOTAL 72 MILLION DEAD
• 47 MILLION CIVILIAN
• (11 MILLION OF THOSE --DEATH CAMPS)
• 25 MILLION MILITARY
• ALLIED- 61 MILLION AXIS-11 MILLION
Axis Powers in 1942
The “Big Three”
Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin
The Battle of the Atlantic-Prior to
Pearl Harbor
• Allied lend-lease supplies were being
destroyed by U-boats
– Wolf-packs: 15 to 20 U-boat groups
– Jan-July 1941: Germans sank 87 US & 681 Allied
ships
– June 1941: FDR orders the Navy to protect
lend-lease shipments (convoy)
• Permission to attack U-boats in self defense
• Sonar and Radar allowed success
US Destroyer Greer
The North Africa Campaign:
1942
Gen. Erwin Rommel,
The “Desert Fox”
Afrika Korps
Gen. Bernard
Law
Montgomery
(“Monty”)
OPERATION TORCH
• Prevented Axis control of the Suez
Canal & Middle Eastern oilfields
• Germans trapped in Tunisia surrender over 275,000 troops/
Italians 225,000
• DATE – Sept 1942-May 1943
General Dwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme
Commander of the Allied Forces.
General George S. Patton
Gen. Erwin Rommel The Desert Fox
Rommel returns
to Germany. The
Allies plan an
assault on Italy.
Meanwhile the
War wages in
The Pacific.
Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:
First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
The first 6 months after Pearl Harbor –The Japanese created an
empire that dwarfed Hitler’s
Singapore Surrendered
[February, 1942]
80,000 British, Australian &
Indian troops captured.
BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR
• DATE - Dec. 1941 - May 1942
• LOCATION – Philippines
• WINNER - Japan
• SIGNIFICANCE - US lost control of Philippines;
12,000 US troops surrender at Bataan-8,500 die on
the Bataan Death March (65 miles in 3 days to
POW camp)
• MacArthur escaped by boat and declares “I Shall
Return”
U.S. Surrendered at
Corregidor,
the Philippines [March, 1942]
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans]
Bataan: British Soldiers
A
Liberated
British
POW
Battle of the Coral Sea:
May 7-8, 1942
BATTLE OF CORAL SEA
• DATE - May 1942
• LOCATION - NE of Australia
• WINNER - Tie
• SIGNIFICANCE - 1st naval battle in
history where surface ships never saw
each other; Aircraft carriers are now the
most important ship in the fleet; both
sides take losses; considered a tie
because the US retreated first but the
Japanese forced to recall their invasion of
Australia (US & British base).
Battle of Midway Island:
June 4-7, 1942
BATTLE OF MIDWAY
• DATE - June 4-7, 1942
• LOCATION - 1,200 miles NW of Hawaii
• WINNER - US
Battle of Midway-1942
• TURNING POINT OF PACIFIC CAMPAIGN
– Japan wanted Midway Island for use as a base to attack
Hawaii
– JUNE 4- Japanese attacks on US carries and island are
beaten back Later in day, US planes find 3 of 4
Japanese carriers & inflict fatal damage
– JUNE 5- US planes sink 4th Japanese Carrier
• US carrier Yorktown in badly damaged & sinks
– JUNE 6- remainder of Japanese fleet retreats out of the
area
– Japan: on the defensive for the rest of war
– US starts “island hopping” campaign
Allied Counter-Offensive:
“Island-Hopping”
Island Hopping
• LOCATION: South & Central Pacific Islands
• DATE: April 1943- June 1944
• Winner: US
– US plan to attack selected islands & ignore
others
• Leapfrogging
– Battles take place on many islands including:
• Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, Marshall,
Solomon, Kwajalein etc…..
“Island-Hopping”:
GUADALCANAL
•
•
•
•
DATE - Aug 1942 - Feb 1943
LOCATION - NE of Australia
WINNER - US
SIGNIFICANCE - long, bloody land and sea
battle ensues for control of the island; US lost
6,000+ men and 9 warships; Japan lost
24,000+ men and 16 warships; US NOW
controls a key area
• Japanese advance for Australia is halted for
the last time.
• Meanwhile in EUROPE…….. Operation Barbarossa
Battle of Stalingrad:
Winter of 1942-1943
German Army
Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
Factory workers fighting to defend the city
German troops in Stalingrad
STALINGRAD
•
•
•
•
DATE - May 1942 - Feb. 1943
LOCATION - USSR
WINNER - USSR
SIGNIFICANCE - turning point in the
war in Europe; Germans are on the
defensive for the rest of the war.
LENINGRAD
• DATE - 1943 (890 day seige) Sept. 8, ‘41Jan 27, ‘44
• LOCATION - USSR
• WINNER - USSR
Stalingrad burning
German POW’S
Suffering in Leningrad
The Italian Campaign
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”
-After Germans
surrender over
275,000 troops &
Italy surrenders
more than
225,000 in
Tunisia. An assault
on Italy begins..
Operation Husky: The Battle
for Sicily June, 1943
General
George S. Patton
OPERATION HUSKY
• DATE - May-Aug. 1943
• LOCATION – Sicily
• WINNER - Allies
• SIGNIFICANCE –
airborne/amphibious
assault; geography makes it difficult;
Sicily was used as launch to attack
Europe & gave Allies control of the
Mediterranean.
OPERATION AVALANCHE
•
•
•
•
DATE - Sept.-Dec. 1943
LOCATION - Southern Italy
WINNER - Allies
SIGNIFICANCE - Mussolini out of office; US
and British armies controlled southern
Italy; Nazi control the north; Nazis retreat
north and create the Gustav Line as line of
defense
• Italy had formally surrendered on Sept. 8th
1943 however German forces continued
to occupy Italy and fight the allies.
German defense lines
The Allies Liberate Rome:
June 5, 1944
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders
for D-Day: “Operation Overlord”
OPERATION OVERLORD
D-DAY
• DATE - June 6, 1944
• LOCATION – North Coast of France
• WINNER - Allies
• SIGNIFICANCE - landmark
event in world
history; largest invasion force ever ;
caught the Nazis off guard; US troops
land on Utah and Omaha beaches;
Nazis fighting a 3 front war
PRIOR TO D-DAY
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
NORMANY 2 DAYS AFTER D-DAY
LIBERATION OF WESTERN
EUROPE
•
•
•
•
DATE - June - Sept. 1944
LOCATION - Western Europe
WINNER - Allies
SIGNIFICANCE - fierce fighting in France;
Paris liberated Aug. 25, 1944
• by 9/1/44 US had 2.5 million soldiers
fighting in W. Europe
• 9/6/44 Belgium and Luxembourg
liberated
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to
the Philippines! [1944]
BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF AND THE
RETAKING OF THE PHILIPPINES
• DATE - Sept 1944 - March 1945 LOCATION Philippine Islands
• WINNER - US
• SIGNIFICANCE - ;
Oct. 20, MacArthur
keeps his promise and returns to the
Philippines; Oct. 23-26 US destroys
the last of the Japanese sea power;
Kamikazes used for 1st time; by
Dec.1944 US has retaken most of the
Philippine islands; all Japanese
resistance is cleared by March.
July 20, 1944 Assassination
Attempt
Major Claus von
Stauffenberg
July 20, 1944 Assassination
Attempt
1. Adolf Hitler
2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel
3. Gen Alfred von Jodl
4. Gen Walter Warlimont
5. Franz von Sonnleithner
6. Maj Herbert Buchs
7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz
8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein
9. Col Nikolaus von Below
10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss
11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant
12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)
13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend
14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)
The Liberation of Paris:
August 25, 1944
De Gaulle in
Triumph!
U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944
French Female Collaborators
The Battle of the Bulge:
Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944
to
Jan. 28, 1945
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• DATE - Dec. 1944-Jan. 1945
• LOCATION - Belgium and Luxembourg
• WINNER - Allied
• SIGNIFICANCE - Hitler’s
last desperate
gamble to win the war; German’s
used surprise and the weather to their
advantage; US = heavy losses;
Bastogne was defended by US;
outnumbered and outgunned;
Patton’s 5th army bails them out
101ST AIRBORNE DIVISION
Yalta: February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war-Stalin agrees, but Germany 1st.
FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and
a weak Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer against
Stalin.
FDR argues for a
‘United Nations’.
• April 1946: 50 Nations met in San
Francisco, Ca. to create The UN.
• Stalin promised free elections in Poland
and other Soviet occupied Eastern
European cities (he fails to allow these
after the war). COLD WAR (1945-1992).
Meanwhile….. The War in the
Pacific Wages on…
US Marines on Mt. Suribachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
IWO JIMA AND OKINAWA
•
•
•
•
DATE - Feb - June 1945
LOCATION - South of Japan
WINNER - US
SIGNIFICANCE – islands are needed for air
strikes on Japan
; US Casualties12,000+ KIA and 38,000+ wounded on
Iwo Jima;
50,000 U.S. casualties on Okinawa;
•
•
•
•
Japanese losses –
20,000+ KIA on Iwo Jima and
110,000+ KIA on Okinawa
7,000 Captured
40,000-150,000 Civilian casualties
• Japan stepped up Kamikaze attacks
& the US Firebombs Japan
FIREBOMBING OF TOKYO
• DATE - March 10, 1945
• LOCATION - Japan
• COMMANDER - Allies -WINNER – US
• SIGNIFICANCE - revenge played a factor; US
orders around the clock bombings of Tokyo with
incendiary bombs from B-29s; 16 sq. miles
destroyed (more than the atomic bombs); Cities
of Kobe, Osaka and Nagoya are also hit.
• 100,000 + Japanese are killed, the US urges
surrender.
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at
the Elbe River: April 25, 1945
Mussolini &
His Mistress,
Claretta
Petacci
are Hung in
Milan: April
29, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
DEATH OF HITLER
DEFEAT OF GERMANY
• DATE - Feb.- May 1945
• LOCATION - Germany
• COMMANDERS - Allies - Bradley; Patton &
Russian forces
• WINNER - Allies
• SIGNIFICANCE - March 1945 US forces cross
the Rhine;
• May 2, 1945 Berlin falls to Russia;
• May 7; Germany signs the surrender;
• May 8 is V-E Day the war in Europe is over
• Germany & Austria are placed under
Allied control and divided into 4 occupied
zones
Soviet Forces Raise the Flag over
the Reichstag
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
The Potsdam Conference
(Germany) July 1945.
The Big Three decide:
* Germany will be disarmed and
divided into four zones.
*The Nazi regime will be eliminated.
* Nazi war criminals will be tried
and punished: The Nuremberg
Trials.
March-August 1945
• President Harry S. Truman can
not convince the Japanese to
surrender. Military estimates
250,000 to1 million soldiers
will die in a ground invasion in
Japan.
The Manhattan Project:
Los Alamos,
NM
Major General
Lesley R. Groves
Dr. Robert
Oppenheimer
Enrico Fermi
I am become
death,
the shatterer
of worlds!
Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
The Enola Gay a B-29 drops “Little Boy”
© 75,000 killed
immediately.
© 48,000 buildings
destroyed.
© 42 square miles
incinerated
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &
cancer later.
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
Bock’s Car a B-29
Bomber drops “Fat
Man” on Nagasaki.
© 40,000 killed
immediately.
© 60,000 injured.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning
& cancer later.
The USSR declares war on Japan-Aug 8, 1845
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
SEPTEMBER 2, 1945
• Debate over terms of surrender are settled
• The Japanese Supreme Council sign the papers
on the deck of the USS Missouri
• The day becomes known as V-J Day, WWII is
now over
• Japan was placed under US control and the
rebuilding process began……..
V-J Day (September 2, 1945)
V-J Day in Times Square, NYC
THE COST
• TOTAL 72 MILLION DEAD
• 47 MILLION CIVILIAN
• (11 MILLION OF THOSE --DEATH CAMPS)
• 25 MILLION MILITARY
• ALLIED- 61 MILLION AXIS-11 MILLION
DEBATE
Country
Men in war
Battle deaths
Wounded
Australia
1,000,000
26,976
180,864
Austria
800,000
280,000
350,117
Belgium
625,000
8,460
55,5131
40,334
943
4,222
339,760
6,671
21,878
Canada
1,086,3437
42,0427
53,145
China3
17,250,521
1,324,516
1,762,006
Czechoslovakia
—
6,6834
8,017
Denmark
—
4,339
—
Finland
500,000
79,047
50,000
France
—
201,568
400,000
20,000,000
3,250,0004
7,250,000
Greece
—
17,024
47,290
Hungary
—
147,435
89,313
India
2,393,891
32,121
64,354
Italy
3,100,000
149,4964
66,716
Japan
9,700,000
1,270,000
140,000
Netherlands
280,000
6,500
2,860
New Zealand
194,000
11,6254
17,000
75,000
2,000
—
—
664,000
530,000
650,0005
350,0006
—
410,056
2,473
—
—
6,115,0004
14,012,000
5,896,000
357,1164
369,267
16,112,566
291,557
670,846
3,741,000
305,000
425,000
Brazil2
Bulgaria
Germany
Norway
Poland
Romania
South Africa
U.S.S.R.
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia