Transcript The Second World War and the Holocaust

The Second World War
Questions
• What was the Holocaust?
• Why did another world war break out in
Europe and in the Pacific in the late
1930s
• Why did the Allies win WWII?
• What innovations in warfare were
introduced in WWII?
• How did WWII differ from WWI on the
front lines and behind the lines?
Attitudes toward Germany
• British: Anti-war and willing to be more
lenient to Germans
• French: bitterly hostile to Germans but
unwilling to risk slow-growing population
on war
• USSR: suspicious of all western powers,
feared that capitalist nations would gang
up on the USSR
• U.S.: felt duped by Europe and was
unwilling to involve itself in European
affairs: isolationism
Stresemann and Briand
International Policy
Collective Security:
Appeasement:
• the idea that countries
acting together (League
of Nations) could
discourage aggression
and, if necessary, act
together to stop
aggressors
• Not effective as League
of Nations could not
agree on common policy
• The making of
concessions to an
aggressor to avoid war
• Not effective as it
strengthened Hitler’s
power within Germany
and shifted the
international power of
balance
*Hitler admitted he would have
backed down if France and
Britain challenged Germany
Axis: The Aggressors
• Japan: Seizes Manchuria (1931) and
China (1937)
• Italy: Invades Ethiopia (1935) and
Albania (1939)
• Germany: Violates Treaty of Versailles
* Increase and re-arm military force (1935)
* Re-take territories, such as the Rhineland (buffer- zone)
(1936)
* Expand borders (Lebensraum) by annexing
Austria (1938) and Czechoslovakia (1939)
Axis powers formed November 1936
Axis: The Agressors
Italy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdw10s3GBA
Japan:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ikymeClEBc
Germany:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpxdYTNkbe4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXJ1d19dCTk
DBQ Assignment
• Step 1: Write 2 paragraphs
*Pro-Appeasement
*Pro-Collective Security
• Step 2: Read the 9 documents
*Group into “Pro-Collective Security” or
“Pro-Appeasement”
*Summarize each document (answer ?’s)
• Step 3: Developing an argument
*Intro Paragraph (thesis)
*Body Paragraph- Supporting thesis (Evidence X3)
* Body Paragraph- Counter-argument (Evidence X2)
DBQ Assignment
Analyzing a Primary Source:
• When/Where was this source created?
• Who created the source?
• What was the purpose of the source?
• Why was the source created?
*Think: Why is this source important to
history?
Toward World War
• 1936 Germany moved troops
into the Rhineland, in
violation of Treaty of
Versailles
• March 1938: Germany
annexed Austria
• Late 1938: Czech. crisis
– Sudetenland (3 million Germans)
– Munich Conference 1938
• March 1939: Hitler annexed
Czechoslovakia
• Appeasement (Give in to an
aggressor) GB and France
• August 23, 1939 GermanSoviet Non-aggression Pact
– The Danzig Corridor (Poland)
Chamberlain and Hitler at Munich
Outbreak of War in Europe
• Aug 23, 1939 Nazi-Soviet
Non-aggression pact
• Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler
invaded Poland
– Poland partitioned according
to terms of Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact
– ‘Blitzkrieg’= Lightning War
• Sept. 3, 1939, Britain and
France declared war on
Germany (b/c of Poland )
– Through May 1940, Britain
and France mustered troops
in France… “Sitzkrieg” or
“Phony War”
– May 1940, German armies
attacked through Belgium;
France fell June, 1940
Hitler’s War
• Battle of Britain, Summer 1940 (Ends
May 1941)
-Hitler can be defeated!
• Jan 1941 Germans.Italians entered
war in N. Africa
- Devastating for Italians
• War in the Balkans (1940)
• June 1941 (March 1943) Hitler invaded
Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa);
500 miles in 1 Week
– At outskirts of Moscow by winter,
Soviets burn everything as they retreat.
Remember? (500,00 Germans die)
• Dec. 1941, Germany declared war on
U.S. (Atlantic Charter-freedom of trade)
• Nov. 1942
– U.S. landed in Africa
– S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad
The Second World War in Europe
Eyewitness Accounts
Form groups of 3
Step 1- Read the article
Step 2- Student summarizes the article
(each student must summarize at least 1)
Step 3- Write a one paragraph summary
explaining why Hitler was successful to
begin the war (Every student must
complete)
Step 4- Day in the Life During Blitzkrieg
D-Day: How Did We Get There?
• Dec. 1941, Germany declared war on U.S. (Atlantic Charter-freedom
of trade)
• Pearl Harbor- December 7, 1941
• 1942
– U.S. landed in Africa (Morocco and Algeria)
– U.S. engages in Naval Battles in the Pacific
– S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad (330,000 –90,000)
• U.S. and Great Britain begin planning “Operation Overload”
• U.S. and Great Britain invade Italy (Rome 1944)
D-Day
• Invasion began June 6, 1944
• Britain, America, France, and Canada
(Yes, even Canada)
• American’s lose 2,700 men
• W/in 1 month, 1 Million additional Allied
troops land
• “Largest land and sea attack in History”
D-Day Article & Worksheet
Collaborative Group Learning
Student 1: Answer odd questions
Student 2: Answer even questions
D-Day Article
1. What is operation overload?
2. What is the Atlantic Wall?
3. What part of the French coast was attacked? Was it a
surprise?
4. Names of the 5 beaches landed on?
5. Where did the bloodiest fighting occur?
6. How many Allied casualties were there?
7. How were paratroopers used?
8. How was D-Day the turning point in WW II?
9. What were the consequences had the Allied Powers
failed?
Pictures from the Past
http://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/2014/apr
/image-opacity-slidermaster/index.html?ww2-dday
Letter from Eisenhower
You should address these topics:
• Explain the outcome of Operation Overlord
• Explain why the outcome will be significant
for the victors
• Describe what it was like to fight on D-Day
*3 Pieces of Information (Academic Content)
that you have taken from the lesson
-underline all information
DBQ Assignment
Pre-Work
Step 1
• Paragraph on “ProAppeasement” (5 pts.)
• Paragraph on “ProCollective Security” (5
pts.)
Step 2
• Summarize 9 documents
from “DBQ” ( 10 pts.)
DBQ
Step 3
• Thesis Statement (5 pts.)
• Body Paragraph 1 with 3
pieces of evidence (9
pts.)
• Body Paragraph 2 with 2
pieces of evidence (6
pts.)
* Total of 40 points
The Collapse of Nazi Germany
• Nov. 1942
– U.S. landed in Africa
– S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad
• The Battle of Stalingrad (Summer
1942- Winer 1943):
-
-
Germany reaches Stalingrad and then
Soviets counter attack. It’s winter time
and Germany soldiers are in their summer
uniforms. Hitler says no retreat.
Scorched earth policy worked again.
Germany gains nothing, loses 300,000.
http://www.history.com/topics/worldwar-ii/battle-of-stalingrad
*Russian troops & winter are KEY
• 1943-1945 Italian Campaign, Allies
are coming from the south
-North Africa (1943) then Italy (Rome on
June 4, 1944); led by General Eisenhower
(Supreme Commander of the Western
Allied Forces in Europe)
Fall of Mussolini
Mussolini’s Military Weakness
Mussolini’s Demise
The Collapse of Nazi Germany
• June 6, 1944 Normandy
Invasion- D-Day (Operation
Overlord, Eisenhower)
*Allied Invasion of France
• July – August 1944: Allied
Powers have liberated
France (Paris), Belgium and
Luxemburg; set sights on
Germany
• Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944
http://www.history.com/topi
cs/world-war-ii/battle-of-thebulge
*Final German Offensive/Attack
American General George Patton
Germany’s Unconditional Surrender
• 6 Million Soviet-3 Million
Allies head to Berlin…
European War rapidly draws
to an end
• April 25, 1945: Soviets
surround Berlin
• April 30, 1945: Hitler
commits suicide
http://www.history.com/topics/worl
d-war-ii/adolf-hitler/videos/hitlersremains
• May 8, 1945 Germany
surrendered
Alfred Jordl signs German surrender
Yalta Conference: February,
1945
 FDR wants quick Soviet
entry into




Pacific war.
Stalin needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want
spheres of influence and a weak
Germany.
Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against
Stalin.
FDR argues
for a ‘United Nations’.
Potsdam Conference, July 1945:
Germany divided into 4 Zones (Truman)
Breaking up Germany
Outbreak of War in Asia
• Emperor Hirohito wants to
create empire in the Pacific.
- Manchuria (1931) and China (1937)
• July 1940 U.S. Embargo
– Aviation fuel and scrap metal
• July 1941- Embargo on oil
• Japan is planning attacks on
Southeast Asian colonies
(Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos,
Hong Kong, Guam) and Hawaii
Should this be the tipping point
for America????
Isolationism NO More
• Dec. 7 1941 Japan
attacks U.S. Pearl
Harbor, “A day that
will go down in
infamy.” FDR
• Yamamoto vs. Mac
Arthur
-Mastermind of Japanese
naval strategy vs.
Mastermind of Allied
Forces military strategy
(island hopping)
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!
President Roosevelt Signs the
US Declaration of War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DcDmd11Gh8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7hc0oyEfgE
FDR’s Speech
Discussion Question’s
1. We heard President Roosevelt describe the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor as “a day that will live in infamy….” Infamy means disgrace, dishonor, or
great wickedness. What do you think were the various emotions of Americans
in the first hours and days after they heard the news of the attack?
2 . How do you think young Americans your age reacted to the news of Pearl
Harbor? In what ways did the coming of WWII to the United States affect
students your age?
3. Most Americans who experienced the Pearl Harbor attack remember to this
day where they were when they heard the news. To them it is a shared
generational moment. The same can be said of people who experienced
President John Kennedy or Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assassinations. Do
you think you have experienced a historical moment that you will always
remember? Do you think the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United
States will be such a memory?
War Effort
Civilians:
• Worked in War Industries
• Rationed goods
• Scrap metal devices
Legislation:
• Americans are relocated
to internment camps
-falsely labeled as enemies
due to Ancestry
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/worldwar-ii-history/videos/japanese-internment-inamerica?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&fr
ee=false
Does this sound familiar?
Japanese forces Invade China 1931. By 1942 they control Philippines,
Guam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Dutch East Indies. (S.E. Asian colonies fall)
A Different Theatre
The Japanese military
and civilians were
much harder to break:
• Kamikazes: Japanese
suicide pilots who
would sink Allied
ships by crash-diving
their planes
-dishonorable to
surrender
http://www.history.com/topics/world-warii/world-war-ii-history/videos/kamikaze-pilots
Lt. John Spainhower:
“ The [Japanese] hated scouts…
Anyway, they took me outside
and I was forced to watch as they
buried six of my Scouts alive.
They made the men dig their own
graves, and then had them kneel
down in a pit. The guards hit them
over the head with shovels to stun
them and piled earth on top.”
*How is fighting the Japanese in
Asia tougher than fighting the
Axis Forces in Europe?
The War in Asia
• Air Raid on Japan (April
1942)- Lt. James Doolittle
-
Proved Japan was
vulnerable to attack
• Battle of Coral Sea (May
1942)
- Halted Japanese advance
into Australia
• Battle of Midway (June 47 1942) Turned the war in
the Pacific against the
Japanese
-332 Japanese planes & all 4
aircraft carriers destroyed
-1st time ships are used to
launch aircrafts for a battle
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=16P5gfoXNMU
Island Hopping
• “Island Hopping” (Douglas
MacArthur)
- “Island Hop” past Japanese
strongholds to less
defended islands
- Allows Allied Forces to
“pick and choose” their
battles
• Aug. 1942-Feb 1943
Guadalcanal
-Japanese lose 24,000 of a force of
36,000 on the “Island of Death.”
- 1st time island hopping strategy is
used
Island Hopping
After Guadalcanal,
Japanese advances had
been Stopped
• Oct. 1944 Philippines
invaded
-MacArthur: “ People of the
Philippine's, I have returned.”
-Disastrous outcome: Japan
risked almost entire Navy fleet
• Feb 19-March 16 1945:
Iwo Jima (760 Miles from Tokyo)
– March 10, 1945
Firebombing of Tokyo
http://www.history.com/topics/world-warii/world-war-ii-history/videos/battle-iwojima?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=
1&free=false
• Okinawa (350 Miles) April1–
June 21
-Japanese lose 100,00
troops; Americans 12,000
• Next stop, Japan…
-Land invasion of Japan could
cost half a Million Allied lives
Bringing the War to an End
• Truman warns
Japan on July 16
• Why use the
atomic bomb?
-Truman wanted
quick end to war
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/worldwar-ii-history/videos/manhattanproject?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&fr
ee=false
• Aug. 6 and 9 1945
Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
• September 2, 1945
Japan surrenders
(V-J Day)
http://www.history.com/topics/world-warii/world-war-ii-history/videos/atomicbomb?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&fr
ee=false
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
 70,000 killed
immediately
 48,000 buildings.
destroyed.
 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &
cancer later.
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
 40,000 killed
immediately
 60,000 injured.
 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning
& cancer later.
Bringing the War to an End
September 2, 1945
Japan surrenders
(V-J Day)
• New Japanese
Constitution
-efforts led by
MacArthur
• Japanese Emperor
has power reduced
-Insisted upon by the
allies
New elements in warfare
The Ruins of Dresden
• Tanks: Presence on
battlefield prevented
WWII from turning into
into the hopeless
stalemate of WWI
• Strategic Bombing: Use
of large aircraft to knock
out enemy industries
and bomb enemy
civilians
• Atomic Bomb: Forced
Japan to surrender in
Sept. 1945.
100
90
80
70
US
UK
USSR
Ger
Jap
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
Military Aircraft Production, in thousands of Planes
Consequences of War
• Estimated 45-55 million dead
• Soviet Union lost 27 million
• Poland lost 6 million, incl. 3
million Jews
• Germans lost 5 million
• Germans killed between 12
and 20 million in their zones
of occupation
• Germany and Berlin were
divided into 4 occupation
zones
• European economy was
devastated
• U.S. ended war with 1/2 of
the manufacturing capability
on Earth
Postwar Berlin
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
Addresses Holocaust
Total War
• “Civilians must have the war
brought home to them.
Every individual must be
made to see the immediacy
of the danger to him. . . . He
must be made to understand
that he is an integral part of
the war front, and that if he
loses the war, he loses
everything.”
– Government Information Manual
for the Motion Picture Industry
U.S. Office of War Information
Total War
• Warfare in the industrial era meant
that to fight and win, nations had to
mobilize their entire population
– Soldiers fought on front lines
– Workers manned factories to
make weapons
– Farmers fed the soldiers and
workers
• Industrialization made it possible for
the state to direct the entire
economy toward the war effort
• Civilians were regarded as
legitimate casualties of war, since
civilians manned factories, made
weapons, and kept armies supplied