Transcript Chapter 26
America’s Rise to Globalism Pearl Harbor Secretary of State Henry Stimson. The United States in a Troubled World Stimson Doctrine—non-recognition of aggression (so what good does that do?) Good Neighbor policy—economic but no more military intervention in Latin America The rise of fascism —Italy, Germany, Japan Benito Mussolini, Il Duce, and Mussolini exhorting his people to live like lions, not like sheep. Recognition of the Soviet Union—insulation from fascist regimes Nye Committee—fat cats made fat profits in WWI Internationalists versus isolationists—stop it over there vs. leave it over there Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota in the middle of his Senate committee. Joseph Stalin The German Luftwaffe participated in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Fascists. Generalissimo Francisco Franco reviewing his fascist troops. Spanish Civil War—fascist proving ground Guernica by Pablo Picasso and a scene from the Spanish Civil War. A Japanese soldier executes a Chinese during the nightmarish Rape of Nanking, China, during which between 200,000 and 300,000 Chinese lost their lives, mostly due to savage butchery. From 10 to 30 million Chinese died during the 12-year-long war with Japan. Cash-and-carry—no credit, no risk Aggression in China—C+C helps Japan! Quarantine Speech—sick patients, but what can you do? The U.S. gunboat Panay sunk by Japanese planes on China’s Yangtze River—Japanese say, “So sorry,” and Roosevelt has to meekly accept. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (far left) thought he was getting “Peace in our time” when he agreed to Adolf Hitler’s demand to chop up Czechoslovakia at the Munich Conference. He didn’t. He got one more year. Appeasement—dirty word Germany begins WWII Representatives of Britain, France, Germany and Italy signed the Munich Pact. Czechoslovakia did not participate. German soldiers break down the barrier at the Polish border crossing. “Blitzkrieg” or Lightning War Battle of Britain--RAF Republican Presidential Candidate Wendell Wilkie, who was defeated in the 1940 election by Roosevelt’s promise that “your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars” and instead the U.S. would be “the great arsenal of democracy.” Lend-lease aid—give neighbor your garden hose Atlantic Charter—four freedoms: speech, worship, want, fear Japanese expansion—China, Indochina and what else? The Japanese militarist and Prime Minister for most of the war, Hideki Tojo. Churchill and Roosevelt meeting at sea to draw up the Atlantic Charter. A Global War Defeat Germany first—Why? And what about Japan? U-boat war Fall of the Philippines– “I shall return” American soldiers submit to the Japanese after the island of Corregidor is taken in the Philippines. U.S. soldiers on the Bataan Death March. Hitler reviews the passing of U-boats that would hunt ships in “wolf packs.” GI’s come ashore on Vichyoccupied North Africa. The Big Three meet at Yalta on Soviet territory. The USS Yorktown goes down at Midway. The Big Three Operation Torch Midway Stalingrad Russians advance at one of the wars’ turning points, Stalingrad. The Crew of a B17 gets a blessing before a bombing run; ground personnel load up a fighter plane; tankers smile through dusty faces; General George Patton, known as “Old Blood and Guts.” END OF READING Women pilots who transported planes, but didn’t fly in combat; black Tuskegee airmen who flew in the highly decorated Redtail fighter squadron; Army WACs heading off for duty. Those Who Fought African Americans at war—opportunities, BUT Choices for homosexuals WACs—kinda equal after an “A” taken away War Production West Coast war production—Liberty Ships, aircraft industry, employee benefits Manhattan Project--$2 billion dollar project where the key wasn’t science so much as resources The ultimate object of the Manhattan Project. Industrialist Henry Kaiser and some of his massproduced, 56-day Liberty Ships lined up. Tax reform—war bonds; progressive income tax abandoned for 5% flat rate; payroll deduction War Labor Board—arbitration of labor disputes Lewis leads a coal strike—hungry or traitors “Womanpower” fills the Rosie the Riveter, labor shortage imagined and real. A Question of Rights Issei—ineligible for citizenship Nisei— “citizens?” Internment camps—western states Korematsu and Hirabayashi —refused to report; Supreme Court decisions upheld government actions Young Japanese inmates and an internment camp. A. Philip Randolph—desegregate defense industries, government agencies Fair Employment Practices Commission—tries Bracero program Detroit riots A. Philip Randolph. Zoot suit riots Roosevelt wins a fourth term Cops inspecting a Detroit race riots victim; a scene from the Zoot Suit Riots. Braceros registering for work in U.S. END OF READING Winning the War and the Peace D-Day Battle of Leyte Gulf General Douglas MacArthur wading ashore in the Philippines, making good his promise: “I shall return.” GI’s making their way ashore on the beaches of Normandy on D-Day. Teheran Conference —1st Big Three; D-Day, eastern spring offensive promised Yalta Conference—Soviets will fight Japan if they get post-war influence in eastern Europe Dispute over Poland —“free elections” compromise Dividing Germany—zones Truman becomes President Citizens gather in the streets to bid farewell to FDR, a beloved leader. The Big Three meet at the Teheran Conference to begin discussing the post-war world. Influence of anti-Semitism Scenes from the Holocaust; (below) concentration camp guards. Bretton Woods economic strategies— International Monetary Fund and World Bank for global economy Dumbarton Oaks and the UNO—United Nations with eleven-member security council with five permanent members, rest in general assembly Potsdam summit—new Big Three: demilitarize Germany and only Soviets will make them pay reparations Should the bomb be dropped? The bomb as a threat to the Soviets A part of the wreckage of Hiroshima preserved to this day as a shrine. The new Big Three at the Potsdam Conference: Atlee, Truman, and Stalin.