Transcript The Reasons for the Success of the D

D-Day
June 6th, 1944
Stephen K. & Dan T.
Ms. Pojer WXY
Sophomore EHAP
Essential Question
How did the Allies’ use of
spies and deception lead to
the overall success of the
D-Day invasion?
Spies
“Garbo”
A.K.A.
Juan Pujol Garcia
Code named after the
famous actress, Gretta
Garbo
Background
Born in Catalan,
Spain in 1912.
Fought under Franco
for fascism in the
Spanish Civil War
Developed hatred
towards fascism.
Especially towards
Nazi Germany
Background (Cont.)
Germany’s remaining
adversary
Garbo’s wife asked British
officers to employ him as a
spy
 REJECTED
 Needs a plan
His plan
1. Establish himself as a German spy
 Operating in Lisbon, he
told Germans he was in
British
 Fabricated reports about
shipping movements
 Germans buy it (100%)
(2)
Return back to Britain intelligence
services to offer his services
ACCEPTED!!
As a British
double agent
Joins the MI5
(military
intelligence)
in 1942
Garbo’s Role
 Sent a current stream of
misinformation over the radio
 Sent reports and images of troop
movement in the South-east of
England, opposite Pas de Calais
 Military infrastructure was
reported to try and convince the
Germans that the army was
weak and the attack would be
later in the year
Garbo
Despite defeat at
Normandy, Hitler still
trusted Garbo as his own
spy and awarded him the
German Iron Cross award
Other D-Day Spies
Roman Czerniawski
(Brutus)
 Czerniawski began his career as a Polish
airforce officer
 Created an allied espionage network
code named Interaille
 He was sold out by a member of his
group and sent on a mission to England
as a German spy
 Became a double agent code named
“Brutus” under the Double Cross System
Roman Czerniawski
(Brutus)
 Double Cross System was an anti-espionage
and deception program run by the British
MI5 military intelligence department
 Czerniawski was involved in that program as
he was a captured Nazi spy who provided
faulty information to the Nazis in order to
deceive them of the true plans of the allies
 The work of double agents such as
Czerniawski was vital in deceiving the
Germans with regards to the inevitable
European invasion
Heldge Moe & Tor Glad
(Mutt and Jeff)
Norwegian
Members of the MI5
Double Cross System
After being fetched
up on a beach, they
turned themselves in
to the German police
From there they
reported German
Military traffic,
deployments, and
civilian morale.
Heldge Moe & Tor Glad
(Mutt and Jeff)
British Spy officers were
also able to relay false
information to Mutt and
Jeff. They hoped that the
Germans would hear this
information and believe it.
THEY DID!
Deception
In War time, truth is
so precious that she
should always be
surrounded by a
bodyguard of lies.
Tehran Conference
 “Big Three” Leaders consisting of Stalin,
Roosevelt and Churchill discuss the allies
opening up a second front
 Leaders agree to deceive the Germans
about the true nature of the European
invasion.
Five Fold
Deception Plan
 Allied leaders plan a series of
pseudo invasions to throw the
Germans off guard.
 The Germans would learn of
these faulty plans but lacked the
military intelligence to decipher
which ones were simply decoys.
Five Fold
Deception Plan
 VENDETTA and FERDINAND= false
invasions of the west Mediterranean
 IRONSIDE = Another false invasion
that led the Germans to believe the
would be attacked at the French
Bay Biscay
Five Fold
Deception Plan
 ZEPPELIN = False invasion of the Balkans
in Eastern Europe
 This false invasion was so deceptive
that many historians believe
Churchill truly wanted the Allies to
invade there.
 FORTITUDE NORTH = Pseudo invasion
of German territory via Norway
Operation Fortitude
(South)
Goal: Convince the Germans that an
invasion would come from Pas de Calais.
Pas de Calais
was the logical
point of attack
because it is the
closest area from
France to
England.
“Operation Fortitude”
(South)
Operation Quicksilver
Goal: Convince the Germans that the allies
had two army groups
1. 21st army group – Montgomery (real)
2. 1st U.S. Army Group (FUSAG) – Patton (FAKE)
21st Army Group
Patton’s “Ghost” Army
 Allies needed to make Pas de Calais
invasion seem imminent and realistic.
 Put highly respected General George
Patton in charge of this completely fake
army called FUSAG.
 Army had fake tanks and everything
that would make it appear as if it was
about to embark on an invasion of
Hitler’s Fortress Europa.
FUSAG
German aerial view
Inflatable tank
Dummy
landing craft
Further
Deception
 Captured German General Hans Kramer
was to be repatriated in an exchange.
 While going through England, he saw the
21st army group that was the real company
to embark on the invasion.
 Allies mislead him on his location so that he
thought he was seeing them in Kent where
the Germans thought the forces were
located.
D-Day
Leadership
D-Day Leaders (ALLIES)
Gen. Omar
Bradley US
Gen.
George S.
Patton US
Gen. Dwight D.
Eisenhower US
General Spaatz US
Marshall
Montgomery
Br.
Lt. Miles
Dempsey Br.
D-Day Leaders
General Omar Bradley
 Commander of the imperative 1st Army.
 Commanded three corps directed at
Utah and Omaha beach.
 Men under his command
grew to 900,000 (largest
ever under one
commander).
 Became the first chairman
of NATO.
D-Day Leaders
LT. Miles Dempsey
 Commander of the 2nd
British Army (British,
Canadian, and Polish
forces).
 Landed successfully at
Gold, Juno, and Sword
beaches.
 Captured the French
city of Caen after
success at Normandy.
D-Day Leaders
General Carl Spaatz
 Commander of the US Strategic
Air Forces in Europe (USSTAF).
 Worked with British air
commander, Marshal Trafford
Leigh-Mallory.
 Together they strategically
bombed German oil rigs and
army bases near the English
Chanel to help with the overall
success of Operation Overlord.
D-Day Leaders
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
 Made Supreme Allied
Commander – early
1944.
 In complete control of
the planning and
execution of the Allied
invasion at Normandy.
 A month after
Normandy, oversaw the
successful invasion of
Southern France.
D-Day Leaders
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
 The success of the invasion was far from a
certainty in Eisenhower's mind.
 In advance, he wrote a short speech for the
potentially catastrophic failure.
D-Day Leaders
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Our landings have failed and I
have withdrawn the troops. My
decision to attack at this time and
place was based on the best
information available. The troops,
the air and the navy did all that
bravery could do. If any blame or
fault attaches to the attempt it is
mine alone.
"to preserve … our civilization
and to set free a suffering
humanity."
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
“The whole of the South Coast of
England is a bastion of defense
against the invasion of Hitler; you've
got to turn it into the springboard for
our attack."
- Winston Churchill
“I have full confidence in your
courage, devotion to duty, and skill
in battle. We will accept nothing
less than full victory.”
- General Dwight D. Eisenhower
D-Day Leaders
Field Marshall Rommel
 Commander of the 7th German Army.
 Told Hitler about the severity of the invasion
but was rejected.
 Planned with other officers to possibly
overthrow Hitler in hopes of negotiating with
the Allies.
 Rommel accused of assassination attempt on
Hitler—Suicide!
Germans Anticipated
attack in 1944
Successes
D-Day
June 6, 1944
 The invasion would
begin on the beaches
of Normandy, France.
 The largest
amphibious force in
the history of warfare.
 Considered by some to
be the greatest
military achievement
of the 20th century.
Preparation
 9 battleships
 23 Cruisers
 104 destroyers
 71 U-boats
 150,000 troops set to cross the
English Channel in the invasion of
Hitler’s fortress of Europe
Real D-Day Planning Map
Preparation
Preparation
General Overview of
Invasion
German Defense System
Invasion at Utah Beach
Deception Works Again
 German counter-attack to initial
invasion were delayed because of
internal arguments among the
German high-command.
 Fortitude South had been so
successful in deceiving the German’s
that they were convinced the main
invasion of France was still to come
from the Pas-De-Calais.
I remember seeing all
the dead bodies
littering the beach.
Some were killed on
the first landing. They
were fodder for the
Germans gun. Others
were washed in by the
tide where their boats
had been caught.
- Sr. Bernard
Morgan
“Welcome to Hell”
Fatalities
4,500 Allied
and American
troops dead
National D-day Memorial
Foundation
D-Day: Turning the
Tide of War
 Invasion of Normandy was the decisive
Allied victory that turned the tide of
World War 2.
 Success of the invasion was necessary for
the Allies to launch an attack to liberate
France.
 Allies moved permanently to the
offensive as the armies marched through
Europe to liberate the other conquered
nations.
Hitler’s “Fortess
Europa” June 1944
VE Day: May 8th 1945
What if the Invasion of
Normandy had failed?
 Had the invasion failed, the
repercussion would have been both
shocking and devastating:
 The war in Europe would have
lasted at least a year longer
than it did.
 The longer the war lasted, the
more Jews that would have
been executed, probably
wiping out the last of them.
What if the Invasion of
Normandy had failed?
 The atomic bomb, created in the summer of 1945,
would have been used on Germany first instead of
Japan.
 A destroyed Germany would have allowed an
opportunity seeking Russian army to role right
through Europe, leaving Communism in their wake.
What if the Invasion of
Normandy had failed?
 A failure at Normandy could have even lead to
the Germans prevailing in the war.
 A surrender could have been agreed upon with
most of Europe remaining under fascist control.