Transcript WWIIUSHistory

WWII
J. Newman
January 2011
3 mistakes Europe’s leaders make
regarding Hitler
Europe’s leaders believed war
could be prevented
because:
1. Not too long since last war,
avoid another bloody
conflict
2. Hitler’s demand that all
German-speaking regions
of Europe be united with
Germany was reasonable
3. Many assumed that the
Nazis would be more
interested in peace once
they gained more territory.
Anschluss
• 1938- Hitler threatened to
invade Austria unless
Austrian Nazis were given
important govt. posts.
(Austria’s chancellor gave
in)
• The chancellor put the
unification of GY & AU to a
democratic vote
• Hitler sent troops into
Austria in March &
announced Anschluss
(unification) of AU &
GY
"One People, One Empire,
One Leader"
Czechoslovakia & appeasement
• Hitler wanted the
Sudetenland (area of
Czechoslovakia that had a
German-speaking
population
• Sep. 29, 1938- Munich
Conference- BR & FR
agreed to Hitler’s demands
(Czechs not invited)
• Hitler will be appeased
over and over again until
it’s too late!
Poland
• Hitler wanted Poland
• German roots & room for GY to grow
• Aug. 23, 1939- Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression
Pact– GY & SU would not attack each other
(secret part- when Hitler takes Poland, GY
gets west Poland, SU gets east Poland)
• Sep. 1, 1939- GY blitzkrieg in Poland
(quick and mass air, land, and sea invasion)Poland fell in just over a month
• Sep. 3- GB & FR declare war on GY
“The Phony War”- Sitzkrieg (sitting war)
For 8 months, FR & GY waited to see who would make the first move
• Maginot Line- France’s line
of defense
• Siegfried Line- Germany’s
line of defense
So many countries, so little time!
• While France waited on GY
to attack, Hitler sent
troops to attack Norway &
Denmark- April 9, 1940
• Operation Weserübung
• Both countries fell in a
month
Fall of France
• GY goes around the
Maginot Line
(through Ardennes
Mountains/Forest
with tanks- which
the French thought
wouldn’t work)
• June 22, 1940France surrenders
• “puppet govt.”led by
Pétain at Vichy set
up
Don’t write- just watch
• The Miracle at Dunkirk
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwar
s/wwtwo/launch_ani_fall_france_cam
paign.shtml
Churchill replaces Chamberlain as P.M. in
Great Britain
• *Don’t have to write the quote!
“Even though large tracts of Europe have
fallen…we shall not flag or fail…We shall
defend our island, whatever the cost may
be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall
fight on the landing grounds, we shall
fight in the fields and in the streets, we
shall fight in the hills; we shall never
surrender.”
• Churchill
Battle of Britain
• Problem for GY- had
few transport ships,
which would get sunk
by the British air force
(this would have to be
defeated first)
• June 1940- The
Luftwaffe started air
battles with the RAF.
• Aug. 23- German bombers (“accidentally”) bombed
London which made the British really mad
(Britain responded by bombing Berlin)
• Hitler’s goal then was to terrorize the BR citizens
into surrendering
Battle of Britain is over!
• British had radar- could see when the German
were coming
• Oct. 12, 1940- Hitler cancelled the invasion
U.S. (slowly, but surely) gets involved
• Lend-Lease Act (1940)- FDR said the U.S. would
lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital
to the defense of the U.S.”
• Atlantic Charter (1941)- meeting b/w FDR &
Churchill, committed the two to a postwar world of
democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic
advancement, and freedom of the seas
Pearl Harbor
• Dec. 7, 1941- “A Date Which Will Live in Infamy”
• Japan wanted to destroy the entire U.S. Pacific fleet
(wasn’t successful)
• Dec. 8- U.S. declares war!
Assignment
• Take 5-10 minutes and respond to this question (at least half a
page to a page) Save your paper- don’t turn it in yet.
• How would you feel if this evening while you were home,
some soldiers came to your door and said “You have 2 hours
to pack. We’re taking you to a special camp”? You have to
leave almost all of your friends behind, and you can only
take what you can carry with you. All this you have to do
because of how you look. How would you react? What would
you say? What would you take with you?
Japanese Internment Camps
*Executive Order 9066 (Feb. 1942). “War Relocation Camps”
• 65% had been born in the U.S., many will serve in the U.S. armed
forces
• the govt. claimed to do this for national security (didn’t do this to
Italian-Americans or German-Americans)
• They lost personal property, businesses, and money while in the
camps
• Camps became like mini communities- schools, baseball teams, barber
shops, etc.
• Ended Jan. 1945
A Japanese American unfurled this
banner the day after the Pearl Harbor
attack. This photograph was taken in
March 1942, just prior to the man's
internment.
Children at the Weill public school in
San Francisco pledge allegiance to the
American flag in April 1942, prior to the
internment of Japanese Americans.
Japanese American family awaiting
evacuation in Hayward, California
in 1942
*Don’t write this slide*
Apology
• In 1988, Congress passed and Pres. Reagan signed legislation which
apologized for the internment on behalf of the U.S. govt. The
legislation stated that government actions were based on "race
prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership". About
$1.6 billion in reparations were later disbursed by the U.S.
government to surviving internees and their heirs.
2nd. Question
• Answer on back of the page (that you
answered the 1st. Question)
• ½ pg. to a page
• Using our discussion & your opinion, was
the U.S. justified in sending JapaneseAmericans to the camps. Yes/No? Why/Why
not? Give reasons.
• Cost-plus contractsthe govt. agreed to pay
a company whatever it
cost to make a product
plus a guaranteed % of
the costs as profit (the
more a company
produced & the faster
it worked, the more
money it would make)
• RFC (Reconstruction
Finance Corporation)made loans to
companies to help
them cover the cost of
converting to war
production
Convert the Economy
War Production
• Automobile factories began to
produce:
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Tanks
Jeeps
Trucks
Artillery
Rifles
Mines
Helmets
Pontoon bridges
cooking pots
Misc. military equipment
Liberty Ships
• Henry Kaiser’s
shipyards
• Basic cargo ship
• Welded- cheap, easy to
build, & very hard to
sink compared to
riveted ships
War Production Board
• had the authority to set
priorities & production
goals & to control the
distribution of raw
materials & supplies
Expanding the U.S. Army
• Selective Service and
Training Act
• Set up after FR
surrendered to GY
• GI’s- “government issue”
(American soldiers)
• African Americans
segregated in the military
(barracks, bathrooms, and
in combat)
• 1948- military integrated
Tuskegee Airmen
• African American unit that
trained in Tuskegee, AL
• 99th Pursuit Squadron
played an important role
during the Battle of Anzio
in Italy
Women in WWII
• WAC (Women’s
Army Corps)- 1943
• WAVES (Women
Accepted for
Volunteer
Emergency
Service)- Navy
• 68,000 served as
nurses
• “Rosie the
Riveter”- symbol of
women in WWII
• 2.5 mil. worked in
shipyards, aircraft
factories, &
manufacturing
plants
•
“I learned that just because you’re a woman
and have never worked is no reason you can’t
learn. The job really broadened me…I had
always been in a shell; I’d always been
protected. But at Boeing I found a freedom
and an independence I had never known.
After the war I could never go back to playing
bridge again, being a clubwoman…when I
knew there were things you could use your
mind for. The war changed my life
completely.”
• *Inez Sauer
Rationing
• Rationing- limiting the
availability of: meat, sugar,
gasoline, etc. (speed limit
set to 35mph)
DON’T WRITE INFO.
BELOW!
• Every month, you got a book
of ration coupons
• Blue coupons- controlled
processed foods
• Red coupons- controlled
meats, fats, oils
• Other coupons- controlled
coffee, sugar, etc.
• You had to give enough
coupon points to cover your
purchase
Stamps had a uniform value of 10
points each. The token had a
value of 1 point each and was
used to make change from a 10
point stamp.
Victory Gardens & E bonds
• Victory Gardens
• An area of land was
encouraged to be used for
a victory garden
• Would produce more food
for the war effort
• Scrap Drives
• Spare rubber, tin cans,
aluminum, steel, pots,
rusting bicycles (oils &
fats- used for the
production of explosives)
• E bonds
• War bonds
• $50 billion worth bought
during WWII
The End of Mussolini
• April 28, 1945- after Italy was taken by the Allies,
Mussolini tried to escape, but was captured and
he, his mistress (Clara Petacci) and other Fascists
were shot and hung in the Milan town square.
(public display)
Cross marking
the place in
Mezzegra where
Mussolini was
shot.
Hitler & Eva
• Between April 27April 29, 1945Hitler married his
long-time girlfriend,
Eva Braun and
wrote a letter stating
the Jews were to
blame for starting
the war and his
generals for losing it!
The Death of Hitler
The Last Photo
April 30 (Mrs. Newman’s Birthday)- Hitler and Eva took cyanide
capsules to end their life.
Hitler then shot himself in the head
Their bodies were taken outside and burned.
V-E Day
• Victory in Europe
Day
• May 7, 1945- Gen.
Eisenhower
accepted the
unconditional
surrender of the
Third Reich
• May 8, 1945- Pres.
Truman declared
V-E Day
End of War- Japan
• March 1945- American
forces took Iwo Jima
• April 1945- U.S. troops
moved to OkinawaJapanese started using
kamikazes (“divine
wind”)- suicide pilots as
a last ditch effort
• By June 1945- Japanese
resistance ended- Japan
now open for invasion
Kiyoshi
Ogawa
posing
before he
killed
himself in a
kamikaze
attack on
the USS
Bunker Hill
on May 11,
1945.
The end is near…
• Pres. Truman’s
advisors told him
an invasion of
Japan would cost
the Allies half a
million lives
• The Manhattan
Project was
developed
• They would create
the Atomic Bomb
A selection of U.S. sites
important to the Manhattan
Project.
The Bombs
• Warning leaflets were
dropped in Japan (“a
reign of death/fire will
fall if you do not
surrender”)
• Aug. 6, 1945- Enola
Gay dropped “Little
Boy” on Hiroshima
Little Boy
• Aug. 9- “Fat Man”
dropped on Nagasaki
Fat Man
Surrender and V-J Day
• Aug. 15, 1945- V-J
(Victory in Japan)
Day declared
• Sep. 2, 1945Japanese
surrendered to
Gen. MacArthur on
the USS Missouri
in Tokyo Bay