Transcript Battle of the Somme

World War One (1914-18)
“Rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”
Be sure to
use the
Cornel Notes
system !!
Ch. 8, Sec. 1
The Five Great Powers: 1914
German Chancellor Otto
von Bismarck’s adage
was always to be in a
majority of three in any
dispute among the five
great European powers.
He wanted to preserve
Germany’s peaceful ties
with Russia, but the
Kaiser didn’t renew
Germany’s friendship with
Russia.
Ι. The Road to WWI.
A. Nationalism and “System of Alliances.”
1.
Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany,
Austria-Hungary, & Italy
(Italy changes
sides).
Otto von Bismarck
of Germany
2.
“Entente”
means
agreement
Triple Entente (1907) – UK,
France, & Russia.
3. Class conflict:
a) Lower classes wanted ↑ power.
b) Labor Unions: better pay &
conditions.
c) Socialism.
4. Militarism – Aggressive prep for war.
a) Industrial Revolution – more
destructive weapons.
b) ↑ of armies.
c) Conscription (military draft), 1913.
The Draft was nothing new: samurai in Japan, warriors in
Aztec Empire, and militiamen of ancient Greece & Rome.
Triple Alliance (Red):
Triple Entente (Orange):
German = 900,000 men
Aust-Hung = 450,000
Italian = 300,000
British = 250,000
French = 800,000
Russia = 1.3 million
“System of Alliances” ACTIVITY
Leader
Army
Aust-Hung
Emperor
Franz Joseph
450,000
Great
Britain
King George
V
France
Positives (+)
Negatives (-)
3 million
Many Germans;
western part
industrialized
Small navy;
eastern part not
industrial
250,000
975,000
Industrial; #1
navy; technology
Small army
Prime Minister 800,000
Clemenceau
4 million
Trading nation
Agricultural
Kaiser
Wilhelm II
900,000
4.5 mill
Industrial; #2
navy; efficient
army
Few sea ports;
limited sea
access
Italy
King Victor
Emmanuel III
300,000
1.2 mill
Many sea ports
Triple Alliance;
unpopular;
small military;
agriculture
Russia
Czar Nicholas
II
1.3 mill.
5.9 mill
#1 army
Poor roads &
railways
Germany
Reserves
European countries all had
conscription by 1914.
B. Outbreak of the Great War (1914).
1. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
Aust-Hung was assassinated in
Sarajevo, June 28, 1914.
Franz (Francis) Ferdinand
and his wife, Sophia.
Black Hand (Gavrilo Princip) –
Wanted Bosnia free of
Aust-Hung rule.
Aust-Hung, supported by Germany
(Kaiser William II), declared war on
Bosnia, July 28, 1914.
a)
2.
Gavrilo Princip
Emperor Franz Joseph
Ferdinand of Aust-Hung
Kaiser William II
“All For You, Sofia”
by Franz Ferdinand
Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip
Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo
Bang bang, the first six are for
you
Bang bang, the seventh is for
me
Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip
Bang bang, Europe's going to
weep
All for you, all for you, all for
you, Sophia (x4)
Bang bang, history's complete
Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo
Bang bang, the first six are for
you
Bang bang, the seventh is for
me
Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip
Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo
All for you, all for you, all for
you, Sophia (x4)
The Black Hand holds the gun
The devil takes his run
Urban, take the Appel Quay
It's June the twenty-eighth
The seventh was for me
Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip
Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo
Bang bang, the first six are for
you
Bang bang, the seventh is for
me
Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip
Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo
Germany’s war
plan
(Schlieffen Plan)
was for both
France
and Russia –
invading
France through
Belgium
First, and then
invade
Russia second.
(SHLEE-fun)
3. Russia (Czar Nicholas II) mobilized
army against Aust-Hung & Germany,
July 28/29.
4. Germany declares war on Russia, Aug 1.
a)
Ultimatum to pass through Belgium.(Schlieffen
Plan)
5. UK declares war on Germany for invading
Belgium.
Kaiser William II reads
the declaration of war.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia
C. Italy switches sides, joins Allies ($ & land).
1. Allied Powers (Allies) – Eng, Fra, Rus, & Ita.
2. Central Powers – Germ, Aust-Hung (later
Ottoman Emp & Bulgaria).
Triple Entente and
Triple Alliance before
WWI.
How could the Central Powers
be limited on the water?
The Allies
and the
Central Powers
at beginning
of WWI.
ΙΙ.
The War
(1914-1918).
Clockwise from top:
Trenches on the Western
Front; a British Mark IV
tank crossing a trench;
Royal Navy battleship
HMS Irresistible sinking
after striking a mine at
the Battle of the
Dardanelles; a Vickers
machine gun crew with
gas masks, and a
Sopwith Camel biplane.
(SHLEE-fun)
A. The Western Front – Schlieffen Plan;
Germans through Belgium.
1.
1st Battle of the Marne (Sept, 1914) –
Germans stopped @ Marne, near
Paris.
a)
Trench Warfare - Stalemate
for
4 years - dug trenches
(ditches).
French leaders loaded 2,000 taxis
w/ soldiers & sent then to front line.
Front Line = Green
French = Purple
British = Red
Belgian = Orange
German = Yellow
► The trenches would stretch almost 500 miles long by 1918.
► The trenches were about 100 feet apart from each other.
Australian trench, Ypres.
B. The Great Slaughter (1916-1917).
1.
New weapons, technology,
industrialization, & trench warfare
made WWI more deadly.
2.
Trench warfare – Trenches to escape
machine-gun fire.
a)
“No-man’s land” - Land
between the 2 trenches.
No-man’s
Land.
► Christmas Eve truce of 1914 – both sides played soccer and exchanged gifts.
British soldier
French soldiers in the
Lorraine region of France.
Belgian periscope rifle.
French soldiers in Alsace
using trench periscope.
Officers walking through a
flooded communication trench.
James Lovegrave interviewed in 1993:
“Life in the trenches was hell on earth.
Lice, rats, trench foot, trench mouth,
where the gums rot and you lose your
teeth. And of course dead bodies
everywhere.”
The British and French troops, by digging and defending trenches, were able
to hold the German advance. The use of machine-guns and barbed wire made
it difficult for troops to cross the land between the two sets of trenches.
This land was called "No Man's Land."
“Life was hard in the
trenches. Soldiers were
often knee-deep in mud and
water. Many were drowned
when they slipped into flooded
shell holes. When the
temperature dropped they
suffered from frost-bite. The
soldiers also had to put up with
rats. One pair of rats can
produce 880 offspring in a
single year and so the trenches
were soon swarming with them.
They lived mainly off dead
bodies, but they were also
known to attack wounded or
even sleeping soldiers.”
► Allies and Germans both dug tunnels under ‘No-man’s Land’ (Arras, France = Hitler)
Trench Warfare - barbed-wire entanglements (5ft X 30-yards), concrete
machine-gun nests, other gun batteries, supported by heavy artillery farther back.
Canadian troops going “over the top.”
Women serving as ambulance drivers, World War One
Removing the dead
and wounded from
the battle front.
Industrial Revolution - largely responsible for bringing
change to how wars were fought: railroads were able
to supply troops much more quickly and replace wornout troops with ready reserves; factories turned out
munitions on a scale never seen before and long
bombardments became routine; shelling and bombings
maimed, disfigured, and killed many WWI soldiers.
C. Battle of Verdun (Feb-Dec 1916) – Symbolic
of new kind of war.
1.
“They shall not pass,” Honor-bound.
2.
German goal: bleed the French army
white.
3.
War of attrition – Wear down other
side by constant attacks & heavy
losses.
The Battle of Verdun was the longest
and one of the bloodiest engagements
of WWI. An estimated 328,000 German
dead and 348,000 French dead.
Verdun was a French fortress city on the French / German border.
D. New Weapons: tank, poison gas,
airplane, U-boats, battleships, &
aircraft carrier (later), & artillery.
1.
The Tank – UK psychological
weapon.
Origins = “Little Willie” in
1915 with help from Winston
Churchill (1st Lord of
Admiralty). Armored vehicle
on a Caterpillar tractor w/ a
max speed of 3-4 mph, but
couldn’t cross trenches.
Mark I,
in 1916.
Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme
(July to November 1916),
was among the largest
battles of WWI. With more
than 1.5 million casualties,
it is also one of the bloodiest
military operations recorded.
The first day of battle, July 1,
1916, the British suffered
57,470 casualties, including
19,240 dead—the bloodiest
day in history of British Army.
Adolf Hitler, a message
runner, injured (awarded the
Iron Cross by a German Jew).
New Zealand infantry
in the trenches.
► 5 months; 80,000 soldiers never found; British later adopted “creeping” tactics
instead of walking together across No-Man’s Land.
Tanks were first used in WWI at the
Battle of the Somme,1916. They
were developed to cope with
conditions on the Western Front.
Early stats:
● 28 tons; average 3-4 MPH;
● 8-man crew (4-hour limit);
● 6-lbs & machine guns on side;
● broke-down a lot; loud; hot;
● carbon dioxide inside.
The original shipping crates of these vehicles
were labeled Tanks and the name stuck.
The Somme, 1916.
a)
British Mark III, 1917.
Battle of Cambrai (1917) – 1st
tank battle in history.
● First time used in large numbers –
474 Tanks (not tank on tank since
Germans had no tanks in 1917).
● Success for one day, broke 3-year
deadlock and crossed Hindenburg
Line (3 sets of ditches), then Germans
counter-attacked and got back 5-miles
of land originally lost.
● Tanks crushed barb wire; used
anchor to drag it away. Bundles of
hay tied on top of tank to dump into
trenches to cross wide trenches.
● Had to be used in large #’s, firm/hard
ground, and surprise if possible.
British tank stuck in trench,
Cambrai, 1917.
Dog wearing a gas mask.
British gas casualties,
Bethune, 1918.
Poison Gas
(Mustard Gas)
Germans in gas masks.
2.
Airplanes - 1915, in battle for 1st time.
a)
Began attacking ground targets
(comms).
French
blimp.
 Plane was only a decade old, considered dangerous w/ no real benefit.
 At first, planes were used to spot enemy positions (recon).
 Machine guns were later mounted on planes.
b)
The Red Barron - deadliest
fighter pilot.
i. 75 yrs later, combat pilots
still study tactics.
 Manfred von Richthofen had 80 kills; Get close (100 yards) to get a kill.
 Crash landed his first time flying; shot down twice (killed 2nd time).
 Not a great pilot, but a great marksman (grew up hunting).
 Plane painted red. Never had a girlfriend.
 Life expectancy – 2 weeks (new skills; unreliable planes).
 First Aircraft carrier, 1918 – (British) HMS Argus, carried 18 planes.
3.
U-Boats – WWI, patrolled solo to pick
off Allied ships.
German WWI U-Boat.
 Br blockade to starve out the Germans; blocked North Sea; food shortages.
 Br merchant ships flew flags of all/neutral nations; Germ: “all Br waters a war zone.”
 Russians got a Germ U-boat code book and shared it with Br (Germ didn’t know).
British Howitzer in 1914.
British WWI Howitzer.
Later in WWI, a mobile
German howitzer (43 tons)
called Big Bertha (named
after Gustav Krupp's wife)
could fire a 2,200 lb shell
over 9 miles.
E.
Weapons improved: machine gun, barbed
wire, & land mines.
Vickers Gun
Maxim Gun
 Machine Gun – originally designed to save lives (fewer men on the field),
 “Gatling Gun” – (1861) just after Civil War, multiple barrels, rapid fire (1 vs. 100).
 “Maxim Gun” – American,1883, recoil reload weapon, 1st truly automatic gun.
 “Vickers Gun” – Br. var of Maxim Gun, 450 rnds p/ minute, 470 rnds for Oak tree.
 Battle of the Somme – machine gun tactics (kill zones) w/ interlocking firing zones.
The Vickers Gun could fire over
600 rounds per minute and had
a range of 4,500 yards. Being
water-cooled, it could fire
continuously for long periods.
80% of all British ground casualties
were caused by the machine gun.
A painting of Lieutenant Thomas Wilkinson
winning the Victorian Cross in 1916 by using
a Vickers Gun to stop a German advance.
British Prime Minister,
Winston Churchill
“Tommy Gun” – 1920’s, U.S. Col. Thompson, 1st
submachine gun, circular magazine, 100 rounds, ¼
weight of Maxim Gun, used by gangsters after WWI.
First gangster hit failed (missed w/ every shot due to
firing pushing barrel down – Spike O’Donnell quit
bootlegging afterwards. Modified to become a “semiautomatic” to be more accurate for the cops.
Grenades (hand-thrown
bombs) first began being
used in the 16th century.
Originally they were hollow
iron balls filled with
gunpowder and ignited by a
slow burning match. To be
effective, soldiers had to be
able to throw them over
100 feet and the tall, strong
soldiers selected for this
task became known as
grenadiers.
The German stick grenade had a wooden handle
about ten inches long that carried a metal canister
at his head. The head unscrewed to allow the
detonator to be inserted. The screw cap at the end
covered a string which was pulled to ignite the fuse
inside the head.
In the opening months of
WWI the British Army used
Grenade No 1 (Mills
Bomb). This was a castiron canister on an 18 inch
stick. Soldiers soon
discovered that they were
dangerous to use when in a
front-line trench. There
were several cases of
soldiers being killed when
the grenade hit the front of
the trench.
Gas shells exploding in No-Man's Land.
French soldiers.
French troops
using flamethrowers.
F. The Eastern Front – (opposite of Western
Front) mobility & Russian defeats.
Russian mass grave in Galicia.
German victories; Russia no longer a threat
to Germ; 2.5 million Russian casualties.
Aust-Hung didn’t fare so well (defeated by
Russians at Galicia and thrown out of Serbia).
Due to the stalemate on Western front,
both sides tried to gain new allies.
The Ottomans (1914) &
Bulgaria (1915) w/ Germany.
G. The Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman Empire called
the “sick man of Europe.”
(The Eastern Front)
1.
Lawrence of Arabia – British officer,
T.E. Lawrence, urged Arab
princes to revolt against the
Ottomans in 1917.
T.E. Lawrence fought for
the British in North Africa.
He led Arab nationalists
in the fight to overthrow
the Ottoman Turks.
Lawrence of Arabia
Byzantium (667 BC) → Constantinople (Constantine the Great, 330 AD) → Istanbul (Turkish, 1930)
‘Istanbul (Not Constantinople)’
remade by They Might Be Giants
Istanbul was Constantinople
Now it's Istanbul, not Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Now it's Turkish delight on a moonlit
night
Every gal in Constantinople
Lives in Istanbul, not Constantinople
So if you've a date in Constantinople
She'll be waiting in Istanbul
Even old New York was once New
Amsterdam
Why they changed it I can't say
People just liked it better that way
So take me back to Constantinople
No, you can't go back to
Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works
That's nobody's business but the Turks
Istanbul (Istanbul)
Istanbul (Istanbul)
Even old New York was once New
Amsterdam
Why they changed it I can't say
People just liked it better that way
Istanbul was Constantinople
Now it's Istanbul, not Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works
That's nobody's business but the Turks
So take me back to Constantinople
No, you can't go back to
Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works
That's nobody's business but the Turks
Istanbul
2.
Gallipoli, 1915 - (Dardanelle strait,
SW of Constantinople) disastrous
Allied campaign.
a)
250,000 dead on each side
after 9 months.
The Eastern front was
more mobile than the
Western front.
Russia needed supplies
and might surrender.
The Allies launched the
Gallipoli campaign to
defeat the Ottomans and
help the Russians.
It failed.
Mel Gibson, in Gallipoli (1981).
'Anzac' from the sea: looking directly into the gully
with Turkish shells falling. November 27, 1915.
Armenian Holocaust (1915-18) –
forced deportation of Armenians
to Syria.
Return of the G-word -a) 1.5 million died.
A resolution calling on the
president to acknowledge
b) Genocide – deliberate
the Armenian genocide
mass murder.
might finally pass Congress.
3.
L.A. Times. Feb 4, 2007
► There were no concentration camps, only the desert.
Ottoman Empire
(Muslim Turks)
Modern Day Turkey
Losing WWI ended
the Ottoman Empire
(now Turkey).
Turkish Massacre of
Armenians (1915-1918)
Considered 1st genocide of 20th century
1 ½ million Armenians living in Turkey
eliminated through forced deportations &
massacres
Muslims vs. Christians
Included death marches, relocation, rapes,
forced conversion, etc.

75% of those on marches died
Should the U.S. go to war?
The debate over involvement began to
intensify.
Women’s groups, political and labor
radicals were some of the people who
opposed involvement.
Who do you think favored intervention?
The U.S. was making a “killing.”
By 1917, the U.S. GNP was 20% higher
than it was in 1913 (we were producing a
LOT more!)
We would lend money to countries who
would then use that money to buy stuff
from us!
We did most of our trading with the Allies.
H. Entry of the U.S.
1.
Involvement due to naval war
between Eng & Germ.
2.
The Lusitania – British passenger
ship sunk by German U-boat on
May 7, 1915.
a)
123 U.S. citizens dead.
Germany: “All British waters are a war zone.”
Lusitania was carrying wartime essentials: motorcycle parts,
metals, cotton goods, food, 4,200 cases of rifle ammo, 1,250
cases of shrapnel (not explosive), & 18 boxes of percussion fuses.
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt demanded revenge against Germany.
3. The Zimmerman Telegram – Mexico
to invade U.S. (Jan 19, 1917).
Germany sent a
secret message
to Mexico.
4.
April 1917 – President Wilson
asked Congress for a declaration
of war!
“The world must be made safe
for democracy.”
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson
As the United States entered the
war, we were unprepared to fight
a major war. The draft was
instituted and millions of men
went to register for the war draft.
Men did their part in the war by responding
to the draft, while many women went to work
in factories to produce the materials of war.
These women are working with a steel press.
"There never was a good war or a bad peace."
-- Benjamin Franklin
World map showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting
on the Allies' side (at one point or another) are depicted in green,
the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in gray.
Communist Revolution
End to capitalism and
exploiting workers
Classless & stateless
society
Working class, or
proletariat, to replace the
wealthy bourgeoisie
Wealth based on ‘worth’
Karl Marx
 Marxist argument for communism, the main characteristic of human life in
class society is alienation; and communism is desirable because it entails
the full realization of human freedom.
The fall of the czarist regime and Russian Revolution put the Communists in power.
III. The Russian Revolution (1917).
A. The czar’s failure in battle & worker
unrest led to revolution.
Czar Nicholas
& Alexandria
(son had
hemophilia).
Grigori Rasputin –
shot 3 times, tied up,
and thrown into the
Neva River.
 Russian soldiers trained using broomsticks due to lack of industry/weapons.
 Some soldiers sent to the front with no weapons; told to pick one up from dead.
 Between 1914-1916, 2 million soldiers killed; another 4-6 million wounded/captured.
1.
March Revolution – strikes by
women in Petrograd (now
St. Petersburg).
a) “peace & bread.”
Women led the way
in Petrograd, 1917.
 WWI was still going on.
 Duma created as provisional gov’t
 Czar Nicholas II steps down.
 Ended the 300-year Romanov
dynasty.
2.
3.
Café Odéon in
Zurich, Switzerland.
The Bolsheviks – Marxist party.
V.I. Lenin – Leader of Bolsheviks.
a) Slogan: “Peace, Land, Bread.”
b) Leon Trotsky – revolutionary.
Workers
gathered in
Red Square,
1917.
 Lenin returned to Russia with German help after March Revolution.
 The Germans hoped Lenin would create more disorder.
U.S. In – Russia Out: 1917
V.I. Lenin
Bolsheviks promised an
end to the war;
redistribution of land to
the peasants; worker
control of production; and
all power to the Soviets.
Nov. 6, 1917, Bolshevik
forces seized the Winter
Palace (seat of
provisional gov’t).
Bolsheviks soon renamed
themselves the
Communists.
4.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) Russia quits WWI & lost land to
Germany.
Eastern Front, 1918
Russia's new
Bolshevik
(communist)
gov’t renounced
all claims on
Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, Belarus,
& Ukraine.
Leon Trotsky being
Greeted by German
officers in Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918.
The Treaty of BrestLitovsk, signed in 1918,
ended the war between
Russia and Germany.
Russia gave up lands in
the Baltic area; Finland,
Lithuania, Latvia, and
Estonia.
The treaty was never
enforced because of
Germany’s defeat. Those
countries became
independent.
With Russia out of war, Germany can concentrate on Western Front.
B.
U.S. Home Front.
1.
Total War – complete mobilization
of resources & people.
2.
 Gov’t Powers.
a)
Drafted millions.
b)
Planned Economies –
systems directed by gov’t.
i. free market suspended.
ii. Price controls; rationing.
President Woodrow Wilson – “Men and women who remain
to till the soil and man the factories are no less a part of
the army than the men beneath the battle flags.”
C. Women – created new roles.
1.
New freedoms – jobs,
apartments, & independence.
2.
After WWI – men took back jobs & paid
less.
The Suffragettes
helped women
get the right to
vote in 1920.
Right to Vote – 1918 in England,
1920 in U.S. (19th Amendment),
1920 in Germany & Austria.
D.
Gov’t Propaganda –
manipulate public
opinion; influence
for or against a
position.
 England (Defense of the Realm Act (DORA) allowed the gov’t to arrest protesters as traitors;
newspapers were censored and sometimes even suspended publication.
 French prime minister Clemenceau suspended basic civil liberties until the end of the war.
He had the editor of an antiwar newspaper executed on a charge of helping the enemy
and also punished journalists who wrote negative war reports by having them drafted.
 Freedom of speech and press were limited by the gov’t for national security reasons.
Spanish Flu of 1918 - Pandemic respiratory
infection that was brought to Europe by the
Doughboys as a form of Swine Flu. It mutated
and spread through out the world during the
later days of WWI, killing 20-30 million
worldwide.
Victims crowded into an emergency
hospital at Fort Riley, Kansas.
E.
Central Powers defeated.
1. 2nd Battle of the Marne – Germans
defeated; retreat back to Germ.
2. Kaiser Wilhelm II resigns.
The Second Battle of the Marne (1918) was the last
major German offensive on the Western Front. It failed
when an Allied counterattack led by French forces
overwhelmed the Germans, inflicting severe casualties.
President Woodrow Wilson’s
‘Fourteen Points’
League of Nations.
Open diplomacy.
Borders based on
nationality.
Restore independent
nations.
Freedom of the
seas.
Armistice in Europe! 1918
With the U.S. entry to the
war in 1917, the Central
Powers were quickly
defeated.
After 4 years of fighting,
an armistice was signed
in November, 1918 after
Kaiser Wilhelm II was
forced to step down.
A revolution in AustriaHungary ended their war.
The Ottoman Turks and
Bulgaria surrendered.
F. Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) –
The Big 4: Fr, Eng, Ita, & U.S. negotiated the
treaty.
1. Not present:
Central Powers
or Russia.
2. Article 231 –
Germ responsible.
The main signatories were Britain (Prime
Minister David Lloyd George), the USA
(President Woodrow Wilson), France
(Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau),
and Italy (Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando).
These leaders were known as the 'Big Four‘
and decided the fate of Germany after the
First World War.
The ‘Treaty of Versailles’
President Wilson tried to
establish a lasting peace
in contrast to France and
Britain, who wanted
revenge against Germ.
Wilson became
spokesperson for new
world order of int’l
cooperation (League of
Nations).
U.S. President Wilson
and Prime Minister
Clemenceau of France
did not get along at the
peace talks.
The Hall of Mirrors
In Versailles.
3.
4.
Germany to pay war
reparations.
Germans humiliated by
treaty.
The Palace of Versailles, where
the treaty was signed in 1919.
Due to the Treaty of Versailles, the country was already condemned to death,
according to this political cartoon that appeared in the German magazine Simpliccimus
on June 3, 1919. The principal judges and executioners were (from left to right) the U.S.
president Wilson, French president Clemenceau & British prime minister Lloyd George.
Summary of terms of the Treaty of Versailles:
Germany to take full responsibility for the war (Art 231).
Germany to pay for all the war damage (reparations) set at $33 billion (over 30 yrs).
Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men.
Germany could have
no air force or subs,
and limited to six
large ships.
Germany to loose
territory on all sides,
& split in two by new
nation of Poland.
Germany to lose all
her colonies.
Yellow –
Germany
lost.
Green –
demilitarized.
Pink – AustHung lost &
divided.
Orange –
Russia lost.
 Austria–Hungary in orange & white; Bosnia & Herzegovina in blue (1914).
 Austria-Hungary divided into seven different countries (1918).
 Loosing WWI ended the Ottoman Empire, creating the Turkish
republic in 1923.
 Mandate System = break-up Ottoman lands.
 Lebanon & Syria (France), and Iraq & Palestine (England).
Bitter ending…
The Treaty of Versailles
left a bitter legacy.
Germany was humiliated.
Russia felt betrayed
because they were
excluded.
Italy and Japan felt
cheated because they did
not get land promised to
them.
First World War Service
of Adolf Hitler
Feb 14 - Screened for
Austrian Military Service;
Found Unfit.
Aug 14 - Hitler petitions to
serve in Bavarian forces
despite Austrian Citizenship.
7 Oct 16 - Wounded in leg at
the Somme.
28 Sep 1918 –
Incident involving
Henry Tandy, VC.
11 Nov 1918 - At
news of armistice;
Hitler reacts bitterly.
One of the Haunting Photos of the
20th Century. Adolf Hitler (circled)
thrills to the announcement of war
in Munich, August 1914
Allied soldiers killed
Belgium: 13,700 (5.14%)
British Empire: 908,000 (10.20%)
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Australia: 60,000
Canada: 60,000
India: 25,000
Newfoundland: 1,254
New Zealand: 16,000
South Africa: 7,000
United Kingdom: 715,000
France: 1,375,000 (16.36%)

French colonies: 100,000
Greece: 5,000 (2.17%)
Italy: 650,000 (11.58%)
Japan: 300 (0.04%)
Montenegro: 3,000 (6.00%)
Portugal: 7,200 (7.22%)
Romania: 336,000 (44.76%)
Russia: 1,700,000 (14.17%)
Serbia: 45,000 (6.36%)
United States: 126,000 (2.89%)
Total Allied soldiers killed: approx 5.17 million
Central Powers soldiers killed
Austria-Hungary: 1,200,000 (15.38%)
Bulgaria: 87,500 (7.29%)
Germany: 1,800,000 (16.12%)
Ottoman Empire: 325,000 (11.40%)
Total Central Powers soldiers killed: approx 3.4 million
Total soldiers killed worldwide: approx 8.6 million
Civilians killed
Austria-Hungary: 300,000
Belgium: 30,000
Bulgaria: 275,000
France: 40,000
Germany: 760,000
Greece: 132,000
Norway: 1,900 sailors died, mostly by their vessels torpedoed by
German submarines.
Romania: 275,000
Russia: 3,000,000
Serbia: 650,000
Ottoman Empire: 1,000,000
United Kingdom: 31,000
Spanish Flu: up to 20-30 million
Civilians killed: approximately 56.5 million
Total people killed in World War I: up to 66 million
WWI Words and Phrases
Doughboy – The origin of the word doughboy actually
began during the American Civil War. The buttons on
Union uniforms were said to resemble biscuits, hence the
term doughboy. For some reason, it did not come into
common usage until WWI.
“No man’s Land” – The desolate territory between the
hundreds of miles of opposing Allied and German
trenches.
Robot – Karl Capek, a Czech playwright and pioneer in
science fiction, wrote a play called “R.U.R.” which was a
group of mechanized monsters revolting against their
maker. The Czech term for work or drudgery was robota,
so Capek shortened his characters to be robots.
Blimp – A slang term for a ‘small dirigible airship’ used by
the British Army during World War I for observations.
Zeppelin - Large rigid airships used for observation and
strategic bombing by both German Army and Navy.
Barrage - An excessive number or quantity.
Bunker - Fortification set mostly below ground level with
overhead protection.
Camouflage - Disguise, pretense; although the
expression is still also used in its original sense,
describing the special coloring schemes applied to
equipment and uniforms to make the object harder to
see.
Chatting - Conversing in an informal manner to pass the
time as soldiers removed lice (chat) from their bodies
and clothes. This led to the popularizing of chatting,
used since the 16th century.
Devil Dog - Nickname given to the US Marines by
Germans who faced them at Belleau Wood.
“Digging-In” - To establish one’s position, as if digging a
defensive trench.
“Dog Fight” - Air combat at close quarters based on the
scrambling, twisting appearance of air warfare from the
ground.
Ace – An outstanding pilot, as well as an excellent
performer in any field (downed at least 5 planes).
“Blind Spot” – A point below the tail of an airplane where
an approaching adversary was hidden from the sights of
the observer’s guns.
Dud - A shell or bomb that fails to explode; later, a person
or enterprise that proves to be a failure.
“Eleventh Hour” - Just in time, at the last moment.
“Over the Top” - Going out of one’s trench towards the
enemy; in civilian use it was extended to mean taking the
final plunge and doing something dangerous or notable.
Stormtrooper - Specially trained German assault troops
used in their 1918 Offensives. Nickname later adapted
by Nazi Brown Shirts.
Trench Foot / Mouth - Common disabling problem among
WWI soldiers.
a. Allied power
b. Neutral nation
c. Central power
For each country or region numbered on the map,
identify its status during World War I. Match the
choices to the appropriate numbers on the map.
Activity
In groups of two,
list the Causes
and Effects of
WWI.
Cause
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Effect