Transcript Test Review PowerPoint

Causes of World War I
1. The Main Trigger
• Why was the
assassination of Arch
Duke Franz
Ferdinand so
important that it
caused World War 1?
Imperial Europe
Serbia?
• Looks like a small and insignificant country
in a world of large Empires.
• How was it a threat and how did it lead the
world to war?
2. Colonial Rivalry
Colonial Rivalry
• As you can see, much of the world was
split between Britain, France, and
Germany, the main players in Colonialism.
• Imperialism – Competition between
countries to acquire the most land,
resources and therefore status.
• “the sun never sets on the British Empire”
2. Imperialism
• Germany was much smaller than Britain
and France.
• German Leader, Kaiser Wilhelm II was
determined to “gain a place in the sun”
• Needed market for growing industries
• Gain respect for Germany on world stage.
3. The Balkans
“Powder Keg”
The Balkans
• The Balkans are made up of primarily Slav
people.
• Includes Serbians, Bulgarians and
Romanians.
• Many Slav people were claimed by the
Austro – Hungarian Empire.
The Balkans
• Serbia wanted to unite all the Slav
Peoples, including those in AustriaHungary.
• Austria-Hungary wanted to take over the
Balkans to protect its empire.
• Russia Viewed itself as the protector of
the Slavs.
4. French German Rivalry
Alsace-Lorraine
• In 1870 France fought
against Germany and
lost.
• Forced to accept
humiliating peace
treaty
• Had to give up Alsace
Lorraine.
• Group called the
Revanchist wanted
revenge
5. Arms Race
• Great Powers increased spending on arms
• All more than doubled, Germany and
Russia quadrupled.
• As each country increased its weapons it
became more confident, and war more
likely.
• New technologies were being developed
(Machine guns, Field guns)
6. Arms Race
Anglo-German Naval Race
• Britain had the most powerful Navy in the
world. Since it was an Island it depended
on it.
• Germany had the best army
• Germany began building Navy Vessels.
• Not a major concern for Britain as it would
take forever for Germany to catch up.
Arms Race
Anglo-German Naval Race
• The invention of the Dreadnought
battleship made all other ships obsolete.
• Germany was able to catch up and build 8
of these to Britain’s 9.
• Britain was now threatened by an equal
navy and superior army.
Dreadnought
Normal
16,000 tons
4 12inch guns
4 9inch guns
9 inch thick armour
18 knots top speed
Dreadnought
18000 tons
10 12 inch guns
18 4 inch guns
11 inch thick armour
22 knots top speed.
7. The Schlieffen Plan
• German General Von
Schlieffen devised a
plan to attack France.
• They would walk
through Belgium
quickly.
• Arrive in France
before British would
show up.
• French forces would
expect them from
Lorraine.
8. The Alliance System
The Alliance system brought war closer by:
• Creating two armed camps The Triple
Alliance – Germany, Italy, Austro-Hungary
and The Triple Entente – Britain, France,
Russia.
• If one was attacked, they were morally
bound to protect each other.
Assassination
• The Heir to the throne of the AustroHungarian Empire is assassinated by a
Bosnian with support from Serbia.
• Gavrillo Princip was a member of the
Black Hand, whose aim was to unite all
Serbs in Austro-Hungarian Empire.
9Alliances kick In
• Austro-Hungarian Empire declares war on
Serbia.
• Russia supports Serbia declares war on
Austria-Hungary.
• Germany moves into Belgium to start the
Schlieffen Plan.
• France declares war on Germany
• Britain Supports France, declares war.
• World war 1 begins.
The Course of the War
Hindenberg Line
• Germany wanted to hold on to gains so
they build a defensive position that was
superior to anything.
• 100 yards deep of barbed wire
The Schlieffen Plan
• The Original Schlieffen Plan was to go
through Belgium and encircle Paris.
• Didn’t happen since the Belgians put up a
good fight
• British Expeditionary Force (BEF) met the
Germans at the Mons on the 23rd of
August
• Retreated to the River Marne
German Retreat to Aisne
• Germans were overstretched and tired
• French and British drive them back to the
Aisne River.
• Both sides dig in and trench warfare
begins.
Race to the Sea
• Both sides tried to outflank each other.
• Which is termed a race to the sea.
• Form a Trench that goes from France
through up to Belgium Coast
• Luckily the Allies had control of the sea
lanes.
•
Race to the sea
Enabling Act
• Since Hitler had two thirds majority he passed
this act that enabled him to pass laws without
the Reichstag.
• Basically made him have all the power to make
laws. What he said went.
• Appointed new state parliaments to pass his
laws. Then disbanded Parliament.
• Got rid of all unions
• Confiscated funds and property of all the
opposition parties sent leaders to Concentration
camps.
Meine Kampf
•
•
•
•
Means “My Struggle”
Hitler Dictated this while in prison
Contains all of his ideas for Germany
Included his hatred of the Jewish Race
and the superior Aryans.
Maginot Line
• French built a line of defences
• Germans went around the line of defences
and surrounded it
• French surrendered.
• Germany takes Paris. French allowed to
Control Southern France.
• Petain becomes a puppet ruler to Hitler,
does everything Hitler wants.
Miracle at Dunkirk
• After French surrender, French and British
troops run to the Port of Dunkirk, still in
Allied control.
• Britain hoped to be able to save 50,000
troops.
How did it work
• Royal Air Force shot down many German
bombers.
• Hitler didn’t send in tanks so he could save
them to fight the French
• Land was flooded around Dunkirk, not
good for tanks.
• Goering said the bombers would do the
job.
Battle of Britain
Operation Sealion
• Hitler needed control of sea and air to
invade with troops.
• Germany uses the Luftwaffe (air force
bombers) to destroy ships and air bases.
Blitz
• Just when the British we about to lose
their last air field Germany attacked
London.
• This was to try and get the British to
surrender.
• Revenge for British bombing of German
cities.
• Everything was targeted.
Blitz
• Targeting cities did allow the British to
rebuild the air Force.
• Built 1836 planes in 4 months.
• Germans were losing twice as many
planes.
• British had radar technologies
• German Planes could not fight long as
they would run out of fuel.
Operation Barbarossa
• Hitler Knew the only way Britain could fight
back was with help from the Soviets or the
U.S.
• Hitler attacks the Soviets because he
hates communism
• Valuable resources
• Living space for Germans (Lebensraum)
Failed
• The geography of the U.S.S.R was not
suitable for Blitzkrieg (too big)
• Hitler spread out his troops to attack three
areas at the same time.
• Winter set in and troops froze to death
• Allies provided aid through the artic and
Persia.
WW1 Battles
1st Battle of Ypres
• Germans attack at Ypres but were held off
by the British.
• The British had to rely on the last reserves
and help from the Indian army.
• German attack died and both sides settled
in for winter
• Casualties Brit 58000 Fra 50000,
• Ger 130000
Neuve Chapelle
• Allies actually took this position but lost it
while waiting for orders from the officers
• Germany took it back
2nd Battle of Ypres
•
•
•
•
Germany on the offensive
Used Chlorine gas for the first time
Lasted a month
95000 casualties
Battle of Verdun
• New strategy from Germany
• Through all troops at Verdun to take
French troops from other parts.
• Artillery destroyed the French defenses
• Germany was about to break through but
the allies launched the offensive at the
Somme.
Verdun
• French push back to the original boundary.
• The battle lasted almost a year.
• The French lost nearly 400000 and the
Germans 350000.
• All for about 4 miles of land.
The Somme
• To relieve the Verdun Battle the Somme
was launched
• Was meant to end the war.
• 7 days of Bombardment
• Unsuccessful 20000 British died in the first
day.
• In 4 months the allies captured ground at
the cost of 420000 brit troops, 195000
French, 600000 Germans
Why did Stalin Choose the
Nazis
Nazi Soviet Pack
• Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets
on their side.
• Hitler did not want a war on two fronts
East (Soviets and West (Allies).
• Stalin was weak after the war and purges.
• Stalin was terrified of being overthrown.
He killed or imprisoned 11 million people
including army officers.
Nazi Soviet Pact
• Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets
on their side.
• Hitler did not want a war on two fronts
East (Soviets and West (Allies).
• Stalin was weak after the war and purges.
• Stalin was terrified of being overthrown.
He killed or imprisoned 11 million people
including army officers.
What was Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg
• German Attack Strategy
• Based on planes and tanks
• Bombers attacked airfields and
communication centres
• Limited reinforcements and defences
Blitzkrieg
• Paratroopers dropped behind enemy lines
• Captured bridges and communication
towers
Blitzkrieg
• Bombers attacked enemy strong points
• Tanks broke through weakened points and
outflanked front lines
Why was it effective?
• New tactic
• Allies prepared for trench warfare and
spread themselves thin to cover the
borders.
• Speed of tanks allowed Germans to
surround allies in the trench.
• Allies were on the defensive prepared
for a long struggle.
Short Answer
Operation Barbarossa
• Hitler Knew the only way Britain could fight
back was with help from the Soviets or the
U.S.
• Hitler attacks the Soviets because he
hates communism
• Valuable resources
• Living space for Germans (Lebensraum)
Failed
• The geography of the U.S.S.R was not
suitable for Blitzkrieg (too big)
• Hitler spread out his troops to attack three
areas at the same time.
• Winter set in and troops froze to death
• Allies provided aid through the artic and
Persia.
The Search for Peace
Paris Peace Treaty, Treaty of Versailles
The War to End All Wars
• Nations wanted to ensure ww1 was the
war to end all wars.
• Create a world of lasting peace.
• Aimed to make a treaty that would satisfy
the sentiments of revenge.
• Be fair to Germany to ensure a lasting
peace.
Doomed from the Start
• Not fair to all nations
• Russia was forbidden to attend because
they turned to Communism and made
peace earlier in the war.
• None of the defeated countries were
allowed (Germany, Austro-Hungary) to
attend.
• Britain, France, U.S. had all decision
making power.
“War to End All Wars”
Losses of the War
• 10 million Lives
• 180 billion direct cost
• 150 Billion indirect
cost.
• Russia 3.3 million
• France 1.7 million
• Britain 950,000
(66000 Can)
• U.S. 118,000
• Germany 2.5 million
• Austria-Hungary 1.5 mil
• Ottoman Empire 2.9 mil
Percentage of Loss by Country
Objectives of the Countries
United States
• Wilson wanted this to be the “War that
ended all Wars”
• Created the 14 points speech which
offered a vision for a new world order
focused on Economic and moral power.
Objectives of the Countries
United States
• Wilson blamed the war on
• secret diplomacy (Alliances)
• dominant oppression of ethnic minorities
(Balkans)
• Autocratic Governments ruled by elites
(German Imperialism).
Objectives of the Countries
United States
•
•
•
•
•
14 pts included
End to secret alliances
Reduction of arms
Freedom of trade and the seas
People of the same nationalities should be
allowed to form their own independent
state (Poland, Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia)
Objectives of the Countries
United States
• France should have its land back and
restored, including the region of Alsace
Lorraine.
• An international body shall be created to
monitor the world and settle disputes
peacefully. ( League of Nations)
French Objectives
• 2 basic goals National security and
financial reparations.
• Return of Alsace Lorraine
• Gain of Rhineland
• Rights to coal in the Saar Valley
• Payment for all damages in France, no
matter how long it takes.
British Objectives
• Sea lane security and reduction of
German Navy to 6 ships.
• Give up colonies to Allies
• Less reparations for fear Germans would
revolt and join communist Russia.
• Limit to territorial demands on Rhineland
• Did not want France to become to
powerful.
The Result
Territorial Changes
• Alsace Lorraine returned to France
• Belgium Poland and Czechoslovakia were
given parts of Germany.
• all overseas colonies given to Allies
(Britain, France, Japan)
• Free port city of Danzig
Military Gains
• German army reduced to 100,000 troops
• Forbidden to have air force
• Reduce navy to 6 ships, subs to be
handed over to Britain.
• Admission of war guilt
Reparations
• Germany to pay damages to France and
Belgium in money or resources for 30
years.
• France gets Saar coal mines for 15 years
• Allied troops establish DMZ in the
Rhineland for 15 years.
• League of Nations formed.
Causes of WW2
• Hitler’s rejection of the Treaty of Versailles
(TOV)
• Policy of Appeasement ( failure to stop
Hitler when he breaks T.O.V.
• Hitler’s Ambitions (lebenstraum – living
space)