Transcript Ch. 18
Ch. 18 WWII- Americans at War Retaliation Doolittle Raid- April 18, 1942 First time to launch bombers off aircraft carrier Didn’t accomplish much but did boost American moral Japan panicked Hitler Divorces Stalin June 22, 1941, non-aggression pact broken, Hitler invades Soviet Union Many Soviet citizens welcomed the Germans Short lived, Germans put them in labor camps and executed many Pg. 605 Stalin wanted Allies to attack in Western Europe but was denied Feb 1943 Germany was stopped at Battle of Stalingrad Oil Fields “…Completely cut off…so utter was the exhaustion, so utter was the starvation” Vassili Zaytsev Pg. 604 Section 1- Mobilization US needed to strengthen forces Selective Training and Service Act Patriotism and volunteering skyrocket Pg. 594-595 Called GIs- “Government Issue” Hard to survive GIs often thought of home and loved ones “What I’d give for a piece of blueberry pie” Fighting for their freedoms Pg. 595 Preparing the Economy for War Ford Motor Co. began building bombers Henry Kaiser used mass production to build Liberty ships, merchant ships to carry troops By 1945, military material production doubled that of all Axis Powers combined Pg. 596 Section 2- Retaking Europe America joins the war Focus on Europe North African Campaign Erwin Rommel “Desert Fox” Invasion of Italy Pg. 601-603 The Invasion of Western Europe • Operation Overlord- D-Day? • June 6, 1944 • American, French, British, Canadian, Dutch, and Belgian troops •bombers, paratroopers, ships, ground troops Pg. 605-606 Interesting Wartime Facts Medics Chaplains Surrender, POW Condoms, baggies for water invasions Collecting during the war Battle of the Bulge Aug 25, 1944 Paris liberated Dec 1944, Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes 80,000 Americans killed, wounded, or captured while Germans losses totaled 100,000 Pg. 607 Financing the War 1941-1945 gov spent $321 billion on the war War bonds Deficit spending What brought the country out of the Depression? Pg. 597 Daily Life on the Home Front Shortages of consumer goods People saved on metal, rubber, nylon Pg. 598 Patriotism and high morale Victory Gardens “Use it up, wear it out, make it do or do without” Conserve and collect” Pg. 598-599 War in Europe Ends Soviets pushed towards Berlin April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide May 8, German troops surrendered Americans V-E Day Feb 1945 Yalta Conference Roosevelt and Churchill criticized for giving Stalin too much control of Europe Pg. 608 Section 3- The Holocaust What is the Holocaust? 1933 anti-Semitism 1935 Nuremberg Laws Pg. 609-610 SS- Schutzstaffel and Gestapo Kristallnacht- Night of the Broken Glass, Nov. 9, 1938 Thousands arrested and sent to concentration camps; Jews, Gypsies, homeless, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses Many sought to leave the country Pg. 610 Murder to Genocide Many countries shut their doors to immigration Many could not leave or moved to surrounding European nations Einsatzgruppen- mobile killing squads 33,000 Jews in 2 days Wannsee Conference “final solution to the Jewish question” Pg. 611 Genocide Poison gas was most effective Death Camps; Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek #’s tattooed on bodies There were few rebellions Pg. 611-612 Rescue and Liberation Jan 1944 Roosevelt created War Refugee Board to help Jews Allies finally saw camps, in shock Nuremberg Trials “He looked like a skeleton…he just looked at me with those eyes, and they still haunt me today” Pg. 612-613 Section 4- The War in the Pacific Clark Field in the Philippines Bataan Death March, 1942 76,000 Americans and Filipinos Over 10,000 dead Pg. 614-615 War at Sea Battle of the Coral Sea Lexington destroyed and Yorktown damaged st 1 ever naval combat carried out only by aircraft Pg. 616-617 Allied Victories Turn the Tide Battle of Midway June 4, 1942 Japan could no longer launch offensive operations in the Pacific Battle of Guadalcanal Jungle warfare Pg. 617-618 Island Hopping What was it? What was the purpose? General Douglas MacArthur, William Halsey, Chester Nimitz Tarawa, Marshall Islands, Marianas Turkey Shoot 1943-1944 Kamikazes Pg. 618 1944, invaded Philippines 160,000 troops, 280 warships Battle of Leyte Gulf June 1945 Allies controlled the Philippines 80,000 Japanese were killed, 1,000 surrendered Pg. 618 Iwo Jima and Okinawa Battle of Iwo Jima 25,000 Japanese, 216 Japanese taken prisoner 25,000 American casualties Battle of Okinawa 2,000 Kamikaze attacks, banzai charges 50,000 American casualties Pg. 619-620 Manhattan Project What was it? New Mexico, Robert Oppenheimer 4 choices Pg. 620-621 Aug 6, 1945 Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima; 80,000 died 3 days later Bockscar dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki; 40,000 died Aug. 14 Japan surrendered and WWII was over V-J Day Formal surrender signed Sept 2, 1945 on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay Pg. 621 Section 5- Social Impact of War/ African Americans Segregated troops • “It made a mockery of wartime goals to fight overseas fascism only to come back to the same kind of discrimination and racism…” • Double V campaign • Congress of Racial Equality CORE Pg. 624-625 • Mexican Americans/Native Americans Barrios- Spanish speaking neighborhoods Zoot Suit Riots Native Americans lost culture Many had to adapt, didn’t live on reservations anymore Code Talkers Pg. 626 Japanese Americans Most lived on the West Coast 2/3 born in the US Prejudice and fear Internment camps Pg. 626-627 Four cases reached Supreme Court which ruled that wartime relocation was constitutional 1945 they were allowed to leave camps Many lost everything 1988, Congress passed a law rewarding a taxfree payment of $20,000 to each surviving internee and an apology Pg. 627 Working Women Worked manufacturing jobs when men went to war Rosie the Riveter 1942 National War Labor Board, equal pay Employers ignored this policy Women after the war Pg. 628-629