Transcript CHAPTER 15
1937–1945 CHAPTER 23 GLOBAL CONFLICT: WORLD WAR II CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “…a day that will live in infamy.” Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1937 1938 1939 1941 Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces December: Japanese warplanes sink U.S. Panay March: Hitler annexes Austria September: Hitler occupies Sudetenland September: the Munich Accords March: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatens Poland August: Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact and invade Poland September: Britain and France declare war on Germany Congress passes 3rd Neutrality Act June: Executive Order 8802 December 7: Pearl Harbor naval base attacked by Japanese bombers ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE continued 1942 1943 February: War Relocation Authority Office of War Information U.S. government officials learn of Nazi efforts to exterminate Jews Operation Torch June: Adm. Nimitz wins at Midway August: Battle of Stalingrad begins January: Battle of Stalingrad ends United Mine Workers strike Smith-Connally Act May: Axis soldiers in north Africa surrender ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE continued 1944 1945 Allied soldiers reach Rome February: Adm. Nimitz secures the Marshall Islands and the Marianas June: D-Day June: Attack on Saipan April: Hitler commits suicide April: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhage May: Victory in Europe Allied victories in Iwo Jima and Okinawa July: Truman, Stalin, Churchill demand unconditional surrender at Potsdam, Germany July: first test of atomic bomb August: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed with nuclear weapons September: Japanese surrender ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers GLOBAL CONFLICT: WORLD WAR II Overview Mobilizing for War Pearl Harbor: The United States Enters the War The Home Front Race and War Total War ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers MOBILIZING FOR WAR The Rise of Fascism Aggression in Europe and Asia The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Rise of Fascism Mussolini’s “March on Rome” in 1922 Hitler’s “Beer Hall” putsch in 1923 Hitler’s Mein Kampf condemns Versailles Treaty and proposes Final Solution for European Jewry Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany in 1933 Upon President of Germany’s death, Hitler becomes the Fuhrer of the Third Reich ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Aggression in Europe Hitler marches into Rhineland March 1938: Hitler annexes Austria September 1938: Hitler demands Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia September 29, 1938: Hitler meets with Mussolini, Daladier, Chamberlain in the Munich Conference March 1939: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia August 1939: Hitler and Stalin sign pact of nonaggression and agree to divide Poland. September 1, Hitler invades Poland. ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Aggression in Asia 1931: Japanese military stage coup and take over foreign policy 1932: Japanese troops occupy Manchuria in China 1937: Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces December, 1937: Japan sinks American gunboat on Yangtze River, but apologizes ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War The “cash and carry” Neutrality Act The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies: advocate helping England by all means short of war The America First Committee: isolationists seeking protection behind the oceans ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers PEARL HARBOR: THE UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR December 7, 1941 Japanese American Relocation Wartime Migrations ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers December 7, 1941 7:55am: Japanese bombers attack U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii The surprise attack kills more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers and destroying most of the U.S. Pacific fleet, and half of the U.S. Far East Air Force Congress immediately declares war against Japan. 3 days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the United States ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Japanese American Relocation More than 100,000 Japanese Americans rounded up and placed in internment camps Executive Order of internment and War Relocation Authority 1943: some leave to attend colleges, take service jobs, or serve in the military ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Wartime Migrations African Americans migrate to northern cities to work in war industry plants Mexicans imported to work in the agricultural and seasonal jobs ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE HOME FRONT Building Morale Home Front Workers, “Rosie the Riveter,” and “Victory Girls” ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Building Morale Office of War Information Movies Radio programs Publications Posters Encouraging work in war industries and preserving the “American way of Life” ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Home Front Workers, “Rosie the Riveter,” and “Victory Girls” New employment opportunities for women and disabled Wages climb Unions include women and minorities as members Victory Girls: a fling with a soldier is a patriotic duty ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers RACE AND WAR The Holocaust Racial Tensions at Home Fighting for the “Double V” ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Holocaust 6 million Jews are killed, along with homosexuals, disabled, and Gypsies (or Romani) American knowledge of Jewish persecution begins in 1930s Word of extermination camps in 1941 Anti-Semitism grows in the United States Denmark defies Nazis; Dominican Republic takes in Jewish refugees ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Racial Tensions at Home Randolph, President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, suggests march to Washington to protest discriminatory hiring practices in defense industry Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination in defense industries Fair Employment Practices Commission ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Fighting for the “Double V” African Americans enthusiastically enlist in the armed services Navajo “Code Talkers” By 1945, one-third of all able-bodied Native Americans serve during the war ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TOTAL WAR The War in Europe The War in the Pacific The End of the War ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The War in Europe Allies attack through “the soft underbelly of Europe” May, 1943: Germans driven from Africa Eastern front: Battle of Stalingrad. Soviets push Germans back in February, 1943 Summer of 1943: Allies sieze Sicily September 1943: Mussolini surrenders 1943: Germany covered with bombs: heavy loss of German lives June, 1944: Operation Overlord (D-Day invasion) Allies at German border by September May, 1945: Germany surrenders ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers World War II in Europe ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The War in the Pacific Phillipines fall to Japanese in May, 1942 May, 1942: U.S. victory at Battle of the Coral Sea August, 1942: Guadalcanal battle begins General MacArthur “leapfrogs” around southern Pacific Admiral Nimitz moves across the Central Pacific Late 1944: U.S. captures Mariana Islands and begins bombing Japan ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers World War II in the Pacific ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The End of the War The Manhattan Project July 26, 1945: Truman and Churchill and the Potsdam Declaration August 6, 1945: Atom bomb on Hiroshima: 80,000 people die immediately August 8, 1945: Atom bomb on Nagasaki September 2, 1945: Japan surrenders ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers