Transcript The Holocaust - Jenks Public Schools

The Holocaust
• The Nazis killed over
6 million Jews during
World War II, which
became known as the
Holocaust.
• The Nazis also killed
approximately 6
million Poles, Slavs,
and Gypsies as well
during the Holocaust.
Horrors
of the Holocaust Exposed
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
Crematoria
at
Majdanek
• Jews were forced to work in labor camps in order to
help the Nazis.
• Those too old, young, sick, crippled, and the
mentally retarded were immediately sent to
concentration camps where they were put to death.
Jewish
women at
forced labor
pulling
hopper cars
of quarried
stones in the
Plaszlow
concentration
camp, 1944.
Prisoners from Buchenwald concentration camp
building the Weimar-Buchenwald railroad line.
Mistreated, starved prisoners in the Ebensee
concentration camp, Austria.
Prisoners from Buchenwald awaiting execution
in the forest near the camp.
Bones of anti-Nazi German women are visible in
the crematoria in the concentration camp at
Weimar, Germany. April 14, 1945.
A crate full of rings confiscated from prisoners
in Buchenwald and found by American troops
in a cave adjoining Buchenwald.
A prisoner in a compression
chamber loses
consciousness (and later
dies) during an experiment
to determine altitudes at
which aircraft crews could
survive without oxygen.
Dachau, Germany, 1942.
A Romani (Gypsy) victim of Nazi medical
experiments to make seawater potable. Dachau
concentration camp, Germany, 1944.
The barracks
at
Buchenwald.
Elie Wiesel
is among the
prisoners on
the far right
of the center
bunk. This
photograph
was taken on
April 16,
1945, just
after the
liberation of
Buchenwald.
SS officer
Eichelsdoerfer,
the commandant
of the Kaufering
IV
concentration
camp, stands
among the
corpses of
prisoners killed
in his camp.
A German girl is overcome as she walks past the exhumed
bodies of some of the 800 slave workers murdered by the
SS guards near Namering, Germany, and laid here so that
townspeople may view the work of their Nazi leaders.
German civilians under U.S. military escort are forced to see
a wagon loaded with corpses in Buchenwald.
Mauthausen survivors cheer the soldiers of the Eleventh
Armored Division of the U.S. Third Army one day after
their actual liberation.
• "Resistance...usually refers to a physical
act of armed revolt. During the Holocaust, it
also meant partisan activism that ranged
from smuggling messages, food, and
weapons to actual military engagement.
But resistance also embraced willful
disobedience: continuing to practice
religious and cultural traditions in defiance
of the rules; creating fine art, music, and
poetry inside ghettos and concentration
camps. For many, simply maintaining the
will to remain alive in the face of abject
brutality was the surest act of spiritual
resistance."
Converting the Economy
• The US industrial output was 2X as
productive as Germany and 5X as
Japan.
• Roosevelt gave industry incentives to
move quickly.
• The RFC made loans to companies to
help them with the cost of converting
to war production.
Industry Gets the Job Done
War Production Board -Set priorities and
production goals and to control the
distribution of raw materials and
supplies.
Office of War Mobilization-To settle
arguments between the different
agencies.
Building an Army
• Selective Service and Training Act was
a plan for the first peacetime draft in US
history.
• African American soldiers were
segregated and organized into their own
units.
• Tuskegee Airmen -Trained 600 pilots
• Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps- the first
time women were allowed in the
military.
Women and Minorities
• It put an end to the Depression.
• The war led to the creation of almost 19 million
new jobs and doubled the income of most
American families.
• The wartime labor shortage forced factories to hire
married women in positions that were traditionally
considered men’s work. “Rosie the Riveter”
• On June 25, 1941, the president responded with
Executive Order 8802, declaring no discrimination
in the employment of workers in defense industries
or government.
Daily Life
• Rationing
– Each month a book of ration coupons
was given to each household.
– Victory gardens were panted to produce
food for the war effort.
• E bonds were sold to help pay for the
war.
– Total debt from the war $260 billion
Paying for the War
Paying for the War
Nation on the Move
• The federal government allocated
over $1.2 billion to build public
housing, schools, and community
centers during the war to
accommodate all the new workers.
• African Americans resumed the Great
Migration, as they left the South and
headed to cities in the North and West
for factory jobs.
German Army
• In July 1942, Roosevelt ordered the invasion of
Morocco and Algeria–French territories indirectly
under Germany control.
• On November 8, 1942, the American invasion of
North Africa began under the command of General
Dwight D. Eisenhower.
• At the Battle of Kasserine Pass, Americans
faced the German army for the first time.
• Hitler wanted to defeat the Soviets by destroying
their economy.
• The Germans tried to capture Stalingrad, but the
Soviets held their ground.
The North Africa Campaign:
The Battle of El Alamein, 1942
Gen. Ernst Rommel,
The “Desert Fox”
Gen. Bernard
Law
Montgomery
(“Monty”)
The Italian Campaign
[“Operation Torch”] :
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”
y Allies plan
assault on
weakest Axis
area - North
Africa - Nov.
1942-May 1943
y George S.
Patton leads
American troops
y Germans
trapped in
Tunisia surrender over
275,000 troops.
The Battle for Sicily:
June, 1943
General
George S. Patton
Landing in France
• Operation Overlord was the code
name for the planned invasion of
France by the Allies
• The Germans were fooled into
thinking the attack would occur in
Pas-de-Calais, when in fact the
invasion was planned to take place in
Normandy.
• The invasion of Normandy began
shortly after midnight on June 6,
1944.
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders
for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
The Allied forces
had little trouble
capturing Utah
Beach and moving
inland.
The American
forces at Omaha
Beach met intense
German fire.
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
Higgins Landing Crafts
Driving the Japanese Back
• The island-hopping campaign began in the
central Pacific in the fall of 1943.
• In early 1944, MacArthur’s troops had
captured enough islands to surround
Rabaul, the main Japanese base in
the region.
• MacArthur ordered his troops to travel 600
miles past Rabaul to capture the Japanese
base at Hollandia in New Guinea.
• Securing New Guinea, the troops headed to
the Philippines to take it back.
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to
the Philippines! [1944]
• Japanese warships headed through
the Philippine Islands into Leyte Gulf
and ambushed American ships.
• The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the
largest naval battle in history and the
first time the Japanese used kamikaze
attacks.
Third Reich Collapses
• Hedgerows, or dirt walls several feet
thick and covered in shrubbery, were
used by the Germans to defend their
positions in Normandy, France.
• The battle of the hedgerows ended
with American bombers blowing a
hole in the German lines, allowing
American tanks through.
• The Battle of the Bulge began on
December 16, 1944, catching
American troops off guard.
• The United States won the battle and
on January 8, Germans withdrew with
little left to stop the Allies from entering
Germany.
• Hitler’s successor, Grand Admiral Karl
Doenitz tried to surrender to the
Americans and the British while still
fighting the Soviets, but he was forced
to unconditionally surrender on
May 7, 1945.
The Battle of the Bulge:
Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944
to
Jan. 28, 1945
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
Japan is Defeated
• On November 24, 1944, American
bombs fell on Tokyo, but missed their
targets.
• American military planners decided to
invade Iwo Jima because it was closer
to Japan and would make the
bombings more effective.
• On February 19, 1945, 60,000
American Marines landed on Iwo Jima,
and 6,800 lost their lives before the
island was captured.
• General Curtis LeMay, commander of
the B-29s based in the Marianas,
changed strategy to drop bombs filled
with napalm, a kind of jellied gasoline.
• American military planners chose to
invade Okinawa, 350 miles from
Japan, to stockpile supplies and build
up troops.
• On June 22, 1945, Okinawa was
captured with more than 12,000
American soldiers, sailors, and
marines losing their lives.
US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
The Manhattan Project:
Los Alamos,
NM
Major General
Lesley R. Groves
Dr. Robert
Oppenheimer
I am become
death,
the shatterer
of worlds!
Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
© 70,000 killed
immediately.
© 48,000 buildings.
destroyed.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &
cancer later.
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
© 40,000 killed
immediately.
© 60,000 injured.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning
& cancer later.
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
V-J Day (September 2, 1945)
V-J Day in Times Square, NYC
Building a
New
World
The Creation of the U. N.
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R.
Emerged as the Two Superpowers
of the later 20c
The Division of Germany:
1945 - 1990
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
War Crimes Trials
· In 1945 and 1946, as a result of the Nuremberg
Trials, 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death for
their war crimes.
Goering,
Hess, von
Ribbentrop,
and Keitel in
front row
· Thousands of other Nazis were found guilty of war
crimes and were imprisoned, and in some cases,
executed.
A war crimes investigation photo of the
disfigured leg of a survivor from
Ravensbrueck, Polish political
prisoner Helena Hegier (Rafalska),
who was subjected to medical
experiments in 1942. This photograph
was entered as evidence for the
prosecution at the Medical Trial in
Nuremberg. The disfiguring scars
resulted from incisions made by
medical personnel that were purposely
infected with bacteria, dirt, and slivers
of glass.
· The Allies also tried and executed Japanese leaders
accused of war crimes.
One of the
earlier
images of
the war to
come out
from
China,
this photo
appeared
in LIFE
magazine.
(Nanking,
China,
1937)
Aitape, New Guinea, 1943.
An Australian soldier, Sgt
Leonard Siffleet, about to
be beheaded with a katana
sword. Many Allied
prisoners of war were
summarily executed by
Japanese forces during the
Pacific War.
Two Japanese
officers, competing
to see who could
kill (with a sword)
one hundred people
first. The bold
headline reads,
"'Incredible
Record' (in the
Contest To Cut
Down 100 People—
Mukai 106 – 105
Noda)