Transcript 4 Roads in the Garden of Beasts

Appeasement
Collaboration
Resistance
Dissent
Kevin P. Dincher
www.kevindincher.com
VERSAILLES TREATY (1919)


Forbidden to maintain or
construct any fortification either
on the Left bank of the Rhine or
on the Right bank to the west of
a line drawn fifty kilometers to
the East of the Rhine
A violation "in any manner
whatsoever … shall be regarded
as committing a hostile act...and
as calculated to disturb the
peace of the world".
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LOCARNO TREATY (1925/26)

Rhineland should continue its
demilitarized status
permanently

Voluntary German acceptance of
the Rhineland's demilitarized
status as opposed to the diktat
(dictate) of Versailles.

Britain and Italy guaranteed the
Franco-German border and the
continued demilitarized status of
the Rhineland
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
France
 Psychologically
 Economically

Britain
 “Not a problem”
Lacked resources

Italy
 League of Nations sanctions over Ethiopia
 Rapprochement with Germany
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
League of Nations
 Remilitarization
constituted a breach of
Versailles and Locarno
 Asked Hitler to develop
a new plan for European
security
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Eastern Europe
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
Grow the German
Population
 Recovery from WW I

Population Crisis
 Created by Versailles
Treaty
 Philosophical mandate

Integrate Ethnic
Germans
 Strengthen the “Volk”
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
Focused on the East
 Incorporating areas of
ethnic Germans
 “Germanification” of
Slavic (Poles) countries
 Eliminate “threats”
▪ Jews, Poles/Slavs,
communists
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1939-1942
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
Generalplan Ost
Immediate action (Nov 1939)
 50,000 Germans
 "Small Plan" (Kleine
Planung)
Future Plan (10 years)
▪ During the war
 "Big Plan" (Grosse Planung)
▪ After the war was won
▪ To be implemented
gradually over a period of 25
to 30 years.
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▪ Relocate 8 – 10 million
Germans
▪ The extermination,
expulsion, Germanization or
enslavement of most or all
East and West Slavs living
behind the front lines in
Europe.
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Drang nach Osten
Drive toward the East
• It is eastwards, only and
always eastwards, that
the veins of our race must
expand. It is the direction
which Nature herself has
decreed for the expansion
of the German peoples.
Hitler, 1944
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Ethnic Group
% target for
Elimination/Relocation
Poles
85%
Russians
60%
Belorussians
75%
Ukranians
65%
Lithuanians
85%
Latvians
50%
Estonians
50%
Czechs
50%
Latgalians
100%
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
The Imperial Cruise: A
Secret History of
Empire and War
(James Bradley)
 1905: Teddy Roosevelt
▪ Diplomatic mission to
Japan, the Philippines,
China, and Korea
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Monogenism
▪ Single origin of all human beings
▪ Religious Belief ( Adam and Eve)
▪ Evolution: Charles Darwin (1809
– 1882)
▪ 1859: On the Origin of Species
▪ 1871: Descent of Man
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Monogenism
KYA = Thousand
Years Ago
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Polygenism
•
Human beings originated in
multiple places
•
Evolved independently from
separate species of apes
•
Single species theories: Hierarchy of
Races
• Multiple species theories: Races =
different species
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•
Lucilio Vanini (1585-1619)
• De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium
Arcanis (1616)
• Africans:
• Descended from apes because of their skin color
• Other races not descended from apes
• A race hierarchy
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Polygenism
• Lucilio Vanini (1616)
• 17th Century: Age of Exploration
• 18th Century: Enlightenment (Voltaire/Hume)
• 19th and 20th Centuries: Aryan Race
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Aryan
• Late 19th century linguistic theory
• Indo-European Language Group
• Europe, the Iranian plateau, Asia Minor (Anatolia),
South Asia
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Indo-European Languages
Today: 3 billion native speakers (42%)
• Half of the world’s 439 languages and dialects
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Aryan Languages …. Aryan Race
•
Most ancient known IndoEuropean languages
•
•
Indo-Iranian
Aryan = form of “Iranian”

Indo-Iranians = Indo-Aryans =
Aryans
•
Aryan = Indo-European speakers
as a whole
•
Polygenism: constitute a
distinctive race
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Aryan Race
1. Human beings originated in multiple places
2. Different races
• Aryans = one of those races
•
Originated in Caucasus region (Causasian)
3. Hierarchy of races
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AngloSaxons
Slavs
Teutons
Aryans
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
Teutonic/Nordic/Germanic

Heirs and preservers

Top of the racial hierarchy
▪
▪
▪
Social Darwinism
Übermensch
Rightful place in the world
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
The French

Population Growth

Political and Ideological
Fragmentation


Threat of Democracy:
Individualism
Threat of Communism:
National Identity
Only Answer:
Authoritarian Government
Lebensraum


Geographic
Fragmentation

▪
Co-opt or neutralize
national/traditional
institutions
▪
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Trade unions, political
parties, army, churches
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Racial Integrity/Purity

Non-Aryans
▪

Jews, Slavs, Blacks, Gypsies
Lebensunwertes Leben
▪
▪
Life unworthy of life: “Weak” – “Deviants” – “Source of social unrest”
Eugenics and Euthanasia Programs
▪
Nuremberg Trials Estimates

Forced sterilization: over 400,000 people

Euthanasia Program (Aktion T4)
•
1939-1941: 70,000 people killed
•
1941-1945: 270,000 people killed
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
An underground
organization engaged in
a struggle for national
liberation in a country
under military or
totalitarian occupation
▪ Resistance Movements (aka
“The Underground”) existed
in every occupied country
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
Most Notable Resistance
Movements
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Yugoslav Partisans
Polish Home Army
Soviet Partisans
French Forces of the Interior
Italian CLN
Norwegian Resistance
Greek Resistance
Dutch Resistance
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Resistance Took Many Forms

Uprisings and guerilla
warfare

Forging documents

Sabotage

Covert listening to BBC

Strikes and
demonstrations

Hiding people

Raids on offices


Espionage
Assisting Allies caught
behind Axis lines

Illegal Press

Helping POWs
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 No united/coordinated resistance movement in
Germany at any time during the Nazi period
 Generally small, isolated groups
▪ Gestapo
▪ Ideological Difference
 77,000 German citizens executed form of
resistance
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
Estimate
 77,000 German citizens executed for some form of
resistance
 Canadian historian Peter Hoffman
▪ “Tens of thousands” in concentration camps for resistance
 German historian Hans Mommsen
▪ “Resistance without people”
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Jan 1933
 640,000 Jews in
Germany
Sep 1942:
 75,800 Jews in Germany
 Working in arms industry
 Plan: to replace with force
labor
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Jan 1943
 15,100 Jewish workers in
Berlin
 5300 outside the capital
Feb 1943
 Majar Action on the Jews
(Großaktion Juden)
 Evacuation Action
(Evakuierungsaktion)
 Factory Action
(Fabrikaktion)
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Fabrikaktion excluded:

Jew in mixed marriages

Geltungsjuden

Jews over 65 unless married to Jews under 65

Decorated Jewish veterans of WWI

Special persons listed by name
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
Outside Berlin
 26 Feb 1943
▪ Ordered to register with
Gestapo the next day


20,500 Jews in
Germany
 4000 people escaped
 1500 survived the war
Berlin
 100 factories
 Arrested and held in 6
locations in Berlin to
await deportation
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
Jewish Community Center
 Rosenstraße (Rose Street)
 1800 Jewish men
▪ Married to non-Jewish women
▪ Geltugsjuden
“Give us our husbands back”
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
Without warning, the guards began
setting up machine guns,” she said.
“Then they directed them at the
crowd and shouted: ‘If you don’t go
now, we’ll shoot.’ The movement
surged backward. But then, for the
first time, we really hollered. Now we
couldn’t care less...Now they’re
going to shoot in any case, so now
we’ll yell too, we thought. We yelled,
‘Murderer, murderer, murderer,
murderer’...”
Charlotte Israel
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
“We acted from the heart, and look
what happened. …We wanted to
show that we weren’t willing to let
them go. ...I did what was given to
me. When my husband needed my
protection, I protected him. I went to
Rosenstrasse every day before work.
And there was always a flood of
people there. It wasn’t organized or
instigated. Everyone was simply
there. Exactly like me.”
Elza Holzer
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"The strength of civil disobedience, the vigor of love overcomes the violence of
dictatorship; Give us our men back; Women were standing here, defeating death;
Jewish men were free.“
Block der Frauen (Block of Women): Rosenstraße Protest Monument, Berlin
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
Rosenstraße
 2003 film

Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and
the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany
 Nathan Stoltzfus
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• Non-violent, intellectual resistence movement
• Students at University of Munich
• Anonymous leaflet (6) and graffiti campaign
• June 1942 until February 1943
• 7th leaflet written by not copied/distributed
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Students from the University of Munich comprised the core of the
White Rose
Hans Scholl
Katharina Schueddekopf
Sophie Scholl
Lieselotte (Lilo) Berndl
Alex Schmorell
Jürgen Wittenstein
Willi Graf
Marie-Luise Jahn
Christoph Probst
Falk Harnack
Traute Lafrenz
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1941: Bishop August von
Galen
 Sermon against
Euthanasia policies
 Reprinted sermon
 Leaflets
▪ Jun 1942 – Feb 1943
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
Distribution?
 Leaflet 5
▪ 6000-9000 copies
▪ Copies appeared in
Stuttgart, Cologne, Vienna,
Freiburg, Chemnitz,
Hamburg, Innsbruck, and
Berlin
 Leaflet No. 6:
▪ Smuggled out of Germany
▪ Dropped from Allied aircraft
as propaganda over Nazi
Germany
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
We will not be silent.
We are your bad
conscience. The White
Rose will not leave you
in peace!
 Leaflet 4's concluding
phrase
 “We not be silent”
▪ Became the motto of the
White Rose resistance.
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
Sophie Scholl – Die letztenTage (Sophie Scholl: The
Final Days)
 2005 – nominated for Best Foreign Language Film in 2006

Das Versprechen (The Promise)
 Film financed by Bavarian state government (1970s)

Fünf letzteTage (The Last Five Days)
 1982

Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose)
 1982
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Maurice Bavaud (1916 – 1941)
 Nov 1938
Johann Georg Elser (1903 – 1945)
 Nov 1939
 5 ½ years in Dachau - "special
security prisoner
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Aristocracy/Military
•
Tradition of personal obligation
•
Conflicted
•
Loyalty to the state – mutiny
unthinkable
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Aristocracy/Military
•
Before 1938:
•
•
Goal = avoid war
Beginning in 1938:
•
•
•
Coup if go to war?
General Hans Oster
November 1939:
•
•
Coup if invasion of
Belgium/Netherlands
Rapid/easy victories
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Aristocracy/Military
•
Operation Valkyrie (Operation
Walküre,1944)
•
Assassinate Hitler
•
Create a new government
•
Wolf's Lair, Rastenburg, East Prussia
•
•
•
•
Count Claus von
Stauffenberg
July 7 (Salzburg)
July 11
July 15
July 20
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Operation
Valkyrie
(1944)
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Aristocracy/Military

Failure of Operation Valkyrie
•
Revealed earlier plots
•
•
•
7000 arrested
4980 executed
Effectively ended organized resistance within
Germany
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Three groups used this name
 Anti-Nazi resistance movement in Berlin
 Soviet espionage rings operating in German-occupied
Europe and Switzerland during World War II
 1942: Red Orchestra Special Detachment (Gestapo,
army, SS)
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The Red Orchestra (Die Rote Kapelle) Resistance
•
Trepper group in Germany, France, and Belgium (1939-1943)
•
•
Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group in Berlin (1936 – 1942)
•
•
Leopold Trepper
Harro Schulze-Boysen (1936) and Arvid Harnack (1937)
• Intelligence to Americans
• Leaflets
• Underground railroad
The Red Three (rote Drei) in Switzerland (1936 – 1944)
•
•
Alexander Radó
Lucy Spy Ring (Rudolph Roessler)
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•
Economic Resistance
•
Clandestine Press
•
Intelligence
•
Sabotage
•
Guerilla Warfare
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•
Collective term
• Several underground resistance organizations in
Poland
• Loyal to the Polish Government in Exile in London
•
Estimates: 1 million people (military)
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gaullist
Communists
Socialists
Vichy Collaborators
Foreigners
Jews
Women
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•
Women
• 11% of members
• Antifeminism
Lucie Bernard Aubrac (1912-2007)
resister and co-founder of Libération-Sud
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•
Women
• 11% of members
• Antifeminism
Hélène Viannay
resister and co-founder of Défense de la France
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•
Women
• 11% of members
• Antifeminism
Marie-Madeleine Fourcade (1909-1989)
only female leader in the Résistance and head
of the Alliance network.
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•
70,000 Italian women were organized in the women
defense groups.
•
35,000 (of 232.841 fighting persons) women were
fighting as partisans.
•
4,600 were arrested, tortured and sentenced,
•
2,750 were deported to Germany
•
623 were shot or killed in fighting
•
512 women were placed in official functions, as
commissioners and commanders
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