Transcript Axis Victories - Cloudfront.net

Axis Victories
p. 466
Technology once again made this war as
surprisingly horrible as WW I.
•
•
•
•
Blitzkrieg:
“lightning war”.
EC: Advantages: (3)
The Germany military used fast, shocking
vehicles and aircraft, teamed with powerful,
long-range artillery.
– Entrenched armies were surrounded and bypassed.
– They would surrender when they ran out of food,
supplies, or the will to fight.
Luftwaffe:
• The German Air Force.
• Using small and medium, fast fighters and
bombers.
• They worked in unison with the ground
forces, making the blitzkrieg effective.
Germany and the Soviet Union
finished Poland in a month.
• EC: Stalin then invaded (4)
– Lithuania,
– Latvia,
– Estonia,
– part of Finland (with permission from Hitler).
• Hitler sent most of his armies back through
Germany to meet the coming attack from
the British and French (the Allies).
“the Sitzkrieg”
• AKA: The “Phony War”
• Britain and France did not attack Germany
at all.
• They set up fortified positions along the
French border from the English Channel to
Switzerland.
April, 1940
(Hitler mocks FDR’s letter):
• EC: Germany takes (4)
– Denmark,
– Norway,
– the Netherlands,
– Belgium.
May, 1940:
• EC: German troops invade ____ around the
Maginot Line from the Ardennes Forest in
Belgium.
• France
– with Italy invading in the south.
• France Falls in one month, France is forced to
sign the surrender in the same rail car Germany
signed the World War I armistice in.
– Hitler then tours Paris, visits Napoleon’s tomb.
Vichy:
• Hitler took control of northern France,
• but allowed a “puppet” French government
to rule southern France.
– Led by General Philippe Petain
Operation Seelowe (Sealion):
• EC: After France fell, Hitler reluctantly
planned an invasion of ______.
• Great Britain
• EC: Britain had two forces that protected
it…..Germany would have to defeat both.
– The Royal Navy
– The Royal Air Force (RAF)
Battle of Britain: (1st two mins)
• EC: Outcome (3)
• the Luftwaffe tries and fails to destroy the
RAF
• Operation Seelowe was cancelled by May,
1941.
• For the next four years Germany will bomb
London: “The Blitz”
North Africa:
• EC: From Libya and Ethiopia, Italy
attacked ____ .
• Egypt
• A smaller British force defeated
Mussolini’s armies.
– EC: Hitler sent a small, mechanized force to
help Italy; _____
• the Afrika Korps
Erwin Rommel:
• Brilliant leader of Hitler’s small Afrika
Korps.
– EC: Allied troops called him the ______
– “Desert Fox”
• His troops pushed the British back into
Egypt.
– EC: The _____, in Egypt was the main goal..
– Suez Canal
The Balkans
• EC: Mussolini’s troops also failed at taking
_____ and ______
• Yugoslavia and Greece.
• Hitler was forced to send troops to support him
against Greek and British forces.
– The Allies put up a tough fight, but are defeated.
• Greek and Yugoslavian partisans (resistance), with Allied
assistance, will perform guerrilla attacks for the balance of
the war.
• ____ and _____ decide to join the Axis.
• Bulgaria and Romania
June, 1941:
• Having subdued the Allies in western
Europe, Hitler turned East.
• EC: A sudden attack on eastern Poland,
opened the war on _____
• the Soviet Union.
– Stalin seemed genuinely surprised.
• His gigantic, well-armed border forces melted
before the blitzkrieg.
• Stalin had purged (executed) his best officers in
1936
Russia is Gigantic
• The Germans killed and captured four
million troops,
– but there were millions more retreating.
• EC: The Soviets retreated, relying on two
early “weapons”:
– destroying everything, repeating the
“scorched-earth” tactics that stopped
Napoleon.
– Winter (“General Winter”)
EC: Germany looted its
neighbors’: (4)
•
•
•
•
Art
Factories
Equipment
People for forced labor.
Axis fight the terrorists…..
• For every German attacked or killed the
Nazis would kill many more innocent
hostages
– EC: The ____ tortured and killed many to find
the partizans.
– Gestapo
• Many people still supported or joined their
resistance fighters
– Others collaborated with the Nazis helping
them find the resistance. (pic: Russian
collaborators.)
Resistance (partisan) groups
formed against the Germans.
• Guerrilla style fighters
– Greece
• Got equipment from surrendered armies and
occupying troops.
• EC: the Allies sent supplies and agents to train
them to be more effective: (4)
–
–
–
–
Performed acts of sabotage
Assassinated
Rescued downed air crews and helped them escape
Hid Jews and tried to help them escape
Jews:
• Jews, by this time, were slated for death.
– At first wherever they were found, shot by SS
(einsatzgruppen)
• Hanged as well.
– EC: Many were forced into overcrowded
neighborhoods called
– ghettos
Concentration camps:
• Large facilities holding millions of Jewish
detainees and other prisoners of war.
• EC: Describe conditions: (3)
– Forced labor (if they had a skill)
– Poorly fed
– Worked to death
– Coded by type of “crime”
Genocide for many
unwanted groups
• EC: Besides Jews, other inferior peoples:
(5)
• Gypsies (Romas)
• Disabled/mentally ill (many euthanized in
hospitals)
• Homosexuals
• Slavs
• Poles
January, 1942:
Wannsee Conference decides the _____
“Final Solution” (20)
–organized death camps (2)
» converting current concentration camps
» building model death camps in Poland
»
secure railroad entrance
»
barracks for
»
workers (tattooed with serial numbers)
»
detainees (old, mothers, children, ill/weak)
»
gas chambers (showers)
»
crematoria (ovens to burn bodies to ash)
»
storage for useful items taken from prisoners
»
luggage
»
clothes
»
any metals
»
hair
»
gold fillings
»
medical experiments on human subjects (illegal without permission)
»
often fatal
»
Most notorious: Josef Mengele
»Hitler ordered that his trains continue taking Jews to camps even when his own troops needed supplies to fight
the Allies.
Holocaust:
• The Jewish term for the German genocide
against them.
• Some 6 million+ Jews were killed by the
end of the war
– 2/3 of all Jews living in Europe
• Another 9 million+ Slavs, Gypsies, and
others died as well.
Samaritans
• EC: Many Gentiles (non-Jews) tried to save Jews: (6)
– Some governments hid or changed records (Denmark, Bulgaria)
– Mussolini refused to turn them over,
• When Germany took over Italy, round-ups began
– Sympathetic diplomats tried to arrange visas out of the occupied
lands
• Chiune Sugihara, Japan
• Raoul Wallenberg, Sweden
– German businessman, ____ used his factory to protect hundreds
of Jews until the end of the war.
• Oskar Schindler,
Japan Contemplates War :
• Japan knew that American media told its people to be
anti-Japanese long before the war.
• EC: 1940: FDR moves to stop Japanese aggression.
(5)
• Roosevelt places a trade embargo of contraband goods
to Japan
– to protest the war in China and Japanese aggression into French
Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.
• Petroleum
• Scrap metal (steel, tin)
• rubber
• He also moves the Pacific Fleet from San Diego and Los
Angeles to ____, Hawai’i.
– Pearl Harbor
• Japan sees both moves as a threat.
FDR asked Congress to do
something.
• Lend-Lease Act:
• January, 1941: Congress approved FDR
supplying countries that “protect” democracy
– with military support (equipment only).
– He could either sell it or lend it (free).
• EC: Roosevelt nicknames the US the ___
because it supplies countries with military
support to protect themselves.
• “Arsenal of Democracy”
August, 1941:
• The Atlantic Charter:
– EC: Roosevelt (US) and Churchill (Britain)
agree to: (2)
• Destroy Nazi Germany
• Protect all people’s right to choose their own form
of government (EC: that is called ____)
– (self-determination).
EC: Japan’s attitude was mixed: (2)
• Pro-peace politicians negotiated with US.
• Most of the military supported war with the
US and Britain.
– EC: They secretly planned, trained and
quietly dispatched attack fleets to (4)
•
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•
•
Singapore,
the Philippines,
key American-held Pacific Islands.
Hawai’i,
Talk and War
• The Japanese military gave the diplomats
until early December to negotiate a
solution with the US, but nothing
happened.
– The attacks began on ____ (Japan date)
– December 8th
– US (Hawai’i) date
– December 7th
Japan Gains
• By June, 1942, Japan took: (6)
– the Philippines,
– British Malaya,
– Singapore,
– Guam,
– Wake Island,
– New Guinea
– and was poised to invade Australia and
Hawai’i.
Disaster for Britain:
• EC: British and French troops were surrounded on the English
Channel on the beaches of ____
• Dunkirk :
• Britain managed to evacuate 300,000 troops, with practically every
boat and ship in the country, while German troops did nothing
– EC: Hitler allowed Goering’s _____ to destroy the Allied troops there, but they
failed.
– Luftwaffe
• When he realized the mistake, Hitler sent the army in and captured
the troops still there.
– Britain lost most of its war equipment in France.
• It needed time to rebuild
• Or a source to buy weapons from ?????
• The defeat was serious for Britain, but the salvation of so many
troops was a morale-booster for Brits.
Free French
• Some French troops and officers escaped and
formed a “Free French” government in England
• _____________________ rose to be the
recognized leader.
• Charles de Gaulle
• Resistance (guerrilla) forces organized in France,
– with Free French and British aid and training.
Image, p. 467
• How did Churchill give weight to his
speech?
• By using repetition and showing
determination.
German frustration with England
• Hitler ordered day and night bombings of British
cities and military targets.
• EC: The British expression for the bombing
campaign was ____
• The Blitz:
• Soon, the British retaliated with night bombings
of Berlin and other cities.
• Though there was much destruction and loss of
life, it was again an heroic moment for the British
people.
12, images, 468-9.
• Questions
• 1 What lessons might the British have learned
from their experience of the blitz?
– To be resourceful
– To be cooperative
– To be defiant of the enemy
• 2 Why do you think that the blitz failed to break
the morale of the British people?
• The bombings angered the British people and
rallied their support for their country
Standards Check, p. 469
Fallen to Axis
• Poland
• Norway
• Denmark
• The Netherlands
• Belgium
• France
• Parts of North Africa
• Greece
• Yugoslavia
Joined Axis
• Bulgaria
• Hungary
Stopped by “General Winter”
• German troops were at the gates of
Leningrad and Moscow when Russia’s
frozen weather fell on them.
– EC: They were unprepared for the deep cold
or Russia’s “General Winter”. (what conditions
hampered the Germans?) (5)
• Darkness most of the day
• Rains and mud
• Freezing blizzards
– Troops froze to death,
– vehicles would not work.
Soviet Advantages
• The Soviets built vehicles that operated in such
weather.
– Their troops also were trained in it.
• EC: _____ ‘s siege lasted 1000 days, but the Soviets
managed to get food and supplies to it in winter.
• Leningrad’s
• EC: _____ was saved when Marshall Zhukov brought his
Siberian army, fresh and experienced from defeating
Japanese forces twice.
• Moscow
– They drove the Germans back.
Standards Check, p. 470
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•
•
•
Question
Soviet resistance
Harsh winter
Stalin’s orders to destroy equipment,
crops, resources useful to Germans.
Capitalists and Communists Ally
• EC: Britain’s Churchill, put aside his anticommunist feelings, and offered an
alliance with ____
• the Soviet Union.
• EC: Stalin hoped Britain would start a
second front in the West by attacking ____
• France.
Resistance (partisan) groups
“underground”
• EC When the war started in the Pacific,
the Allies continued to smuggle agents
and equipment in to: (5)
– China,
– Malaya,
– Indonesia,
– Vietnam,
– The Philippines
• To help their resistance fighters.
Collaborators turned in Jews for
money and privileges:
• In many of the occupied nations
• Vichy Government (southern France)
cooperated and rounded up its Jews for
transport to Germany.
Thinking Critically, 470-1
• 1
• In Poland, near work camps
• Shows how prisoners could quickly be
moved to death camps
– Shows ruthless Nazi attitude to Slavs and
Jews
• 2
• Depicts a dramatic drop in European
Jewish population.
Japan
• Promised to liberate Asia from White imperialism
– The “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
• Soon, it was clear that Japan planned to enslave
“inferior” Asians and Pacific Islanders for labor
– Treatment of Asians by the Japanese
mirrored German abuses in Europe.
“A Dagger at Japan’s Throat”
• Japan must gain and protect its hold on
two areas with vital resources (region,
resource = 5)
• oil in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
• Tin and rubber from French Indochina (Vietnam,
Laos, Kampuchea)
Standards Check, 473
• Question:
• Hitler considered non-Germans to be
inferior
• They had no right to respect, fair
treatment, or even life
The US is at War Again.
• On December 8, FDR asked Congress to
declare war
– All but one voted for it.
• EC: __________ and _____________
declare war on the US on December 11th.
• Italy
• Germany
Standards Check, p. 474
• Question:
• The United States banned the sale of war
materials to Japan
• This hampered Japans war efforts in
China and Southeast Asia
Image, 474
• Question:
• The United States ended its isolationist
policies and entered the war.
Quick Write
How did Napoleon and Hitler struggle to
defeat Russia when they invaded?