Transcript World War II

World War II
• Objectives:
– To understand the causes of World War II.
– To understand the major events that occurred
during the war.
– To understand the major turning points during
the war.
– To understand the events that led to the end of
the war.
ACTS OF AGGRESSION
1931 - Japan Invades Manchuria (China)
The Japanese
army ignored the
Japanese
parliament and
launched a fullscale invasion of
Manchuria. Area
rich in iron and
coal.
The League of Nations protested the attack. Japan ignored the
protests and withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933.
What does this incident tell us
about the League of Nations?
•The League cannot enforce its authority.
•A Non-European event did not attract major European powers.
•Other powers see this as a sign that they could get
away with the use of force.
•The League lost its most powerful member in the Far East and
ultimately Japan was to unite with the two other nations that
broke League rules - Germany and Italy.
1937
• Beijing and other northern cities fell
• Then Nanjing fell to the Japanese. Rape of
Nanking: Japanese massacred more than
100,000 Chinese civilians and raped
hundreds of thousands
1940
• Japan invaded French Indochina and several
other areas
ACTS OF AGGRESSION
1935 – Italy invades Ethiopia
On October 3, 1935, Italy attacked Ethiopia without a
declaration of war. On October 7, the League of Nations
unanimously declared Italy an aggressor and imposed mild
economic sanctions. Ineffecitve.
Benito Mussolini
“I refuse to believe that the real
people of Great Britain and France,
who have never had discords with
Italy, are prepared to run the risk of
hurling Europe along the road to
catastrophe for the sake of
defending an African country
universally branded as a country
without the slightest shadow of
civilization.”
How Does Mussolini justify the attack
of Ethiopia?
AXIS POWER
Adolf Hitler (right) is considered
one of the most brutal dictators
in history. After purging possible
rivals for leadership, Hitler
rearmed Germany into a
modern war machine. He and
Italian dictator Benito Mussolini
(left), both Fascists, became
allies in 1936. Rome-Berlin
Axis.They are shown here in
Munich, Germany, in 1937.
GERMAN AGGRESSION
1935 Adolf Hitler says will no
longer limit the size of his army as
required by Versailles Treaty.
League of Nations gives mild
condemnation.
1936: Hitler moves into Rhineland,
the buffer zone between France
and Germany
GERMAN AGGRESSION
Hitler invaded Austria in 1938. Some Austrians welcomed the Nazis
and were content to see their country incorporated into Germany.
Treaty of Versailles had forbidden Anschluss: union between
Germany and Austria. The British Government, led by Neville
Chamberlain, merely registered a diplomatic protest. France and
Britain ignored their pledge to protect Austrian independence.
Hitler informs jubilant Nazi deputies in the Reichstag that Germany has annexed Austria, 1938.
APPEASEMENT
1938 Hitler demands that the Sudetenland be given to Germany.
Sudetenland was area of Czechoslovakia that was home to 3
million German speaking people. Munich Pact: Britain and
France allowed Hitler to seize the Sudetenland in return for
assurance that Hitler had no further territorial claims in Europe.
PEACE FOR OUR TIME!
“My good friends… I have
returned form Germany bringing
peace with honor. I believe it is
peace for our time… Go home and
get a nice quiet sleep.”
“An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile,
hoping it will eat him last.”
- Winston Churchill
On 15 March 1939, the German army
occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia.
The Policy Of Appeasement
Based on what you have learned, and these Dr. Seuss cartoons,
what does ‘appeasement’ mean?
Nazi-Soviet Pact
On August 23, 1939, the world was shocked when, suddenly, Russia
and Germany signed a non-aggression pact. In addition, the two
countries had a secret agreement to invade and divide
______________ between them.
Exit Slip
• What weaknesses made the League of
Nations an ineffective force for peace in the
1920s and 1930s.
GERMANY INVADES POLAND
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Hitler introduced
a new kind of war called a blitzkrieg, which means “lightning war.”
German bombers targeted
railroads, shown here, which
crippled Polish military
mobilization. Hundreds of
tanks smashed through Polish
defenses and rolled deep into
the country. The Poles fought
hard, but on September 17, the
Soviet Union invaded their
country from the east. By the
end of the month, Poland had
fallen.
Acts of Aggression Lead to WWII
Country
Japan
Italy
Area Attacked
Allies’ Reaction
1931 - Manchuria China
1. Need for natural resources.
League of Nations condemned the
action but did nothing.
Ethiopia - Africa
1. Distract Italians from
depression.
2. Promised to build the new
Roman Empire
League of Nations: ineffective
economic sanctions. Other
nations concerned with their
own problems.
1. German people lived there.
1. None even though it was a direct
violation of the treaty
2. German people lived there.
2. Hitler promised he was finished.
Britain & France appeased
and didn't fight.
3. Desire for land.
3. Britain and France declare war.
1. Austria (1938)
Germany
Reason
2.Czechoslovakia/Sudeten
-land (1938)
3. Poland (1939)
World War II Rages On
Stage III: United States and Neutrality 1939
Isolationists
The United States is sympathetic to the Allies but __________________
control
the Congress. Roosevelt’s (FDR’s) Fireside Chats assure that the U.S. will
remain __________________________.
neutral
_______
______Carry
_________: The U.S. will sell arms to Allies for cash only
Cash and
and goods had to be picked up by the Allies.
France Falls!
In May 1940, the Germans
attacked France. The French
army was caught off guard.
The blitzkrieg sent French
forces into a confused retreat,
and as the Germans marched
into Paris on June 14, the
French government collapsed.
Evacuation - “Miracle" of Dunkirk
Following the German attack, Navy ships
were hastily gathered and sent to the port
of Dunkirk. Troops waited their turn to
be evacuated on the surrounding sandy
beaches.
At the port, ships and beaches came under
increasing aerial attack, small civilian
boats were sent across to help take men
directly off the beaches.
How were the events at Dunkirk
perceived by the Allied Powers?
German Blitzkreig Dominates
The Bombing of Britain
In Summer of 1940, the German Luftwaffe hit London with
the Blitz, with bombing raids on the capital and dog-fights in
its sky during the Battle of Britain.
Operation Barbarossa
Turning Point: Stalingrad
During the fall and early winter of
1941, German armored divisions had
advanced toward Moscow at a rapid
pace, capturing hundreds of thousands
of Soviet troops in the process.
But by the first week of December,
snow began falling, and temperatures
plunged to -40° F. The German
soldiers, not dressed for winter
weather, were freezing and losing their
will to fight. Their equipment also
froze, becoming useless. The Russian
winter finally accomplished what its
military had failed to do: It halted the
German offensive.
Turning Point: Pearl Harbor
On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft initiated a surprise attack on the
United States Pacific Fleet at Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor. The Japanese hoped to
cripple the American fleet, which they perceived as the principal threat to victory
in a war against the United States. Within a few hours the Japanese had destroyed
four battleships and damaged four more, including the USS Arizona (pictured),
destroyed other naval vessels and a large number of combat aircraft, and killed
and wounded many American naval and military personnel.
United States Declares War
On December 8, 1941, the day after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, U.S.
President Franklin Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress and asked for a
declaration of war against Japan. Roosevelt called December 7
“a date which will live in infamy.”
Japanese Aggression in Pacific
After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese took over the Philippines, Indochina,
Taiwan, and many other Pacific islands.
Island Hopping Strategy Successful
Okinawa,
1945
Iwo Jima,
1944-45
Midway,
1942
Philippines,
1944
Guadalcanal,
1942-43
Led by Douglas McArthur, the United States began an island hopping
campaign that would push the Japanese back to Japan.
Battle of Okinawa
The Allies then moved on to Okinawa, an island 350 miles from
southern Japan. The Japanese put up a desperate fight. On June
22, the __________
bloodiest land battle of the war ended. The Japanese lost
_________
110,000 troops, and the Americans _______.
12,500
Turning Point: Midway
The Battle of Midway was a victory
for American forces and marked a
turning point in the Pacific theater
during World War II. The battle
was fought in the waters off the
Midway Islands in June 1942
between United States land- and
carrier-based planes and Japanese
carrier-based planes. The Japanese
lost four aircraft carriers, two
cruisers, and three destroyers. The
Americans lost the aircraft carrier
Yorktown and one destroyer.
Battle of Iwo Jima
In March of 1945,
American Marines
gained control of the
tiny, but strategically
located, island of Iwo
Jima. Iwo Jima is
just 660 miles from
Tokyo. This victory
came after losing
more than 20,000
more soldiers than
they had ever lost in
any single battle.
Turning Points: Africa and Italy
Operation Overlord
(D-Day), 1944
Operation Torch,
1942-43
Invasion of Sicily
and Italy, 1943
El Alamein,
1942-43
The “Big
Three”
Joseph Stalin, Franklin
D. Roosevelt, and
Winston Churchill
A meeting in Tehrān, Iran, in 1943 was held to discuss the military strategy and
post-World War II policy for Europe. The leaders decided to invade France in
1944, against Churchill’s recommendations. The meeting marked the apex of the
East-West wartime alliance.
D-Day: Operation Overlord
On June 6, 1944, a force of about 152,000 Allied soldiers from the United States,
Britain, and Canada stormed the beaches of Normandy in northern France,
where they were supported by about 23,000 paratroopers.
D-Day was the largest seaborne invasion in history. The invasion at
Normandy, France took the Germans by surprise, because they expected an
invasion from the narrowest part of the English Channel. The Germans fought
the invasion fiercely, but by the end of the day, all five beaches were secured
by the Allies.
Battle of the Bulge
• The Battle of the Bulge
which lasted from
December 16, 1944 to
January 28, 1945 was the
largest land battle of World
War II in which the United
States participated. More
than a million men fought
in this battle including some
600,000 Germans, 500,000
Americans, and 55,000
British.
• At the conclusion of the
battle the casualties were:
81,000 U.S. with 19,000
killed, 1400 British with 200
killed, and 100,000
Germans killed, wounded
or captured.
The Yalta Conference
In February 1945 the leaders of the Allied powers, known as the Big Three, met at
Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula to discuss Allied military strategy in the final
months of World War II.
VE-DAY: May 8, 1945
Winston Churchill acknowledges crowd.
VE Day marks the day of the Allies' victory in Europe during World
War II. After 3 1/2 years of war, Nazi Germany surrendered
unconditionally in 1945.
Pacific War Battles On!
Kamikaze, which in Japanese means “divine wind,” were suicide squadrons
organized by the Japanese air force in the last months of World War II. Pilots flew
their aircraft, loaded with explosives, directly into U.S. naval vessels. Kamikaze
pilots, sacrificing their lives in a last-ditch effort to stop the American advance,
sank about 40 U.S. ships.
HARRY TRUMAN
When Franklin Roosevelt died on
April 12, 1945, Harry Truman came
into office. The European war was
coming to an end, and he was left to
concentrate his power on the war in
the Pacific. The only obstacle that
the United States needed to
overcome was Japanese expansion.
Although much of the Japanese naval fleet and air force had
been destroyed by Allied raids, their ancient Bushido
tradition prevented a surrender. Therefore, an Allied victory
would create extremely high casualties; military advisors
predicted that an invasion of Japan would cost over 1 million
American lives. This fact put Truman in a very difficult
position. He had to choose between the massive destruction
the bomb would cause Japan and saving the lives of his
American soldiers.
What would you do?
Use the Atomic Bomb
to make the Japanese
surrender, invade
Japan, or find another
solution?
Atomic Bomb
On August 6, 1945, during World
War II, the United States dropped
the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima,
a Japanese city and military center.
An estimated 60,000 to 70,000 people
were killed or reported missing,
according to U.S. estimates, and
thousands more were made
homeless. Sixteen hours after the
attack, U.S. President Harry S.
Truman’s report of the event was
broadcast to radio listeners.
The Atomic Age Begins!
Three days later, on August 9, a second bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki. Over 20,000 people died instantly. In the successive
weeks, thousands more Japanese died from the after effects of
the radiation exposure of the blast.
VJ-Day: The War is Over!
Japanese officials formally surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945, aboard
the United States battleship Missouri. Japan's surrender brought an end to World
War II (1939-1945).