Transcript 4 Roads in the Garden of Beasts

Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay
4 ROADS IN THE
GARDEN OF BEASTS
APPEASEMENT, COLLABORATION,
RESISTANCE AND DISSENT
Kevin P. Dincher
www.kevindincher.com
www.crazymoonconsulting.com
Block der Frauen (Block of Women): Rosenstraße Protest Monument, Berlin
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"The strength of civil disobedience, the vigor of love overcomes the violence of
dictatorship; Give us our men back; Women were standing here, defeating death;
Jewish men were free.“
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FOUR ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS
APPEASEMENT
The policy of acceding
to the demands of a
potentially hostile
nation in the hope of
maintaining peace
1. “Cowardice”
2. Political/Economic
Instability
3. Nativism, Isolationism,
Neutrality and Pacifism
4. Hitler’s Message
(Peace/Justice)
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5. America’s own AntiSemitism
COLLABORATION
To cooperate
treasonably, as with an
enemy occupation
force in one's country
1. Not citizens of the
Third Reich
2. Willingly supported
Nazi Agenda or
Activities
3. Motivated by:
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Nationalism
Ethnic hatred
Anti-communism
Anti-Semitism
Opportunism
Survival
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•
•
•
•
•
•
RESISTANCE
•
Underground
Organization
•
•
“Struggle”
•
•
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In Germany
Outside
Germany
Armed
Un-armed
6
An underground
•
organization engaged in
a struggle for national
liberation in a country
under military or
totalitarian occupation
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
No united or coordinated resistance movement in Germany at any
time during the Nazi period
•
•
•
Gestapo
Ideological differences
Estimates
•
•
77,000 German citizens executed
“tens of thousands” German citizens sent to concentration camps
•
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Hans Mommsen
• One of the leading historian on Nazi Germany and Holocaust
• Hitler = weak dictator
• "resistance without the people"
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•
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THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL
MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991
•
Not Jewish, but
experienced antiSemitism
• 1920s
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• Magazine articles
• Advertisements
• Comic Strip
THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL
MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991
1937
•
"A Story That No One Can Beat“
•
"Lookin' Out My Back Door“
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1970
John Fogarty, Creedance
Clearwater Revial
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THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL
MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991
World War II Political Cartoon
Communism:
•
•
Threat was overstated
Bigger danger: Dies Committee (1938)
•
House Committee on Un-American Activities (1947-1975)
•
Holocaust
•
Discrimination against African-Americans and Jews in
the US
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•
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THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL
MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991
World War II Political Cartoon
•
Japanese and Japanese-Americans
"In response to the letters defending John Haynes Holmes... sure, I believe in
love, brotherhood and a cooing white pigeon on every man's roof. I even
think it's nice to have pacifists and strawberry festivals...in between wars.
But right now, when the Japs are planting their hatchets in our skulls, it seem
like a hell of a time for us to smile and warble: 'Brothers!'
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It is a rather flabby battlecry. If we want to win, we've got to kill Japs, whether
it depresses John Haynes Holmes or not. We can get palsy-walsy afterward
with those that are left."
THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL
MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991
World War II Political Cartoon
•
Japanese and Japanese-Americans
1954
• Allegory for the Hiroshima
bombing and the American postwar occupation of Japan,
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• Dedicated the book to a Japanese
friend.
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CAPTAIN GUSTAV SCHRÖDER
RESISTANCE
•
Underground
Organization
•
•
“Struggle”
•
•
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In Germany
Outside
Germany
Armed
Un-armed
22
An underground
•
organization engaged in
a struggle for national
liberation in a country
under military or
totalitarian occupation
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
No united or coordinated resistance movement in Germany at any
time during the Nazi period
•
•
•
Gestapo
Ideological differences
Estimates
•
•
77,000 German citizens executed
“tens of thousands” German citizens sent to concentration camps
•
Garden of Beasts
Hans Mommsen
• One of the leading historian on Nazi Germany and Holocaust
• Hitler = weak dictator
• "resistance without the people"
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•
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Odeonplatz,
Munich
Feldherrnhalle
• 1923 Beer
Hall Putsch
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• Blood
Order
(Blutorden)
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Palais Preysing
Viscardigasse: Giovanni Antonio Viscardi (1645 – 1713)
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Nickname: “Drückebergergasse".
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
Maurice Bavaud (1916 – 1941)
Johann Georg Elser (1903 – 1945)
November 8 - 9
• 1918: German Republic declared
• 1923: Beer Hall Putsch
• 1938: Kristallnacht
•
Assassination attempt by Bavaud
• 1939: Assassination attempt by Elser
•
•
5 ½ years in Dachau - "special security prisoner"
Executed April 9, 1945
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• 1989: Berlin Wall came down
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
1933 – 1939: Pre-war
• Almost no organized resistance within Germany
•
•
•
Gestapo/SS
Popularity of Hitler regime
Elimination of Opposition Groups
• Trade Unions and Political Parties (1933)
• Concordat with the Catholic Church (1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (1934)
• Pockets of resistance
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Could not agree on goals/methods
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•
REICHSKONKORDAT (1933)
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Catholic Church: “institution” or
“organization”
•
Pius XI (1922-1939): concordats 21
countries
• Safeguard church interests and
its freedom to act
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Concordat = “Treaty” – between a state
and the Catholic Church
REICHSKONKORDAT (1933)
• Gave Hitler prestige
• Excluded Catholic clergy and
organizations from politics
•
Ended the German Center Party
• Conditioned German bishops to avoid
speaking
•
•
•
Eugenio Pacelli
•
Appointment approval
Limit on what they could talk about
Oath of loyalty and respect the
government
Pius XII (1939 – 1958)
•
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Subjected the church to legal
regulation under civil law
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• Government control
REICHSKONKORDAT
(1933)
Effectively ended any organized
resistance/dissent
2700 clergy sent to concentration
camps
•
2600 were Catholic
•
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600 survived
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•
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
1933 – 1939: Pre-war
• Almost no organized resistance within Germany
•
•
•
Gestapo/SS
Popularity of Hitler regime
Elimination of Opposition Groups
• Trade Unions and Political Parties (1933)
• Concordat with the Catholic Church (1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (1934)
• Pockets of resistance
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Could not agree on goals/methods
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•
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military
Tradition of personal obligation
Individuals with power
Conflicted
•
•
Loyalty to the state – mutiny unthinkable
Goals:
•
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Before 1938: Avoid war
Beginning in 1938: coup if go to war?
November 1939:
•
Coup if invasion of Belgium/Netherlands
•
Hans Oster
•
Rapid/easy victories
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•
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RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military
Operation Valkyrie (Operation Walküre,1944)
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Assassinate Hitler
•
Create a new government
•
Wolf's Lair, Rastenburg, East Prussia
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July 7: Salzburg
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July 11
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July 15
•
July 20
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Count Claus von
Stauffenberg
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RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
1938 – 1942:
Resistance of the
German Aristocracy
and the Military
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Operation Valkyrie
(1944)
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
1938 – 1942:
Resistance of the
German Aristocracy
and the Military
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Operation Valkyrie
(1944)
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
1938 – 1942:
Resistance of the
German Aristocracy
and the Military
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Operation Valkyrie
(1944)
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military
Failure of Operation Valkyrie (Operation Walküre,1944)
•
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Revealed earlier plots:
•
1938
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1939
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1943-1944 : Operation Spark
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Hitler's aircraft
•
Museum
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Winter Uniform
•
Suicide Mission
•
Water tower
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RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military
Failure of Operation Valkyrie (Operation Walküre,1944)
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7000 arrested
•
4980 executed
•
Effectively ended organized resistance within Germany
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RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
The White Rose (die Weiße Rose)
• Non-violent, intellectual resistence movement
•
Students at University of Munich
• Anonymous leaflet (6) and graffiti campaign
•
June 1942 until February 1943
• Original Leaflet (1941)
• Fifth Leaflet: January 1943
6,000 and 9,000 copies
• Sixth Leaflet: February 1943
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RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
The Red Orchestra (Die Rote Kapelle)
• Anti-Nazi resistance movement in Berlin
• Soviet espionage rings operating in German-occupied Europe
and Switzerland during World War II
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• 1942: Red Orchestra Special Detachment (Gestapo, army, SS)
RESISTANCE IN
GERMANY
The Red Orchestra (Die Rote Kapelle)
Trepper group in Germany, France, and Belgium (1939-1943)
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•
Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group in Berlin (1936 – 1942)
•
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Leopold Trepper
Harro Schulze-Boysen (1936) and Arvid Harnack (1937)
• Intelligence to Americans
• Leaflets
• Underground railroad
The Red Three (rote Drei) in Switzerland (1936 – 1944)
•
•
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Alexander Radó
Lucy Spy Ring (Rudolph Roessler)
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RESISTANCE OUTSIDE
GERMANY
• Economic Resistance
• Clandestine Press
• Intelligence
• Sabotage
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• Guerilla Warfare
RESISTANCE OUTSIDE
GERMANY
Polish Underground State
• Collective term
• Several underground resistance organizations in Poland
• Loyal to the Polish Government in Exile in London
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• Estimates: 1 million people (military)
RESISTANCE OUTSIDE
GERMANY
French Resistance
• Gaullist
• Communists
• Socialists
• Vichy Collaborators
• Foreigners
• Jews
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• Women
RESISTANCE OUTSIDE
GERMANY
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Italian Resistance
RESISTANCE OUTSIDE
GERMANY
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Italian Resistance
RESISTANCE OUTSIDE
GERMANY
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Italian Resistance
RESISTANCE OUTSIDE
GERMANY
Italian Resistance
• 70,000 Italian women were organized in the women defense
groups.
• 35,000 (of 232.841 fighting persons) women were fighting as
partisans.
• 4,600 were arrested, tortured and sentenced,
• 2.750 were deported to Germany
• 623 were shot or killed in fighting
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• 512 women were placed in official functions, as commissioners and
commanders
RESISTANCE OUTSIDE
GERMANY
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Italian Resistance