Transcript 20thCenturyTotalPPT2

th
20
Century European History
Short & Long Questions
www.historyvault.ie - Billy McSweeney (c)
2014
20th Century International Relations
Phase I
1919 – 1939
The Uneasy Peace
Phase II
1939 – 1945
World War II
Phase III
1945 – 1990
The Cold War
(SLIDES 3-38)
(Slides 39-69)
(Slides 70-94)
•Treaty of Versailles
•Weimar Republic
•Mussolini’s Italy
•Wall Street Crash
•Great Depression
•Rise of Extremism
•League of Nations
•Nazi Germany
•Appeasement
•Munich Conference
•Invasion of Poland
•Blitzkrieg
•The Phoney War
•Hitler’s Turns West
•The Maginot Line
•Fall of France
•Vichy France
•Operation Dynamo
•Operation Eagle (Battle of Britain)
•Operation Sealion
•Operation Barbarossa
•Battle of Stalingrad
•Pearl Harbour
•Final Solution
•Operation Overlord: D-Day
•The Battle of the Bulge
•The Manhattan Project
•Fall of Berlin
•The Holocaust
•Hiroshima & Nagasaki
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2014
•Divided Germany
•Europe Divided
•NATO & Warsaw Pact
•SuperPowers
•Operation Vittles: Berlin Blockade
•The Truman Doctrine
•The Korean War
•Sputnik I
•Yuri Gagarin
•NASA
•Cuban Missile Crisis
•The Vietnam War
•SALT
Rearmament
War Guilt Clause
Anschluss
Hyperinflation
Night of the Long Knives
Squadristi
Der Fuhrer
Kristallnacht
Reparations
Nuremberg Laws
Brownshirts (SA)
Acerbo Law
Phase I: 1919 – 1939
The Uneasy Peace
Lebensraum
Appeasement
Wall Street Crash
Herrenvolk
Il Duce
March on Rome
Propaganda
Enabling Law
Fourteen Points
OVRA
Great Depression
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Battle for Grain
Weimar (c)
Republic
2014
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Germany:
Article 231: ‘War Guilt Clause’
Whereby Germany accepted complete
responsibility for the war and the damage
it caused
• Lost Alsace-Lorraine to France &
City of Danzig was administered
by League of Nations. Also lost
Posen to Poland (and all its
overseas colonies)
• Had to reparations of 6.6 billion
marks to France, Belgium &
Britain
• Army reduced to 100,000 men
• U-boats scrapped
• Surface navy reduced
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2014
War Guilt Clause (1919)
Article 231:
‘War Guilt Clause’
Whereby Germany accepted complete responsibility for the war and the damage it caused
This would become a item of contention & controversy in Germany from 1920 on, providing Hitler
& the Nazis with a reason to call the Weimar Republic a “nation founded in defeat” and a
means to attract German Nationalists to their extreme ideology.
’Dolchstoßlegende’: ‘Stab in the back’ myth
(Nazi accusation towards German politicians of 1918)
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2014
4 New Countries Created
after World War I
•
•
•
•
Austria
Hungary
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
One of President Wilson’s 14 Points
was that of ‘self-determination of small
nations’. This helped to break up old
empires and create many new small
nations throughout Europe.
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2014
March on Rome
(22nd – 29th October1922)
•
The Italian National Fascist Party
marched on Rome, demanding to be
made the new government of Italy
•
The Blackshirts (‘Squadristi’) led the
march on Rome
•
30,000 men took part in the march
•
The Italian King, fearing a civil war,
invited Mussolini and his party to form
a new government for Italy
•
Contrary to popular belief, Mussolini
did not take part in the march. Staged
photos were later taken
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The Blackshirts
‘Squadristi’
• Italian Fascist Militia
• Strongly pro-nationalist
• Supported Mussolini & the
Italian Fascist Party
• Intimidated political
opponents
• Attacked Communist parties
& groups
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2014
Acerbo Law
(1923)
•A law passed in Italy in 1923
whereby the political party who
won the most seats would
automatically get 2/3 of the
seats in the Italian Parliament.
• Ostensibly introduced to
create strong, stable
governments, the law was in
fact introduced to give
Mussolini and the Italian
Fascists dominance over the
parliament.
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2014
Reasons Why Mussolini’s Party
Gained Support after 1919
• Many Italians felt that they should have received more land in
the Paris Peace Settlement and resented the little they received.
• Mussolini promised to crush communism and take on the
mafia gangs
• Italy was heavily in debt after the First World War and
Mussolini promised to bring strong, stable government to Italy
• Effective use of propaganda
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2014
OVRA
Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism
• Italian Secret Police in
Mussolini’s Italy
• Founded in 1927
• Leader: Arturo Bocchini
• Arrest, detain & torture
opponents of fascism in Italy
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2014
‘Battle for Grain’
•
Poor marshland was drained &
reclaimed for wheat production.
Government gave grants to farmers to
invest in machinery & fertiliser.
•
Tariffs placed on imported bread
•
Mussolini wanted to reduce Italy’s
balance of trade deficit (due to
imports). He wanted to make Italy as
self-sufficient as possible
•
Italy was almost entirely self-sufficient
in wheat production by 1940
Mussolini ‘working’ in the fields, bringing in
the harvest (Propaganda)
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Weimar Germany
1919 - 1933
• Founded in the aftermath of the
abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
• City of Weimar was the capital of
the new republic.
• Gustav Streseman was the Prime
Minister of Weimar in 1923 and
Foreign Minister from 1924 –
1929.
• The Young Plan & Dawes Plan
(American loans) helped to
alleviate the financial burden on
Weimar, particularly reparations &
employment.
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2014
Threats to the Weimar Republic
(1919 – 1933)
•
Both Communist (KPD) and Fascist
(NSDAP) parties threatened the
stability of Weimar Germany.
•
Associated with defeat of World War
One, many Germans disliked the
Weimar Republic as being artificial
and weak.
•
Weimar suffered from depression &
hyperinflation from 1920 – 1923 due
to the enormous strain on its economy
from payment of the war reparations.
• Weimar Republic joined the
League of Nations in 1925 with
the signing of the Locarno Pact,
which declared that Germany
would respect the western borders
set out in the Treaty of Versailles.
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2014
Extremist Uprisings in
Weimar Republic
Communist
• Spartacist Uprising (1919)
•
Nationalist & Fascist
• Kapp Putsch - nationalist uprising
(1920)
• Beer Hall Putsch – Fascist (1923)
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2 Reasons for Growth of Fascism in Europe after
World War One
Fear of Communism
Unstable Economies & High
Unemployment
• Most western countries were afraid
of communism spreading to their
countries after the Bolshevik
Revolution of 1917 in Russia.
• Many European countries suffered
greatly from the Wall Street Crash
and following Depression
throughout Europe.
• Because of this, many people
supported fascist parties as they
were seen to be strongly anticommunist
• In Germany, there were over 6
million workers unemployed by
the time Hitler & the Nazis took
power in 1933, promising to
eradicate unemployment
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2014
Wall Street Crash (1929)
•
4th October – 29th October 1929
•
Investors (up to 25,000,000) had invested
steadily in a growing American Stock
Exchange during the 1920s.
•
However, when rates began to drop,
people rushed to sell their shares and
caused the Stock Exchange to collapse
•
On 29th October – ‘Black Tuesday’ the
American Stock Exchange lost 30 Billion
Dollars worth of shares through hurried
sales. The event plunged USA into the
‘Great Depression’, which also affected all
of Western Europe
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2014
Lateran Treaty (1929)
The Treaty recognised:
• Catholic religion as the official
state religion, with the Church
being granted special authority
over education & marriage laws
• Also, the treaty meant that Italy
recognised the Vatican as an
independent city-state
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2014
Reasons Why Hitler &
Nazis Came to Power in
1933
• Resentment at the Treaty of
Versailles
• Failure of democratic
governments to deal with
economic crisis following the
Wall Street Crash
• Fear of communist groups
staging a revolution & taking
power in Germany
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2014
The Brownshirts (SA)
Germany
• Ernst Rohm (leader)
• Militia of ex German soldiers &
officers (WW1) that supported
Nazi party demonstrations &
speeches
• Strongly pro-nationalist & anticommunist
• Disrupted rival party gatherings
and clashed with communist
groups
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2014
Enabling Act (1933)
• Introduced in 1933 after the
Reichstag Fire, this law granted
Hitler the right to ‘rule by decree’
• This meant that Hitler could make
decisions and enact policies
without consulting the German
Parliament, in times of emergency
• In effect, it made him a dictator as
soon after this, all other political
parties were banned in Germany,
creating a totalitarian state.
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2014
Night of the Long Knives
( June 30th – July 2nd1934)
• Ernst Rohm & hundreds of
leading members of the
Brownshirts (SA) assassinated by
Nazis.
• The SA leadership was targeted by
Hitler as they refused to become
part of the German Army
(Wehrmacht)
• Hitler knew he needed the
support of the German High
Command, who refused to allow a
‘second’ private army operate in
Germany.
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2014
Nuremberg Laws (1935)
Under these laws, Jews ........
• Were forbidden from marrying
Germans (non-Jews)
• Lost their citizenship of Germany
(became ‘state subjects’)
• Could not hold public office or
own property
• Forced to wear the Star of David
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2014
Nuremberg Rallies
1927 - 1939
• Nazi
Party annual parades
of the Nazi Party and its
followers
• Organised by Albert
Speer
• Leni Riefenstahl made a
documentary based on the
1934 Rally: ‘Triumph of the
Will’
• Speeches, parades and
celebrations of National
Socialism
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2014
Hitler Youth &
League of German Maidens
Hitler Youth
League of German Maidens
Indoctrinate young German girls to become
Indoctrinate young German boys in military
exercises & Nazi ideology
Hitlerjugend: 14 – 18 years old
Deutsches Jungvolk: 10 – 14
‘Wife, mother, homemaker’
(essentially a youths’ version of the original SA)
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2014
Joseph Goebbels:
Propaganda
•
Minister for Propaganda & Popular
Enlightenment (Reich Propaganda Ministry)
•
Strictly controlled the press, cinema and all forms
of media. Banned books that were contrary to
Nazi ideology.
•
Promoted & disseminated anti-Semitic material
‘The Eternal Jew’ (1940)
•
Spoke at the Nuremberg Rallies, inciting greater
military effort & support from all Germans and
demanded absolute loyalty to Hitler.
•
Launched the Nazi newspaper ‘Das Reich’
(1940)
"The essence of propaganda consists in winning people over to an idea so
sincerely, so vitally, that in the end they succumb to it utterly and can
never escape from it."
Goebbels
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2014
Gestapo
• Nazi Germany’s secret
police
• Founded by Hermann
Goering (1933)
• Under Himmler’s (SS)
control from 1934 onwards.
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2014
SS - Schutzstaffel
• Heinrich Himmler (leader of SS
1929 – 1945)
• Paramilitary organisation who
absorbed the police and Gestapo
under its control. The most feared
& powerful organisation in the
Third Reich.
• Membership was based solely on
ability, obedience & physical &
mental excellence.
• Swore an oath to Hitler (daggers)
• Responsible for many of the
crimes against humanity (Jews) –
SS Einsatzgruppen (death squads)
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2014
Appeasement
The practise whereby European
leaders (& the League of Nations)
gave in to Hitler’s demands in the
hope that he would eventually stop
being aggressive militarily
Reasons:
Nobody in Europe wanted a
repeat of WWI (deaths)
Britain could not afford another
war in Europe
Hitler meets Chamberlain at the
Munich Conference (1938)
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Munich Conference (1938)
“Peace in Our Times”
•
The Munich Conference of 1938 was convened to
attempt to prevent war in Europe.
•
Four European leaders attended:
Chamberlain (UK), Daladier (France), Hitler
(Germany) & Mussolini (Italy). No Czech
representative was invited.
•
At this conference, it was decided to allow
Germany to take control of the Sudetenland, where
3 million German speakers lived inside the border
of Czechoslovakia
•
Chamberlain returned to Britain, declaring that
they had secured “peace in our times”
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2014
‘Anschluss’
(12th March1938)
Anschluss:
Union of Germany & Austria
•
Austrian Nazi Party pushed for unification
with Germany between 1934 & 1938. Hitler
demanded that the Austrian Chancellor
(Von Schussnigg) put Austrian Nazis in his
government.
•
Von Schuschnigg held a referendum on
Austria’s independence in 1938, hoping to
preserve Austria’s independence. He was
defeated & resigned.
•
Seyss-Inquart (a leading Austrian Nazi)
became the Chancellor of Austria in March
1938. He then invited Hitler to send the
German Army into Austria to “restore”
order. The Anschluss took place on 12th
March 1938.
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2014
Hitler’s Foreign Policy Aims
• Destruction of The Treaty of Versailles:
• Grossdeutschland:
A unified country of all German-speaking people in Europe
• Anschluss:
Union of Germany & Austria
• Lebensraum:
‘living space in the East’ (whereby Germany would forcibly take
land from Slavic & Russian people to increase the living space
of Germany)
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2014
Pact of Steel (1939)
‘Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy’
Italy & Germany were to deepen their “friendship & communication”, while
undertaking to combine their foreign policies and military action. It was also a
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common defense
policy.
2014
Nazi-Soviet 10-Year Non-Aggression
Pact (1939)
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2014
Nazi-Soviet 10-Year NonAggression Pact (1939)
• Also known as the ‘MolotovRibbentrop’ Pact
• It laid the foundations of a ten-year
declaration of non-aggression.
• Neither side truly believed in this, but
it did buy time for Stalin to prepare
for the eventual German attack (1941)
• The Pact also contained secret clauses
to divide Poland between the two
countries
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2014
Reasons why League of Nations failed
to prevent war in 1939
• The League of Nations had no
standing army to enforce its
decisions
• The League failed to stand up to
aggression by its members (Italy
invading Abyssinia, 1935)
• The USA never joined the League
of Nations
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2014
League of Nations
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2014
Timeline: 1919-1939
Key Events
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Key Periods
1919: Treaty of Versailles
1922: March on Rome (Italy)
1923: Acerbo Law (Italy)
1923: Beer Hall Putsch (Ger.)
1929: Lateran Treaty (Italy)
1929: Wall Street Crash (USA)
1933: Hitler comes to Power (Ger.)
1933: Enabling Law (Ger.)
1934: Night of the Long Knives (Ger.)
1935: Nuremberg Laws (Ger.)
1936: Berlin Olympic Games (Ger.)
1938: Kristallnacht (Ger.)
1938: Munich Conference
1938: Anschluss (Ger. & Aus.)
1939: Pact of Steel
1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact
Specific
•1914 - 1918: First World War
•1919 - 1933: Weimar Republic
•1922 – 1944: Mussolini’s Italy
•1933 – 1945: Nazi Germany
General
1930s: Appeasement
1920s – 1930s: Failure of League of
Nations
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2014
Manhattan Project
Blitzkrieg
Luftwaffe
Final Solution
RAF
Roosevelt
Battle of Britain
Operation Overlord
Operation Eagle
Operation Sealion
Atlantic Wall
Phase II: 1939 – 1945
World War II
Pearl Harbour
Holocaust
U-Boats
Battle of the Bulge
Vichy France
Desert Fox
Allies v. Axis
Operation Dynamo
Operation Barbarossa
Blitz
Stalin
Churchill
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Maginot
Line
2014
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2014
WWII Alliances
Allies
Axis
• Britain
• Nazi Germany
• France
• Fascist Italy
• USA (1941)
• Imperial Japan
• USSR (1941)
• Italy (1944)
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2014
Blitzkrieg
(‘lightning war’)
Devastating & effective
German offensive strategy
involving:
1.Aerial Bombardment of
defenses, depots & airfields
(Stuka dive-bombers)
1.Tanks & Infantry followed
up to ‘mop up’ remaining
defenses.
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German Armies Invade Western Poland (1939)
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Junkers Ju 87 ‘Stuka’
Highly-effective dive bomber used in ‘Blitzkrieg’ warfare, attacking
defensive
positions and tanks
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The Maginot Line
• French defensive barrier located
along the border with Germany,
constructed after World War
One.
• Concrete bunkers, artillery guns
and even an underground railway
system connecting bunkers made it
a formidable defensive barrier
• WEAKNESS: The Maginot Line
extended along the border with
Germany, but with only a much
weaker defensive system along the
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2014
Evacuation of Dunkirk
Operation Dynamo
300,000 British & French troops rescued by over 800 ships and pleasure craft
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Third Reich Military Conquests
(1939 – 1940)
• Poland (September 1939)
• Norway (April 1940)
• Denmark (April 1940)
• Netherlands (May 1940)
• Belgium (May 1940)
• Luxembourg (May 1940)
• France (June 1940)
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Fall of France
(June 1940)
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Vichy France
(1940 – 1944)
Governed by Marcel Petain
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Operation Sealion
Hitler’s plan to invade Britain in
1940-1941
•The plan depended entirely on first
gaining air superiority over Britain –
leading to Operation Eagle (Battle of
Britain)
•The Luftwaffe failed to destroy the
RAF in the Battle of Britain and
Hitler decided to indefinitely
postpone Operation Sealion on 17th
September 1940
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Battle of Britain
Spitfire Mk IV
Messerschmitt Bf109
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Radar
The ‘Blitz’
(October 1940 – April 1941)
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Invasion of USSR - Operation Barbarossa
(June – October 1941)
Hitler invades Russia with over 3 million
men & 4,000 tanks, supported by the
Luftwaffe
3 Army groups invade:
Army Group North: Leningrad
Army Group Centre: Moscow
Army Group South: Stalingrad
Hitler’s target was the oil-rich region of
the Caucasus
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Pearl Harbour
(7th December 1941)
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Mulberry
Eisenhower
Paratroopers
Atlantic Wall
Operation Overlord:
D-Day
(6th June 1944)
Gold, Juno, Sword, Utah &
Omaha
Operation Neptune
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Amphibious
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D-Day Landings:
Operation Overlord
(6th June 1944)
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D-Day Landing Sites
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D-Day Landings
•
•
•
•
Operation Neptune – the seaborne
invasion of 6,939 ships in total (carrying
troops, tanks & equipment across the
Channel) began on 6th June 1944 (next
slide).
There were also airborne landings of
paratroopers to take key bridges deeper
inside France.
The Allies towed ‘mulberries’ (artificial
harbours) across the Channel to help get
armoured vehicles and supplies onto the
Normandy beaches in a much quicker,
more efficient manner.
11,600 aircraft supported the landings,
clearing the Luftwaffe away from the
landing beaches
•
Dwight D. Eisenhower was the overall
Allied Commander of the D-Day
invasion
•
156, 000 Allied troops landed on the
first day
•
After ferocious fighting on the beaches
against the Atlantic Wall defences, the
Allies eventually secured most beaches
later on the same day (6th June 1944)
•
By the end of 11 June, 326,547 troops,
54,186 vehicles and 104,428 tons of
supplies had been landed on the
beaches.
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Operation Neptune
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Liberation of France
25th August 1944
General deGaulle & Free French
partisans parade in Paris following
liberation by Allied troops
Battle of the Bulge (1944)
• Last German counter-offensive in
the west attempting to stop the
Allied advance into Germany
(1944)
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2014
Collapse of Nazi Germany
1942 - 1945
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Fall of Berlin (1945)
• In April 1945, the Soviet Army from
the East and Americans & British from
the West finally drove towards Berlin.
• With Hitler holed up in his bunker
underneath the Reichstag, German
resistance became increasingly
desperate
• The Soviets reached Berlin first on
2oth April, shelling the city and
advancing rapidly towards the centre
• Hitler committed suicide on April
30th, 1945.
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2014
‘The Manhattan Project’
(Development of Substitute Materials)
(1942 – 1945)
•
The research & development of the
atomic bomb in USA
•
Led by Dr. Oppenheimer and a team
of physicists. Major General Leslie
Groves was the overall military
commander of the Project.
•
The first working atomic bomb was
tested at the Trinity site, in the Nevada
desert on 16th July 1945.
•
Great secrecy surrounded the
development of the A-bomb, but
Soviet spies still managed to penetrate
the security.
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Hiroshima & Nagasaki
6th & 9th August 1945
Oppenheimer
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Final Solution
(1942 – 1945)
Finalised at the Wannsee Conference in
Germany in 1942, many different
branches of Nazi Germany came
together to organise the ‘efficient’ means
to exterminate or expel the Jewish
population from Europe. This would
ultimately lead to the Holocaust.
Reinhard Heydrich (SS) was given the
task of coordinating this effort
throughout Nazi-occupied Europe
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2014
The Holocaust
By the end of WWII, after
the concentration &
extermination camps were
liberated throughout
occupied Europe, it was
estimated that over 6 million
Jews had been murdered as
part of ‘The Final Solution’;
the plan to eradicate all Jews
from Europe between 1942
& 1945.
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2014
Timeline: 1939-1945
Key Events
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Key Battles
1939: Germany invades Poland
1940: Germany invades Norway, Denmark,
The Netherlands, Belgium & France
1940: Operation Dynamo - Dunkirk
1940 (June): Fall of France
1940 (August-Sept.): Operation Eagle
(Battle of Britain)
1941: Operation Barbarossa
1941 (December): Pearl Harbour attack
1942: Final Solution
1944: (June): Operation Overlord (D-Day)
1944: Mussolini deposed in Italy
1945 (May): Fall of Berlin
1945 (August): Hiroshima & Nagasaki ABombs
1945: (August) End of 2nd World War.
•
1939 - 1940: ‘Phoney War’
•
1940: Battle of Britain
•
October 1940 – April 1941: ‘The Blitz’
•
1940 – 1943: North African Desert War
•
1942 – 1943: Battle of Stalingrad
•
1943: Battle of the Kursk
•
1944-1945: Battle of the Bulge
•
March – May 1945: Battle of Berlin
•
8th May 1945: Germany unconditionally surrenders.
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2014
NATO
Operation Vittles
Sputnik I
Hydrogen
Bomb
Korean War
Truman Doctrine
Satellite States
Berlin Wall
Berlin Blockade
Zones of Occupation
Iron Curtain
Fidel Castro
Phase III: 1945 – 1990
The Cold War
Cuban Missile Crisis
NASA
Bay of Pigs
ContainmenT
Marshall Plan
John F. Kennedy
Warsaw Pact
S.A.L.T.
38th Parallel
Yuri Gagarin
Nikita Khruschev
Tsar Bomba
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Space Race
2014
United Nations
(1945 - )
• Founded on 24th October 1945
• Replaced the ineffective League of
Nations
• 51 member states joined in 1945
• Made up of a General Assembly &
Permanent Security Council
Maintain:
• International peace & security
• Protect & promote human rights
• Foster social & economic development
• Provide humanitarian assistance in times
of famine, civil war & genocide
• Establish a World Health Organisation
to combat diseases
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2014
United Nations Charter
(26th June 1945)
• Foundation treaty of the UN
• All members are bound by the
articles of this treaty
• It declares that membership of the
UN supersedes all other treaties
that a country be part of ( e.g.
alliances such as NATO, Warsaw
Pact, EEC, EU)
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2014
United Nations
International
Court of
Justice
Secretary
- General
Security Council:
General Assembly
1 Country = 1 Vote
Economic &
Social Council
International
Criminal
Court
UN
Peacekeeping
Forces
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2014
USA
USSR
Britain
France
China
VETO
+
10 Non-Permanent
members for 2 years’
duration
United Nations Organisations
• WHO: World Health Organisation
• UNICEF: United Nations International Children's’ Emergency Fund
• UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
• UNESCO: United Nations Education, Scientific & Cultural Organisation
• WTO: World Trade Organisation
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2014
The Truman Doctrine
(March 1947)
"the policy of the United States
to support free people who are
resisting attempted
subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside
pressures."
(Truman effectively declared that it would be the
policy of the USA whereby they would help defend
democratic countries from take-over by Communist
groups or external Communist aggression)
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2014
Division of Europe:
The ‘Iron Curtain’
The ‘Iron Curtain’
Europe Divided
• Winston Churchill referred to the
division of Europe & Soviet
domination of Eastern Europe as
if an “iron curtain” had fallen
across the centre of mainland
Europe, cutting off the ‘satellite
states’ of USSR (East Germany,
Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Romania) from the rest of Europe
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2014
A Divided Europe
• Western Europe = NATO
(democratic & capitalist)
• Eastern Europe = Warsaw
Pact (Communist)
Satellite states of USSR:
East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Romania,
Czechoslovakia & Bulgaria.
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2014
Armed Alliances
(1945 - 1990)
USA & Western Europe
USSR & ‘Satellite States’
NATO
Warsaw Pact
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2014
Cold War
(1945 – 1990)
The two Superpowers - USA & USSR - dominated international
relations from 1945 onwards. Both countries founded their own military
alliances to further their respective foreign policies & military defenses
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2014
Marshall Plan
(1948 – 1952)
•
•
•
•
American economic initiative to help re-build
European economies & prevent Communist
takeover of those countries
US Secretary of State George Marshall
Rejected by Communist Eastern Europe
under orders from Stalin
12.7 Billion dollars of US aid in total was
invested in Western Europe
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2014
Berlin Blockade
(1948 – 1949)
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2014
Berlin Blockade
Operation ‘Vittles’
• When Stalin closed all road and rail
access to West Berlin in response tot he
unification of West Germany, the
Western Allies responded with an
enormous airlift – Operation Vittles – to
supply West Berlin.
• The operation lasted from 1948 to 1949,
with a total of flights, before Stalin
relented and re-opened the roads and rail
access to West Berlin from West
Germany
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2014
The Berlin Airlift:
‘Operation Vittles’
Blockade: 25th June 1948 – 12th
May1949
•Between June 1948 & May 1949, the
Western Allies’ air forces made flights to
Berlin’s airport, bringing food, fuel and
commodities to the western sector of
Berlin. Eventually, Stalin lifted the
blockade of Western Berlin, allowing
supplies to be brought in normally.
•Over 278,000 flights brought the supplies
into Western Berlin over almost 12
months.
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2014
‘Containment’
Containment was a US foreign
policy to prevent the spread of
Communism throughout Asia,
Africa & Eastern Europe.
With the threat of nuclear war
ever-present, the US adopted this
policy to both contain communism
from spreading while also
minimising the risk of all-out
nuclear warfare.
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2014
The Korean War
(1950 – 1953)
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2014
Korean War (1950-53)
•
At the end of WWII, Korea had been divided into
Communist (North) & Democratic (South)
•
The North Korean Army (Communist) attempted
to take over South Korea, crossing the agreed 38th
Parallel in 1950.
•
USA, operating under a UN mandate, held the
North Korean forces off from completely taking
over South Korea.
•
General Douglas MacArthur led the American
forces, along with UN & ROK (South Korean
Army) which at one point were driven back as far as
Pusan, on the southernmost coast of South Korea.
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2014
Korean War (1950-53)
•
MacArthur retook Seoul and drove the North Korean
Army all the way back to the northern part of North Korea.
The Chinese sent an army into Korea, afraid of
MacArthur’s intentions.
•
Eventually, MacArthur was replaced with General Ridgway,
who took a more conservative approach, holding the line at
the 38th Parallel. American bombing of North Korea was
intended to force a ceasefire from the North Koreans.
•
Eventually, in 1953, President Eisenhower signed an
armistice with the North Koreans, returning the division of
Korea to much the same way it was in 1950. The event was
the first openly-hostile engagement between Communist
and Democratic forces in the Cold War. The American
policy of ‘containment’ was central to their strategy in
Korea.
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2014
The Berlin Wall
(1961 – 1989)
•
Work began on the Berlin wall in
1961 in an effort to prevent East
Berliners escaping to the West.
•
East German engineers began
constructing the barrier, which was
added to and upgraded continuously
over the next 30 years, making it
almost impossible to move from East
to West Berlin without being detected.
•
Hundreds of East Berliners escaped
using imaginative methods to cross
‘no-man’s land’
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2014
Cuban Missile Crisis
(1962)
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2014
Cuban Missile Crisis:
Background to Confrontation
•
Fidel Castro and his Cuban Revolutionary
Armed Forces had seized power in the Cuban
Revolution of 1959, ousting the US-backed
Batista.
•
Castro was backed by the Kremlin, and after
the failed ‘Bay of Pigs’ invasion by US forces
in 1961, Castro sought support from the
Soviets to defend Cuba from a possible US
invasion.
•
Khrushchev agreed, and secret plans were
drawn up to move medium-range nuclear
ballistic missiles (MRBMs) to Cuba.
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2014
Cuban Missile Crisis:
Timeline
1959: Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba in the Communist Cuban Revolution
__________________________
•
14th October 1962: An American U-2 spy plane photographs missiles (MRBMs) 7 mobile
launchers being erected on the island of Cuba
•
16th October 1962: President Kennedy & his advisers are briefed on the intelligence gathered
by the U-2 spy planes.
•
21st October 1962: Air force generals advise President Kennedy that air strikes cannot
guarantee 100% that all missiles would be destroyed in a surprise bombing of Cuba.
•
22nd October 1962: daily briefings are set up to formulate responses to the crisis. President
Kennedy phones the British Prime Minister to make him aware of the seriousness of the
situation.
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2014
Cuban Missile Crisis:
Timeline
•
22nd October 1962:
- JFK makes a televised address to the nation, explaining his strategy and demanding that the Soviets remove
the ICBMs. He also explained his strategy of a naval quarantine which he had ordered that same day –
preventing any more Soviet ships from supplying weapons to Cuba – and his intentions to demand a
complete nuclear disarmament of Cuba.
- Kennedy sent a letter to Khrushchev, demanding that the missiles be taken down and removed from Cuba
•
23rd October 1962: US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson brings the crisis to the U.N.
Security Council, challenging the Soviet ambassador to respond. US Navy completes its naval blockade of
Cuba. Soviet ships stop dead in the water before entering quarantine zone.
•
Soviet ships continue towards Cuba. American naval quarantine intercepts Soviet ships.
•
Khrushchev offers to take missiles out of Cuba.
•
US naval blockade of Cuba ends.
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2014
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2014
Effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• A ‘hot line’ was installed in both
the White House & Kremlin to
prevent any future
misunderstandings in times of
crisis.
•
Talks began with a view to limiting
the nuclear threat. These
culminated in the S.A.L.T. I
(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
of 1969 & S.A.L.T. II during the
1970s. These resulted in two
treaties to limit nuclear arms
testing in 1972 & 1979.
www.historyvault.ie - Billy McSweeney (c)
2014