Transcript The Road to War 1931

The Road to War
1931 - 1941
Chapter 34
04/2009
The Road to War
 Many Americans assume that World
War II started at Pearl Harbor
 The seeds of WWII were sowed long
before then, in countries that wanted to
build their empires and countries that
suffered humiliation from WWI
 The direct causes began in the early
1930’s
The Road to War
World War II
officially started on
September 1, 1939
 Government controls all aspects of the
nation, including religion, the economy, the
arts, and education
 Leaders depended on terror to suppress all
opposition
 Regimes could be fascist, communist, or a
monarchy - led by an absolute ruler
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Communism
Stalin took power in 1924 after
Lenin’s death
______________1st five-year
plan
Modernized agriculture and
built new industries
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Built modern industries where
coal, iron, steel and oil were
produced
Industry modernized by
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
– Ukraine – Breadbasket of the USSR
Farmers not allowed to farm on their
own land – produce confiscated
State-run commercial farms
Resistance led to harsh reprisals
Leaders killed or sent to labor camps
– Starved between _______Ukrainian farmers
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
“Purges” in the 1930’s rid the
country of all of Stalin’s political &
economic rivals
Executed _________members of the
Communist Party on trumped up
charges
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Killed millions of people in forced
labor camps while building up
industry and transportation
– Many people simply disappeared
– Historians estimate Stalin killed
about ____ million of his own
citizens
Italy under Mussolini
Fascism
Italians were angered that they didn’t get
more territory after WWI
Mussolini flamed their anger and gained
support from veterans, socialists,
anarchists
‘_____________’ enforced his authority
King panicked and appointed “Il Duce”
as prime minister
Italy Under Mussolini
Mussolini suspended all elections,
outlawed all other political parties, and
created a dictatorship
In 1935 Italy invaded ________ and
within 6 months overwhelmed the local
forces
* American volunteers aided the
Ethiopians with men and supplies - too
little, too late
Germany Under Hitler
 Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919
 Nazism becomes a form of fascism based
on national pride and racial superiority
 Hitler spoke out against the Treaty of
Versailles and the democratic government
 Wrote _________while in prison in 1923;
outlined plans for militarism and racial
cleansing
Germany Under Hitler
Depression in 1930’s hit
Germany particularly hard
Hitler promised to lead people to
economy prosperity and to
restore the nation’s territories and
pride
Germany Under Hitler
 1930 - The Nazi Party took control of the
____________
 1932 - Hitler ran for president but lost to
Paul _________________
 1933 - Hindenburg named Hitler
chancellor, or head of the government
 1934 - Hindenburg died, leaving Hitler as
the nations leader
Germany Under Hitler
 _________ silenced all opposition
 1934 – staged a fire in the Reichstag
 Convinced Reichstag to grant him
dictatorial powers to prevent “anarchists”
from overthrowing the government
 Suspended freedom of speech / press and
all elections
Germany Under Hitler
Hitler ended Germany’s
depression with massive
government spending
Built the __________ and other
public works
Germany Under Hitler
 Increased the military in violation of the
Treaty of Versailles (______)
 German troops re-entered the
__________, the area they were
forbidden to occupy in the Treaty of
Versailles (________)
Germany Under Hitler
 Germany and Austria united (_______)
 Germany conquered the Sudetenland
(______)
– (Munich Conference)
 Germany expanded East Prussia by
occupying Memel (______)
 Germany occupied the remainder of
Czechoslovakia (_______)
The Road to War
 Italy and Germany signed an alliance
agreement (________), became the Axis
Powers
 Great Britain and France practiced
_______________ - giving in to avoid a
larger conflict
 United States wanted to remain isolated
from European affairs
 The remainder of the world watched and
waited
Spanish Civil War
1936 - 1939
 Republicans – (loyalists) elected government
– Vs
 Nationalists - military dictatorship (Franco)
Spanish Civil War
1936 - 1939
Nationalist
Republicans
 Germany and Italy  Soviet Union aided
gave military
with arms and
support to Franco
supplies
 Used the war to
 Volunteers from 50
practice war
other countries also
maneuvers, such
assisted
as aerial bombing
of cities
Spanish Civil War
Guerinica is Picasso’s interpretation of the civilian slaughter
that occurred with the bombing of this town in 1937
Spanish Civil War
 The Nationalists, with help
from the Germans, took
control of the country by
March, 1939
 Germany and the Soviet
Union had their first
practice run at each other.
 Spain was neutral during
WWII
 Franco remained in power
until 1975
The Road to War
1939
Germany and Italy continued
to build their militaries
The remainder of Europe and
the USA watched and waited
War in Europe
Italy occupied Albania (April 1939)
France & Great Britain prepared for
war and pledged to defend Poland
(1939)
Germany removed their largest
obstacle by signing a non-aggression
pact with the Soviet Union (August,
1939)
World War II officially began
Within a month, Germany
conquered W. Poland
France & Great Britain unable to
help
Soviet Union (1939)
Conquered E. Poland, Finland & The
Baltic States
Molotov Cocktail
**Resistance fighters in Finland would
continue to fight, and would eventually
win back most of their country
War in Europe
 __________lasted from October 1939 to
April 1940
 France reinforced the ___________
War in Europe Continues
* April 9, 1940
Germany conquers Denmark (1 day);
Norway (2 weeks);
Belgium and The Netherlands (12
days).
War in Europe
 The Maginot Line protected France from
a ground invasion from Germany
 Germans used airplanes to cross the line
and bombed reinforcements
 German Panzer divisions invaded from
the north, through Belgium, around the
Maginot Line
 The French and English armies retreated
to the northwest coast
Evacuation at Dunkirk
• The French and British were trapped
between the English Channel and the
German Army
• The British navy rushed to evacuate the
troops
• In 9 days, over 900 ships evacuated over
340,000 troops
• while being strafed by the Luftwaffe
Occupation of France 1940-1944
– Collaborators
Germany
– Resistance
Fighters used
occupied 3/5’s of
guerrilla warfare
France
and sabotage to
disrupt the
The ‘_______’
Germans
gov’t, under
Petain, ruled the Rescued and
remainder
returned fighter
pilots
The Blitz
 By September the Germans were
deliberately using incendiary bombs on
civilian populations
 This would continue off and on for eight
months
 Both sides would target civilian populations
throughout the war
The Blitz
 Hundreds of RAF pilots died defending
GB
 American and Canadian volunteers
assisted before the USA declared war
 British people stayed resolved to fight
back
 British gained an advantage by cracking
Germany’s codes
 The invasion of GB never occurred
American Involvement
 Eventually the USA begins to provide
supplies and equipment to the Allied
Powers.
 “_______________”
 The USA does not have direct troop
involvement until after Pearl Harbor.
The Holocaust
 Prior to 1938, Germany encouraged Jews to
emigrate; many did to other European countries
 Germany began the systematic imprisonment of
Jews by 1938
 Kristallnaght was the beginning of an all-out
campaign against Jews
 As they conquered additional territory, more Jews
came under their control
 The Final Solution was agreed on in 1941
Japan
 Constitutional Monarchy - elected
government but emperor remained powerful
 Built up military and industry and became
most powerful nation in the Pacific
 Took control of Korea and ‘policed’
Manchuria
 By staging revolts and anarchy, the military
was able to take control of the government
Japan
 Japan could not support its population or
industry
 In September, 1931 they seized control of
Manchuria
 By moving thousands of soldiers and
farmers into the area, they were able to use
it as a base for further expansion
 United States and the League of Nations
protested but did nothing to stop it
War with China
 July, 1937 Japan began an all-out assault on
China
 They quickly conquered the northern and
eastern cities but failed to conquer the
interior
 Japanese were particularly brutal to
civilians and prisoners of war
 “Rape of Nanjing” killed men, women, and
children
Rape of Nanking
killed 400,000 civilians and raped 80,000
women and children
War with China
 United States responded with a series of
neutrality acts
 Great Britain and the Soviet Union sent men
and supplies
 General Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong
worked together to thwart the Japanese,
using sabotage and guerrilla warfare
 By 1939 they reached a stalemate
Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere
1940
 Japan signed the _______ with Germany and Italy
–
–
–
–
Each country would come to the others’ defense
They would not support each other’s enemies
Recognized that Italy & Germany controlled Europe
Recognized that Japan controlled East Asia
 Japan signed a _______________with the Soviet
Union
 Invaded French Indochina and other European
colonies
USA
1919 - 1941
Neutrality
 1935 - Banned the USA from selling arms
to countries at war
 1936 - Banned loans to these countries
 1937 - Only allowed to sell non-military
goods on cash & carry basis
Prelude to War - Europe
 (September) 1940 Executive order – 99 old
destroyers for bases (8) in U.K. territories
 (March) 1941 - Lend-Lease Act allowed
USA to lend, lease, or otherwise provide all
available support to the Allied forces
 (July) 1941 – US destroyers started
escorting supplies overseas; conflicts w/ uboats
Prelude to War - Japan
 (1940) USA cut off sales of scrap iron &
steel to Japan when they expanded in the
Pacific
 (1941) Further expansion precipitated a
freeze on all Japanese assets in the USA
 (1941) USA cut off all oil sales to Japan
– USA and Japan continued negotiations to find a
peaceful solution
– General Tojo Hideki became PM of Japan
Pearl Harbor
 Attack was not supposed to begin until
after the Japanese Embassy delivered an
ultimatum to President Roosevelt
Pearl Harbor
 The Japanese strategy was to make us give
in to their demands in order to avoid war
 Admiral Yamomoto, who planned the
attack, opposed it
 “I fear all we have done is to awaken a
sleeping giant”
Japanese Strategy Failures
To be continued…..