Transcript US entry into the war

Chapter 27C—WWII Battles and
Conferences
(887-897 )
The student will understand some of the
fighting that took place in the European
and Pacific campaigns, as well as the
agreements that took place among the
Allies near the end of the war.
AL COS 11th grade #11
U.S. entry into the war: came at a time
when the Allies were losing on all fronts
Axis
Power
in 1941
chart showing the level of U-boat activities and attacks in the Gulf
of Mexico in 1942 and 1943,
The large Type IXC submarine, with its
long range and complement of torpedoes,
was the preferred type for assignment to
the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.
Robert E. Lee, last ship sunk by U-166
Total losses to these U-boats in the
Gulf of Mexico were 56 ships sunk and
14 damaged.
U-166, only German sub sunk in the Gulf
of Mexico
A close-up of the U-166 "wintergarten," with its
20mm anti-aircraft gun.
close-up of the U-166 37mm main-deck
gun.
Allies’ strategy: to win the war was to
concentrate on North Africa and Europe,
then Asia.
North African landing: 1st Offensive Step in the
War. Its purpose was to open a second front to
relieve pressure on the red army.
Atlantic Wall:
`
Operation Overlord: led by
Eisenhower, invasion of Normandy
d-day-battle-gear - d-day-battle-gear
EISENHOWER: Overall Commander of
Allied Forces in Europe
D-Day:June 6, 1944; allowed for 2
million troops in France by late July.
D-Day broadcast available on
We Interrupt This Broadcast book/CD
carpet bombing: RAF bombing of
Germany at night in which a large
number of bombs are scattered over a
wide area.
The Battle of the Bulge: last ditch
effort by the German which led to the
largest battle in Western Europe; costly
battle that essentially exhausted
Germany’s reserves and opened the
way to Germany
BATTLE FACTS
 The coldest, snowiest weather “in memory” in the
Ardennes Forest on the German/Belgium border.
 Over a million men, 500,000 Germans, 600,000
Americans and 55,000 British.
 3 German armies, 10 corps.
 3 American armies, 6 corps,.
 100,000 German casualties, killed, wounded or capture
 81,000 American casualties, including 23,554 captured
and 19,000 killed.
 1,400 British casualties 200 killed.
 800 tanks lost on each side, 1,000 German aircraft.
Stalin: leader of the U.S.S.R.
Battle of Stalingrad: Germany
overextended their supply lines and its
ability to support its troop (a fatal
mistake) and lost over 330,000; turning
point of the war.
V-E Day: May 8, 1945
V-E Day broadcast available on
We Interrupt This Broadcast book/CD
Douglas MacArthur: the commanding
general of the Philippines, and later the
Pacific theater, who vowed “I shall
return.” He would later liberate the
island.
SEE OUTLINE NOTES OF
PACIFIC CAMPAIGN
Interactive Pacific map
Japanese has an 11 to 4 carrier
advantage in the Pacific in 1942.
However, the U.S. planned after Dec.7
1941 to build 15 battleships, 14
carriers, 54 cruisers, 191 destroyers,
and 73 submarines
PACIFIC OFFENSIVES Dec. 7, 1941--Pearl Harbor is
bombed as well as the Philippines, Guam, Midway,
Hong Kong, and Malaya, but Roosevelt and Churchill
decide to focus on defeating Germany.
USS Arizona and her 1100 men
Battleship row
Dec. to April 1942--Japanese overrun Hong Kong,
French Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam),
Malaya, Singapore, Burma, Thailand, and Indonesia,
New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Guam, Wake Island,
and the Aleutians islands (Alaska).
April 1942--U.S. bombs Tokyo; action has no real
strategic value but makes Japanese realize their
vulnerability.
James H. Doolittle
April 9, 1942--General King is ordered to surrender
Bataan (Philippines) to the Japanese. 76,000
Americans surrender, the largest group ever. Only
Corregidor is left. During the Bataan
death march, only 54,000 U.S.
soldiers reach the prison
camps.
Read from John Toland’s “The Rising Sun”
General MacArthur (right) confers with General Wainwright
"So you are dead. The easy words contain
No sense of loss, no sorrow, no despair.
Thus hunger, thirst, fatigue, combine to drain
All feeling from our hearts. The endless glare,
The brutal heat, anesthetize the mind.
I can not mourn you now. I lift my load,
The suffering column moves. I leave behind
Only another corpse, beside the road."
Lt. Henry G. Lee...A Soldier Poet.
May 8/9 1942--All U.S. forces in the
Philippines (Corregidor) finally surrender. 13,000
surrender.
May 1942--U.S./Australian fleets stop attempted
invasion of Australia in the Battle of the Coral Sea and
New Guinea.
June 1942--U.S. forces victorious at the Battle of
Midway. Turning point in the Pacific theater, both on
the sea and in the air, the initiative now belonged to
the U.S.
August 1942--U.S. begins battle for Guadalcanal.
Jan. 1943--Japanese withdraw from Guadalcanal.
Midway and Guadalcanal: marked the
turning points in Japan’s control of the
Pacific; ended the Japanese offensive and
Midway results:
Japanese carriers destroyed:
Agaki, Kaga, Soryu andmthe Hiryu
253 planes
3,500 lives.
U.S. forces destroyed:Yorktown
150 planes
307 lives;,
USS Yorktown, 1937-1942
Battle of Midway, June 1942
Marines landing at Guadalcanal, 8-7-42. First offensive in the Pacific.
Its purpose: stop the Japanese from building an airfield to use to strike
At American ships. The Marines leave victorious Jan. 31, 1943
After a disasterous night battle, the navy opts to leave the Marines on the
Island (some supplies still not unloaded). The Marines built an airstrip
(without heavy equipment) and began receiving air-lifted supplies.
The temporary resting
place of a Marine killed
in the fighting at
Lunga Point is shown
here. The grave marker
was erected by his friends.
The total cost of the Guadalcanal campaign to the American ground
combat forces was 1,598, 1,152 of them Marines. Marine aviation
casualties were 147 killed and 127 wounded. The Japanese lost close to
25,000 men on Guadalcanal, about half of whom succumbed to illness,
wounds, and starvation. The enemy loss of 2 battleships, 3 carriers, 12
cruisers, and 25 destroyers, was irreplaceable. The Allied ships losses,
though costly, were not fatal; in essence, all ships lost were replaced. In
the air, at least 600 Japanese planes were shot down; even more costly
was
the death of 2,300 experienced pilots and aircrewmen. excellent source
http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Guadalcanal.html
MACARTHUR/KING DISPUTE:
MacArthur (Army) advocated a move up from the
south-west, liberating the occupied territories as a the
major objectives; King (Navy) advocated attacking the
weak points of the Japanese (Formosa & Ryukyus) and
splitting the south-east Asia away from Japanese
control. Both plans were combined, but the more
difficult plan of MacArthur was more successful with
fewer supplies and fewer casualties (island hopping).
February 1944--U.S. captures Solomon, Gilbert, and
Marshall islands. Gilbert Island attack: 1,500 of the
5000 U.S. Marines died in one evening trying to land
on the shore. Of the 4,700 Japanese soldiers, only
100 surrendered. Marshall Islands: Of the 10,000
Japanese soldiers, only 130 surrendered. U.S. losses
total 372.
June 1944--U.S. attacks Mariana Islands; Battle of the
Philippines Sea.
Butaritari, Makin Atoll, Gilbert Islands, 1943
Solomon Island landing
#1 = Attack on Pearl Harbor, 12-7-41 #2 = Sinking of the Prince of Wales and Repulse,
12-10-41
#3 = Raids into the
Indian Ocean, 3-31
to 4-9-42
#4 = Battle of the
Coral Sea, May ‘42
#5 = Battle of
Midway, 6-4-42
#6 = Battle of the
Komandorski Islands,
3-26-43
#7 = Destruction of
Truk, 2-1944 (ALA)
#8 = Battle of the
Phillipine Sea, June
19-20, 1944
#9 = Sinking of
Yamato, April 7, ‘45
#10 = Final
Destruction, July 24
& 28, 1945
USS Alabama, 1942
October 1944--U.S. forces converge on Leyte Island in
Philippines. At the Battle of Luzon, Japanese lose
192,000 soldiers; U.S. lose 7,933.
Spring 1945--Battle of Iowa Jima and Battle of
Okinawa take place. At Iowa, six weeks of pre-invasion
bombing and shelling with little results. During the land
battle, almost all of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers died;
U.S. lost 6,821 At Okinawa, fanatic resistance by
Japanese cost 12,513 Americans killed, 36,600 wounded
Of the 130,000 Japanese soldiers, only
7,400 surrendered. Suicide attacks common.
"Flag raising on Iwo Jima."
Joe Rosenthal, 2-23-45
"USS
BUNKER
HILL hit by
two
Kamikazes
in 30
seconds on
11 May ‘45
Off
Okinawa.
Dead-372.
Wounded264.”

Hiroshima and Nagasaki:
Despite having lost their sea and air
power by late 1944, Japan refused to
surrender until two atomic bombs had
been dropped on these cities.
What led to the development of the
atomic bomb?
Einstein: developed the theory of
relativity and suggested that a new
powerful
weapon could
be built. He
also signed
a letter to
FDR.
Einstein, 1945
Roosevelt: fearing the Germans would
develop one first, FDR authorizes the
building of a nuclear bomb.
Manhattan Project: code name for the
top secret project to develop the bomb
which cost $2 billion (GRE).
J. Robert Oppenheimer: directed the
building of the atomic bomb.
Interim Committee: politicians,
military leaders, and scientists who
debated whether or not to drop the
atomic bomb and possible alternatives.
They recommended its use rather than
the other option of continued bombing
with conventional weapons and a naval
blockade. They chose the bomb to end
the war quickly and eliminate further
American casualties.
Truman: made the decision to use the
atomic bomb to end the war.
Hiroshima & Nagasaki: Japanese
cities bombed to end the war. Buildings
were demolished, and people were
killed and disfigured (GRE).
V.J. Day: August 15, 1945
August 6, 1945--U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima
In one minute, 78,500 were killed; thousands would die
later.
August 8, 1945--U.S.S.R. declares war on Japan.
August 9, 1945--U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki.
August 15, 1945—VJ Day
Little Boy (left) Hiroshima
and Fat Man (right) Nagasaki
Announcement of atomic bomb
dropping available on
We Interrupt This Broadcast
book/CD
V-J Day broadcast available on
We Interrupt This Broadcast book
/CD
"Col. Paul W. Tibbets,
Jr., pilot of the ENOLA GAY,
the plane that dropped the
atomic bomb on Hiroshima,
waves from his cockpit
before the takeoff, 6 August
1945."
H
I
R
O
S
H
I
M
A
AT
12000
meters
http://www.newseum.org/century/movies/movies.htm#
hiroshima shadows
http://online.sfsu.edu/~amkerner/ch/bridge.htm
Hiroshima at Ground Zero
“The world will note that the first atomic bomb
was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That
was because we wished in this first attack to
avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians.
But that attack is only a warning of things to
come. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will
have to be dropped on her war industries and,
unfortunately, thousands of civilian lives will be
lost. I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial
cities immediately, and save themselves
from destruction.” Truman radio speech 8-9-45
http://www.dannen.com/decision/ for Truman’s radio announcement
Nagasaki
Before the bomb
60,000
feet
above
Nagasaki
N
A
G
A
S
A
K
I
1945—Victory at Last
VII. The Big 3-Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill
1. Teheran Conference (1943) agreement to
invade France, divide Germany after the war,
and have the Soviet declare war against
Japan.
2. Yalta (Feb. 1945) agreement includes Stalin
promising to enter into the war against Japan,
recognize Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi), and
establish democratic govts. in Eastern Europe
with free elections. Remember, USSR troops
already occupied Eastern Europe and were
50 miles from Berlin. The U.S. would delay
going into Berlin to prevent American
casualties and to reassure the Soviets that
there would be no separate peace with
Germany.
3. Potsdam agreement (June '45) showed the
Allies splitting apart. The U.S. tried to work
with the Soviets in order to gain Soviet troops
for Japanese campaign and to help create the
Soviet Union. Diplomacy would fail and the
Cold War would begin out of the Soviet
refusal to follow various agreements.
Disagreements between the U.S/USSR was
mainly over Eastern Europe. USSR would
argue that the U.S. was being aggressive.
Casablanca Conference: (Jan. ’43)
strategy for Allies to focus on Europe,
not the Pacific.
Yalta Conference: was the plan for
post world war.
FDR’s death broadcast available on
We Interrupt This Broadcast book/CD
DBQ for Tuesday:
Hoover is often thought of as a
conservative; Roosevelt is often
thought of as a liberal. To what
extent are these characterizations
valid?
Chapter 27C—WWII Battles and
Conferences
(887-897 )
The student will understand some of the
fighting that took place in the European
and Pacific campaigns, as well as the
agreements that took place among the
Allies near the end of the war.
AL COS 11th grade #11