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CHAPTER 2
Cells &
Classification
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ORGANIZATION
• Organisms are placed into
domains and kingdoms based
on their cell type, their ability to
make food, and the number of
cells in their bodies.
KINGDOMS
• Archea Bacteria: Unicellular
• Prokaryotes: organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
• Prokaryotes that thrive in very extreme environments
• Hot springs, volcanoes, deep in the oceans, very salty water,
swamps, and intestines of cows
• Eukarya Bacteria: Unicellular
• Eukaryotes: organisms whose cells have a nucleus
• Protists: odds and ends
• Fungi: heterotrophs, absorb nutrients from dead or decaying
organisms
• Plants: multicellular, eukaryotes, autotrophs
• Animals: multicellular, eukaryotes, hetertrophs
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
• Cellular Organization: all living things are
made of cells
• Cell: basic unit of structure and function
in an organism
• Unicellular – made of only one cell
• Multicellular – made of many specialized
cells
WHAT ARE CELLS MADE
OF?
• Chemicals of Life:
• Water – most abundant chemical in cells
• Carbohydrates – energy source
• Proteins and Lipids – building materials of
cells
• Nucleic Acids – genetic material
CELLS USE ENERGY TO:
• Using energy to do things that need to be
done
• Repairing injured parts, movement,
delivering chemicals and food energy,
digesting, reading and understanding
CELLS HELP ORGANISMS
RESPOND
• Response to Surroundings
• Stimulus: a change in an
organism’s surroundings that
causes the organism to react
• Changes in light, sound,
temperature, etc.
• Response: The organism’s
reaction (action or change in
behavior) to the stimulus
CELLS ALLOW US TO GROW
• Growth and Development
• Growth: The process of
getting larger
• Development: process of
change that occurs during an
organism’s life to produce a
more complex organism
CELLS ALLOW US TO
REPRODUCE
• Reproduction
• The ability to produce
offspring that are similar to
the parents
• Sexual: requires 2 parents
(most multicellular)
• Asexual: requires 1 parent –
one organism divides into
two parts (bacteria, yeast,
some plants)
CELLULAR
MISCONCEPTION
Spontaneous Generation
• the MISTAKEN idea that living things
can arise from nonliving sources
Life comes from life !
NEEDS OF LIVING
THINGS
• Water – most
organisms can
only survive a few
days without
water needed for
cell and system
functions
LIVING THINGS
NEED
• Food – organisms need an energy source to live
• Autotrophs: organisms that make their own food using
energy from the sun.
• Auto: self
• Troph: feeder
• Hetertrophs: organisms that cannot make their own food
• Hetero: other (feeding on others)
• Troph: feeder
• Flow of Energy:
• SUN Plants (auto) Herbivores (hetero)
Omivores (hetero) Carnivores (hetero)
LIVING THINGS NEED
•Living Space –
must provide
organism with
access to food,
water, and shelter
LIVING THINGS NEED
• Stable Internal Environment – keeping
conditions inside the body stable, even
if conditions outside the body change
significantly
• Homeostasis: The maintenance of
stable internal conditions
• i.e. Body temps. stay the same
with weather temp changes.
PROKARYOTIC VS.
EUKARYOTIC
PLANT VS ANIMAL
PARTS TO A CELL
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum -•
holds ribosomes to process
proteins
Ribosomes –
• Process of making proteins to be
sent to other parts of the cell
Cell membrane –
• outer covering of the cell
PARTS TO A CELL
Cell wall –
• tough ridged structure
found outside the cell
membrane on plant cells
Chloroplasts –
• Contain chlorophyll that is
used to capture energy
Cytoplasm –
• Gelatin like substance that
flows in side the cell
Central Vacuole –
• food storage in a plant cell
PARTS TO A CELL
Mitochondrion –
• breaks down food and releases
it as energy
Nucleolus –
•
Produces Ribosomes
Nucleus – directs cell activity
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• processes Lipids
PARTS TO A CELL
Golgi bodies –
• Transfers Proteins
Lysosomes –
• break down damaged or
worn out parts of a cell
Cytoskeleton –
• framework found inside the
cytoplasm
VIRUSES
Active attack immediately
Latent transfer DNA and wait
Only fight is a vaccine or it runs its
course.
CELL THEORY
All organisms are made of cells
The sell is the basic unit of organization in
an organism
All cells come from cells
MICROSCOPE BASICS
How to calculate
magnification
• Eye piece (10) x the
objective
DIFFUSION VS OSMOSIS
Diffusion
•
Is the process of material moving from high concentration to an
area of low concentration
Osmosis
• The tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a
semipermeable membrane into a solution. Usually driven by
Difusion!