Transcript Roots of the Cold War

World War II and
the Cold War
Dictators and War
Mobilizing for War
Roots of the Cold War
The Cold War Expands
20th Century
Dictators
Dictators and War
Dictators and Wars
 Treaty of Versailles from WWI caused anger/resentment
among nations
 Three dictators use totalitarian gov’ts to rise to power
 Joseph Stalin: Russia
 Communist State
 5 year plan-collectives
 Est. complete control of citizens lives- totalitarian gov’t
 Benito Mussolini: Italy
 Created Fascist Party- Extreme Nationalism
Dictators and War
Adolf Hitler: Germany
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Joined NAZI party
when young
Mein Kampf- Nazism
Purity Race- Aryans
anti-semitic
Unite German speaking
people
Third Reich- political
regime
Japanese militarists
control gov’t
Dictators and War
War in Europe
 Hitler acquires Austria and Czech into the Reich
Anschluss
 GB uses appeasement with Hitler- let him get his way to
avoid war
 Stalin signs non-agression pact with Hitler as Germany
launches blitzkrieg in Poland ridding Poland of Jews
 France falls to Axis Powers when the Maginot Line is broken
 Allies finally join Battle of Britain: G. bombs GB day/night
for 2 mo.
Dictators and War
America and War
 At first US adopts and isolationist policy FDR
signs the Neutrality Act- allowing trade between
US and Europe
 Quarantine Speech: Peaceful states urge
aggressive states to isolate themselves
 FDR uses “cash and carry”- allowed warring
nations to buy US materials if they used cash and
carried them on their own ships
Dictators and War
America in the War Continued…
 Congress passes “peacetime draft”, boosts
defense spending
 “Great Arsenal of Democracy”- FDR convinces
nations that we must help Allied powers against
the Axis powers
 Lend Lease Act- GB, SU give any kind of aid
to Allies
 Churchill (GB) and FDR secretly meet to plan
war- Atlantic Charter
Dictators and War
Japan Attacks
 Japan invades China
and wants to acquire
as much land as
possible
 December 7, 1941Pearl Harbor
 FDR knew Japan was
planning an attacktwo front war
Mobilizing for War
Mobilizing
 Women serve in noncombat roles WAC
(Women Army Corps)
 Lend-Lease Act begins,
War Production Board
manages peacetime to
wartime industry start
rationing
 Office of Price
Administrations: freeze
prices on goods to fight
inflation
Mobilizing for War
War in the Pacific
 Japanese on defense after Pearl Harbor Gen. Douglas
McArthur in command of Pacific theater
 At first, J. forces advance against US in Philippines and
Southeast Asia
 1941- US turns the tide Doolittle’s Raid, Battle of Coral Sea
 Battle of Midway- turning point in Pacific War- Island
Hopping
 Japanese launch first kamikaze strikes to break Allied lines
 Iwo Jima: Crucial Island for US base- heavy losses
Mobilizing for War
The War for Europe and North Africa
 FDR, Churchill, Stalin agree Pacific war is second to
European fight against Hitler
 Germany uses U-Boats to sink all ships in Atlantic
Convoy system
 1943- Germany slowly presses in on Stalingrad (SU)
 SU army wins- major turning point in fighting on land
 Allies invade Italy and N. Africa in an attempt to spread
Hitler’s army thin
Mobilizing for War
D-Day
 D-Day: Allies land in
France, a month later, they
control Paris
 Battle of the Bulge:
German make last attempt
to cross Allied lines
liberate death camps
 Hitler commits suicide and
G surrenders VE Day:
May 8, 1945
 FDR died of a stroke a
month before- Harry S.
Truman (VP) takes over
Mobilizing for War
The Atomic Bomb- Manhattan Project
 US considered invading Japan, like on D-Day- too risky
 US warns Japan prior to dropping bomb
 Hiroshima/Nagasaki: August 6 & 9, 1945- Japan
surrenders
Mobilizing for War
Effects of the War
 The Holocaust
 Yalta Conference: Feb.
1945: FDR, Churchill,
Stalin meet
 Discuss post war plansStalin favors harshness
towards G; FDR, C.
disagree
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Poland, Bulgaria, Romania
would have free elections
(Stalin reneged)
Mobilizing for War
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Potsdam Conference:
July 1945: Truman, Atlee,
Stalin
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Divide G. into 4 zones
Free elections in Poland
Stalin joins war against
Japan
United Nations is formed,
Nuremberg Trials try
war criminals
Roots of the Cold War
Roots of the Cold War
 Soviet Union vs. US (Communism vs. Democracy)
 Stalin had made promises at Yalta and Potsdam to allow
democratic, free elections in Poland, Bulgaria, etc
 Stalin backed out of promises-created satellite states of
these nations
 Stalin disagrees w/ dem., while Truman does not believe in
commie
 Democratic Western Europe vs. Communist East Europe
 Churchill calls the division the “iron curtain”
 Stand-off lasts 46 years, but never became a “hot” war
militarily
Roots of the Cold War
The Cold War Begins
 US starts aiding Greece
and Turkey (SU influence
there)
 Truman Doctrine: stop
aid nations struggling
against communist
movement
 US policy is to “contain”
Soviet communist
expansion
Roots of the Cold War
The Cold War Continues…
 US provides support to any Western European nation that
needed it- Marshall Plan
 GB, Fr. US unify their zones in G.; but Berlin is surrounded by
SU zone
 SU cuts off rail/road travel to West Berlin (Berlin Blockade)US starts Berlin Airlift
 W. Europe and US join together against Communism- NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 NATO members pledge military support to each other
Warsaw Pact is SU rival organization
Roots of the Cold War
The Cold War heats Up
 Civil war in China
Chiang Kai-Shek
(nationalist leader) vs.
Mao Zedong
(communist)
 Chiang gov’t corrupt
and ineffective, Mao
takes over China
commie
Roots of the Cold War
The Korean War
 Korea divided NK- Commie vs. SK- Dem (38th parallel)
 1950- NK attacks SK- Soviet Union backs NK
 NK troops seem unstoppable, Gen. MacArthur launches
counterattack
 China feels threatened by US- China attacks US/UN forces
 MacArthur suggests attacking China- Truman says no
 Truman fires MacArthur for insubordination
 Stalemate1951-1953
 1953- ceasefire at 38th parallel; demilitarized zones b/t sides
The Cold War Expands
The Cold War Expands
 1949: SU detonates atomic
bomb, China falls to
commie shocks US
 1952: US tests first HBomb US/SU race to out
build arms
 Dwight D. Eisenhower
elected in 1952- favors
strengthening nuke arms
 John Foster Dulles- Sec.
of State believes in
brinkmanship: go to edge
of war
The Cold War Expands
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Stalin dies 1953- Nikita Khrushchev takes over- believes
Commie can work and happen peacefully
Anti- commie rebellions in Czech. and Hungary rock
surrounding nations
US starts covert actions (CIA) to stop spread of
Communism
The Cold War Expands
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Suez Canal troubleEgyptian leaders playing
US and SU against each
other for more money to
build a dam along Nile
River
Canal used by many
nations for travel
GB/France use force to
gain canal- US outraged
Eisenhower Doctrine:
US would defend the ME
from communist attacks
Space Race: SU launches Sputnik in 1957; Congress creates
NASA
The Cold War Expands
The Cold War At Home
 Cold War creates “us vs. them” attitude Red
Scare re-emerges
 Red Scare deeper than in 20s gov’t creates
Loyalty Review Bd: kick out gov’t workers who
were “soft” on commies
 House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC): investigated communist activities in and
out of white house
 Attack movie industry- Hollywood Ten: ten
witnesses called to trial who plead the fifth
The Cold War Expands
Spys in the US
 Alger Hiss: spying for
SU- never prosecuted,
later found to be true
 The Rosenbergs:
helped leak A-Bomb
secrets to SU
sentenced to death
The Cold War Expands
McCarthyism
 Sen. Joe McCarthy
(Wisconsin) accused US
state dept. of being
infested with commies
 Made constant threats to
suspected communistsnever produced a single
name
 Made slanderous
comments about US
army downfall