Transcript Chapter 13

Ch. 13: Diversity,
Conflict, and Union
The ancient Greek and
Roman civilizations and
the Renaissance all began
in Mediterranean Europe
Ch. 13:1 - Ancient History
 The mild climate and
physical features of
southern Europe
were partly
responsible for the
emergence of the
Greek and Roman
Empire in the
mid-700s B.C.
Greece the Birthplace of
Democracy
 In about 2000 B.C., the
Greeks in the city-state of
Athens tried an experiment
in rule by the people instead
if by a king.
 Although democracy did not
survive the upheaval of
many wars, however, the
Athenian system helped to
inspire the United States
patterns of government.
The Roman Empire
 Rome established a
republic where they
elected representatives to
rule in their name.
 The Roman empire grew
to include most of
western Europe, Great
Britain, North Africa,and
Palestine.
The Dark Ages
 The Roman Empire in
Europe went in to
decline in the 300s
AD and was overrun
by Germanic tribes in
474. This invasion
plunged Europe into
the Dark Ages.
Christianity
 Despite the fall of the
Roman empire in the
west, Christianity was
spread out of Rome
and across much of
Europe.
The Eastern Empire
 The Roman Empire continued to thrive in
the east from the new capital of
Constantinople. Over time, Christianity in
the eastern empire began to differ greatly
from Christianity in the West. In the
western (Latin) Church, many pagan
rituals were added to the practice of
Christianity. The Eastern Church did not
agree with this “alteration” of the faith.
Great Schism
 In 1054 AD, a
permanent split
occurred within the
Christian faith.
Orthodox Christianity
became a separate
faith than the
traditional Christian
religion in the West.
Italian City-States
 Beginning in 1096, a series of military campaigns
were organized to reclaim the Holy Lands for
Christianity.
 The Muslims had conquered the city of Jerusalem
a couple centuries earlier.
 As a result of these Crusades, Italian merchants
earned great profits as they entertained the
crusaders on their journey to Palestine.
Italian City-States
 The Italian cities of
Florence and Venice
became rich from
banking and trade.
 This wealth helped
lead these areas
develop into
prosperous city-states.
The Renaissance
 As a result of contact with the Muslims,
western Europe began to emerge out of the
Dark Ages.
 A renewed interest and the arts led Europe
into a period of rapid growth called the
“Renaissance” . The word renaissance
means “re-birth”.
The Black Death
 Contact with others
had detrimental
consequences. In the
early 1300s, a plague
spread throughout
Europe killing off
nearly one-third of the
population.
Spain’s Empire
 In the 700s A.D., Muslims had conquered Spain
and Portugal. For nearly 7 centuries, Spanish
live under their influence.
 In the late 1400s, an initiative to return Spain to
her Christian roots was undertaken. This is the
period called the “reconquista”.
 Jews and Muslims were given the choice to
convert to Christianity, leave Spain or die.
Spain Seeks New Trade Routes
 During the era of the reconquista, Spain was
looking for a trade route to India that would
bypass the Muslims and Italians in the
Mediterranean. In this pursuit, an Italian sailor,
Christopher Columbus was hired.
 In his attempt to find a direct route to India, he
stumbled upon the “New World”.
Review
 Greeks
– Democracy
 Romans
– Republic
 Western Roman Empire Falls
– Dark Ages





Eastern Empire – Great Schism
Crusades
Renaissance
Plague
Spanish Reconquista – Spain seeks alternate
trade routes
Ch. 13-2: Western Europe
 The history of western Europe is connected to the
Roman Empire.
 After the Roman Empire fell, small armies led by
warrior kings had control over small territories.
 In the late 700s, a Germanic king, Charlemagne,
was able to unite nearly all of Europe under his
control. His legitimacy a supreme ruler was
conveyed to him on a Christmas day as the Pope
in Rome crowned him the emperor of the new
Roman Empire.
Feudalism and the Middle
Ages
 After the death of
Charlemagne, the
unity among the
people of Europe
dissolved and small
competing kingdoms
reemerged.
 This period of time is
known of the Middle
ages.
Reformation
 In the early 1500s, corruption within the Church
led to a splintering of Christianity.
 Martin Luther, a priest, wrote a lengthy letter of
protest against some of the Church’s questionable
fund raising activities. This letter, the “95
Theses” was circulated throughout Europe
sparking a move for reform. This is the historical
period where Protestant Christianity developed.
The Rise of Nationalism
 Feudalism gave way to a new spirit of
nationalism.
 Nationalism is the belief that people should
be loyal to their nation, the people with
whom they share the land, their culture and
history.
Nationalism Leads to War
 100 Years War between France and Great
Britain. (1300-1400s))
 7 Years war (mid 1700s)
 War of Austrian Succession (mid 1700s)
 French Revolution(1789-1814)
 Unification of Germany under Bismarck (1870s)
 WWI (1914-1919)
 WWII (1938-1945)
 Balkan Wars(1913 –1914)
 Crisis in the Balkans (1999)
World War II
1939-1945
Nazi soldiers parading through
Warsaw after the invasion of Poland.
September 1939
Invasion of
Jewish
refugees in
Poland
Germany invades Europe
A poster of a headline in The
Star newspaper announces the
German invasion of Norway, April
1940. London, England
Invasion of Norway
German Invasions
The Fall of France-1940
May 10, 1940
German troops parade down
Champs-Elysees after the fall of
Paris. January 1, 1940.
Battle of Britain July 10October 31, 1940
RAF
Battle of Britain Map
RAF and Luftwaffe Airbases
Luftwaffe Pilot
RAF
Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
USS Arizona Memorial
Tears of the Arizona
Germany invades Soviet Union 1941
Germany breaks NonAggression Pact
Stalingrad (July 17, 1942-February 2, 1943)
Germany Advances
759,560 Soviet personnel
were awarded this medal
for the defence of
Stalingrad from 22
December, 1942.
Red Army soldier waves flag
after victory
Mother Motherland on Volga
The aftermath
D-Day June 6, 1944
 Allied
invasion of
Western
Europe
 Targeted the
beaches of
Normandy in
France
Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower gives the order of the Day. 'Full victory-nothing else' to paratroopers in
England, just before they board their airplanes to participate in the first assault in the invasion of
the continent of Europe." Eisenhower is meeting with US Co. E, 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment
(Strike), photo taken at Greenham Common Airfield in England about 8:30 p.m. on June 5, 1944.
U.S. Soldiers march through a southern English coastal town, en route to board landing ships
for the invasion of France, circa late May or early June 1944.
Crossing the
English
Channel to
German
occupied
France
A convoy of Landing Craft Infantry sails across the English
Channel toward the Normandy Invasion beaches on "DDay", 6 June 1944. Each of these landing craft is towing a
barrage balloon for protection against low-flying German
aircraft.
Landing supplies at Normandy
The Battle of the Bulge
(16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945)
American soldiers
taking up defensive
positions in the
Ardennes during the
Battle of the Bulge.
Aftermath
 Bloodiest
battle of the
War for the
US
 Largest
battle in US
military
history
Malmedy Massacre-Germans
execute American POWs
The Philippines Fall-War in the
Pacific
Japan continues multiple offensives after Pearl Harbor
Bataan Death March-April 1942
US and Filipino forces surrender
to Japan, 75,000 prisoners are
marched to prison camps
Prisoners on burial detail at Camp
O'Donnell.
Prisoners on the march
from Bataan to the
prison camp, May 1942.
Battle of the Coral Sea-May 1942
 Large naval
battle
 First primary
use of
aircraft
carriers
 Airplanes
fired on
enemy ships
Yorktown conducts aircraft operations in the South Pacific area
sometime before the battle. A fleet oiler is in the near background.
The Battle of Midway-June
1942
 Crucial
naval
battle
 Helps
Allies turn
the tide on
the Pacific
front
Midway Atoll,
several
months before
the battle.
Eastern Island
(with the
airfield) is in
the
foreground,
and the larger
Sand Island is
in the
background to
the west.
Battle of Guadalcanal
(August 1942-February 1943)
 Land,
sea,
and air
battle
in the
South
Pacific
Allies conquer Japanese territory
The airfield at Lunga Point
on Guadalcanal under
construction by Japanese
and Korean workers in July
1942.
U.S. Marines come
ashore on Guadalcanal
on August 7, 1942.
November 1942-United States
Marines, likely from the 2nd
Marine Division, rest in the
field during the Guadalcanal
campaign.
Battle of Leyte Gulf-October
1944
 Greatest
naval battle
in world
history
 More than
280
warships
 Fought to
control the
Philippines
The light aircraft carrier Princeton on fire, east
of Luzon, 24 October 1944.
Kamikazes
First battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze
attacks.
USS St. Lo explodes after kamikaze strike
Battle of Iwo Jima
(February-March 1945)
 Americans
storm Japanese
island of Iwo
Jima
 Costly battle,
Americans met
with fierce
resistance from
the outnumbered
Japanese
US Marines land on Iwo Jima
Americans storm the
volcanic island
U.S. flag
over
Mount
Suribachi
Battle of Okinawa
(April-June 1945)
 One major
island closer
to Japanese
mainland
 Costliest
Pacific battle
for Americans,
50,000
casualties
USS Bunker Hill hit by kamikazes piloted by
Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa and another man on
May 11, 1945. 372 personnel were killed from
a crew of 2,600.
Faces of the Kamikaze Pilots
Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa posing
before he killed himself in a
kamikaze attack on the USS
Bunker Hill (see above) on
May 11, 1945.
May 26, 1945. Corporal Yukio Araki, holding a
puppy, with four other pilots of the 72nd
Shinbu Squadron at Bansei, Kagoshima.
Araki,17, died the following day in a suicide
attack on ships near Okinawa.
Kamikaze attack on the USS Missouri. About
to be hit, while operating off Okinawa on 11
April 1945. The plane hit the ship's side
below the main deck, causing minor
damage and no casualties on board the
battleship. A 40 mm quad gun mount's crew
is in action in the lower foreground.
Hiroshima 広島市 -August 6, 1945
 First use of
nuclear warfare
 80,000 dead
 Thousands more
would die from
the effects of the
radiation
Enola Gay
Dropped a single atomic bomb on Hiroshima
Aug. 6,
1945
 The atomic
cloud of
“Little
Boy” over
Hiroshima
The Aftermath
Nagasaki 長崎市 –
August 9, 1945
 Three days after
Hiroshima the
second atomic
bomb, Fat Man,
is dropped
 40,000 dead
 Many more due
to radiation
Aug. 9,
1945
 Mushroom
cloud from
the nuclear
explosion
over
Nagasaki
rising
60,000 feet
into the air
 The energy
released by the
bomb was
powerful enough
to burn through
clothing. The
dark portions of
the garments this
victim wore at the
time of the blast
were emblazoned
on to the flesh as
scars, while skin
underneath the
lighter parts
(which absorb
less energy) was
not damaged as
badly.
Before and
After
VJ-Day August 15, 1945 (Aug. 14
in North America)
 Emperor
Hirohito reading
out the Imperial
Rescript on the
Termination of
the War.
Surrender Ceremony
 Representatives of Japan stand aboard the USS
Missouri prior to signing of the Instrument of
Surrender.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs the Instrument of
Surrender on behalf of the Allied Powers
Official Surrender September 2, 1945
 Japanese foreign
affairs minister
Mamoru
Shigemitsu signs
the Japanese
Instrument of
Surrender on board
USS Missouri as
General Richard K.
Sutherland
watches.
Estimated World War II Deaths
Military
Deaths
Civilian
Deaths
Total Deaths
Germany
3,250,000
2,350,000
5,600,000
Italy
226,900
60,000
286,900
Japan
1,740,000
393,400
2,133,400
France
Great
Britain
United
States
Soviet
Union
122,000
470,000
592,000
305,800
60,600
366,400
405,400
---------
405,400
11,000,000
6,700,000
17,700,000
China
1,400,000
8,000,000
9,400,000
Country
Axis
Allies
SOURCE: World War II: A Statistical Survey
Casualties of War
 Holocaust- 6 million Jews were
exterminated at the hands of the Nazis
Communism-Berlin Wall
 After WWII, Berlin, Germany was split into 4
quarters. One of those quarters was communist,
the other three were capitalistic.
 In order to keep people from leaving the soviet
quarter a wall was built to keep the people in.
This wall came down in 1989 as communism
itself in Europe gasped its last breath.