Transcript Slide 1

WWII and the Cold War
Aftermath
NCSCOS GOAL 10
Benito Mussolini
 Italy was led by Benito
Mussolini [president] for
about 22 years.
 Leader of Italy’s Fascist
party.
 Main ideas of his
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government:
Extreme nationalism
Strong military
Against personal freedom
Against big business
Adolf Hitler
 Germany was lead by Adolf
Hitler [Fuehrer] for about 12
years.
 Leader of Germany’s Nazi party.
 Main ideas of his
government:
 white supremacy
 Strong military
 Control of Central Europe
 Elimination of Jews
The Third Reich
 The 12 year period from 1933-
1945 was called the 3rd Reich
during Hitler’s leadership.
 The Nazi Party attempted to
pattern itself after the great
episodes in German history.
 The government was
responsible the invasion and
destruction of Europe and the
mass murder of millions of Jews
in Eastern Europe.
Countries and their leaders
 Japan was led by Emperor
Hirohito for about 20 years.
 Absolute Monarch of Japan.
 Main ideas of his
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government:
Modern version of ancient
Japan.
Held absolute control over
people’s lives.
Viciously loyal military.
Wanted control over fellow
oriental Asians [China and
Korea].
Munich Pact [Munich Agreement]
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European countries became nervous over Germany’s invasions.
England’s Prime Minister [before Churchill] met with Hitler.
What did Hitler tell him?
Czechoslovakia was all he wanted and no one else had to be
worried.
Josef Stalin
 The Soviet Union was led by
Josef Stalin [Communist
party leader] for about 30 years.
 Leader of the Communist
party.
 Main ideas of his
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government:
Control every portion of
people’s lives.
Strong military.
Have equality among regular
people.
No private businesses for profit.
Winston Churchill
 Great Britain was led by
Winston Churchill
[Prime Minister] for about
10 years.
 Prime Minister of England.
 Main ideas of his
government:
 England must be a strong
leader in the world.
 Government must help
people succeed.
 England must cooperate
with its fellow countries.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
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In 1928 the United States and France [England, Japan, Italy and Germany also
joined the pact] initiated a peace agreement to renounce [reject or avoid]
aggression. Frank B. Kellogg was the U.S. Secretary of State and Aristide
Briand was the French foreign minister.
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Despite the agreement to not engage in unprovoked warfare Germany, Italy
and Germany all violated the agreement and invaded other countries.
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Violations of this “pact” was the source of future prosecutions for war crimes
after World War II ended.
Neutrality Acts
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The United States, led by F.D.R., decided it was best to remain
isolationist as much as possible.
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However, the U.S. did provide opportunities for foreign nations to trade
with it. The U.S. passed so-called Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936, 1937
and 1939.
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Weapons and supplies were sold to European nations friendly to the
United States.
President Franklin Roosevelt’s Quarantine’s Speech
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F.D.R. believed it was in the United
States’ best interest to avoid nations
that were involved in aggression
towards other nations.
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F.D.R. did not mention specific
nations but it was obvious he was
talking about Italy, Japan and
Germany who had attacked other
nations in Asia and Europe.
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The speech raised tension between
the U.S. and the aggressor nations.
Non-Aggression Pact [Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
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This was a pledge [promise] by
Germany and the Soviet Union
to remain neutral if either country
was attacked by another country.
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The pact was signed on August
23, 1939 but was violated by
Germany on June 22, 1941 after
it invaded the Soviet Union.
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Unfortunately due to very harsh
weather the German invasion
ended in disaster with heavy
casualties and surrenders.
Four Freedoms
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F.D.R. delivered a State of the Union
Address [Youtube speech] on January 6,
1941 about what he called the Four
Freedoms.
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Roosevelt told Congress that he looked
forward to a word founded on:
[1] Freedom of speech and expression
[2] Freedom of worship [religion]
[3] Freedom from want [basic standard of
living is met]
[4] Freedom from fear based on reduced
military armaments
Lend-Lease Act of 1941
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In order to avoid conflict and remain a non-combatant F.D.R. tried to comply
with the Neutrality Acts he decided to limit involvement to lending military
equipment and lending money to foreign nations.
The legislation raised German suspicions toward the U.S. and it stepped up
U-boat attacks on Allied ships.
After the war the U.S. received returned equipment and discounted by 90%
money it lent to foreign nations.
Rosie the Riveter
During World War II with most men overseas fighting
the Axis Powers many women worked industrial
factory jobs to produce war supplies.
 The manual labor that women performed was much
different than the stereotypical domestic and clerical
work many women were accustomed to.
 There contributions to the war effort was essential to
the U.S. victory. “Rosie the Riveter” became an
iconic image used as propaganda to motivate
women to perform non-traditional factory jobs.
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W.A.C.s [Women’s Army Corps]
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Beginning in 1942 an all female
U.S. army unit called the
Women’s Army Corps was
formed and given full active
status in 1943.
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The unit performed support role
such as air traffic control for the
U.S. Army Air Corps [forerunner
of the Air Force].
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There was significant opposition
to the female service personnel
by traditionalists therefore a
female draft was never begun.
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General McArthur called the
WACs his best soldiers because
they were worked harder,
complained less, and had more
discipline than men.
Japan’s Aggression at Pearl Harbor
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On December 7, 1941 Japan
attacked the U.S. Naval base
at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
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The attack was done using war
planes.
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Attack was a near total
surprise but killed over 2,000
U.S. servicemen.
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F.D.R. called the day one “that
would live in infamy.”
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The United States declared
war against the Axis powers
days after.
Korematsu vs. United States:1944 [Opposition to Japanese Internment]
Facts of the Case:
Supreme Court’s Ruling:
President Franklin Roosevelt issued an
Executive Order excluding/removing all
Japanese-Americans from the West Coast
of the United States. After the 1941
Japanese attack on the U.S.
Japanese-Americans were forced to sell
their homes and businesses. They were
then relocated to “internment camps” in
Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.
Many Japanese-Americans had been in the
U.S. for several generations and almost all
were natural born citizens.
Many sued to be released but all failed in
their appeals. Fred Korematsu sued for his
release and was granted appeal in 1944.
Constitutional Issue:
Was the executive order issued by the
President allowable and within his
power?
Were Japanese-Americans treated
unfairly during a time of war?
The opinion determined that as Commander in Chief
the president had the duty, power and responsibility to
use his judgment to determine how to handle war time
emergencies so the “temporary” relocation was not
considered a violation of Korematsu’s rights.
Manhattan Project
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In 1941 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers started a top secret
program to create a weapon of mass destruction.
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The program was code named Manhattan.
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Scientists from countries such as Italy, Germany, Austria and the
U.S. were able to enrich uranium and plutonium.
The process was based on atomic chain reactions which massive
amounts of energy to release.
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The weapon became known as the atomic bomb.
The United States Strikes Back!
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Within three days of each other
the United States dropped two
atomic bombs.
Code names were Fat man
and Little Boy
First one on Hiroshima, Japan.
Second one on Nagasaki,
Japan.
At least 80,000 killed instantly.
Many more died due to
radiation poison later on.
The Marshall Plan
 Former World War II army general,
George Marshall, became Truman’s
Secretary of State after WWII.
 The Secretary of State designed the
Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe.
 The ambitious and extremely expensive
reconstruction plan program offered
money, equipment, food, machines
[mechanical, manufacturing equipment],
engineers and skilled workers.
 Purpose?
 Fix extensive damage to Europe
caused by WWII.
Truman Doctrine
 FDR died in 1945.
 Vice President
Harry Truman took
over and decided “stop babying”
the Soviets.
 Truman began of policy of
containment.
 This meant keeping the Soviets
from spreading communism to
other countries.
G.I. Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act of 1944
– Federal law passed by Congress to reward and help
returning WWII veterans with payment for the following:
– Education
• job training
• college
– Loans for homes and
businesses
G.I. Bill & College Enrollment
An Iron Curtain Has Descended…
 The allied powers split up
and Russia became an
“enemy” of the United
States.
 Germany was split into two
separate countries creating
the Berlin Wall
 In a speech at an American
College Winston Churchill
described the spread by
saying “it appears an iron
curtain [Click on link] has
descended over Eastern
Europe.”
 Japan was occupied by the
United States and was not
allowed to have a military.
The Berlin Crisis: The Wall
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With dangerously mounting tensions, Khrushchev and Ulbricht ultimately
conceived of a plan which would avoid a costly conflict with the West.
The erection of a barrier would separate East and West Berlin in order to stem
the influx of migration.
The building of the wall began on August 13, 1961, with the U.S. opting not to
act out in aggression against the U.S.S.R.
Tension between the Superpowers
 The blockade of Berlin by the Soviets heightened the fear of
Western Europe.
 Within months countries including France, England, Italy,
Canada and the U.S. formed NATO.
 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 Purpose?
 To counter the threat of Soviet aggression.
Soviet response to NATO
 The Soviet Union developed its own alliance in 1955 forming the
Warsaw Pact.
 Purpose(s)?
 [a] The counter the growing influence of NATO.
 [b] Increase the power of the Soviet Union.
The United Nations
 A group of fifty (50) countries
“came together” in June 1945.
 Even though the Yalta Conference
left the U.S. and Soviet Union at
odds they also joined.
 The mission of the U.N. was to
keep world peace.
 Each member nation has a vote
[members are called diplomats].
 The real power rests with the
large countries which constitute
the security council.
 The Security Council consists of 15
countries (5 permanent and 10
temporary) that vote on major world
issues such as foreign aid, war and
environmental treaties.
Berlin Airlift
 The Soviets challenged Truman’s containment and occasionally test
the United States.
 Best example of this was Stalin’s
blockade of West Berlin in 1948.
 Truman was forced to fly in food, fuel and supplies for West
Germans cut off by the Soviets.
 More than 277,000 flights dropped off 2 million tons of supplies.
C.I.A. [Central Intelligence Agency]
 In 1947 the C.I.A. [Central
Intelligence Agency] was created
with funding from the National
Security Act.
 The mission of the C.I.A. was and
remains to acquire intelligence in
order to detect foreign threats
against the U.S.
 Intelligence is generally acquired
via clandestine [secret] means
using espionage [spying].
U.S.-U.S.S.R. Relations: U-2 incident
 To gain information on the
other side espionage was
practiced.
 The U.S. sent countless
aerial spy missions using
U-2 spy planes.
 In 1960 an American U-2
was shot down over Soviet
territory.
 The U.S. pilot, Gary
Powers, was jailed for
nearly 2 years.
U.S.-U.S.S.R. Relations
• Threats of war from both sides were
constant.
• Both sides tested each other
occasionally with minor challenges to
see what the other would do.
• At other times the challenges were
great.
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In the face of challenges important
decisions had to occur.
• Should we use nuclear force?
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Bay of Pigs Invasion
These type of “battles” were called In April of 1961 a secret C.I.A.-sponsored
mission to overthrow Cuban Communist
brinkmanship.
leader Fidel Castro using Florida-based
Cuban refugees was defeated by Cuban
Forcing the other side to the
“brink” of war.
forces within hours.
Castro soon after sought the protection of
the Soviet Union.
CRISIS OVER CUBA
 Just 90 miles off the coast of Florida, Cuba presented the first
big test of JFK’s foreign policy.
 Openly Communist, Cuba was led by revolutionary leader Fidel
Castro who welcomed aid from the USSR.
 Relations between the U.S. and Cuba deteriorated due to
tensions and suspicions related to communism.
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
 Castro had a powerful ally in Moscow
 Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev promised to
defend Cuba with Soviet weapons
 During the summer of 1962 the flow of Soviet
weapons into Cuba – including nuclear – increased
greatly
KENNEDY RESPONDS
American president
John F Kennedy
making his dramatic
television broadcast
to announce the
Cuba blockade
during the Cuban
Missile Crisis
• Kennedy made it clear
the U.S. would not
tolerate nuclear
weapons in Cuba.
• When surveillance
photos revealed nukes
ready to launch in Cuba,
JFK said the U.S. would
respond to any attack
from Cuba with an allout nuclear retaliation
against the Soviets
13 DAYS
 When
more Soviet ships headed for
the U.S. with weapons, JFK
ordered a blockade
 The first break in the crisis
occurred when the Soviets
ships turned back
 Finally, Khrushchev agreed
to remove the nuclear
weapons from Cuba in
exchange for a U.S. promise
NOT to invade Cuba
For 13 days in October, 1962 the
world stood still as the threat of
nuclear war gripped the planet
Baby Boomers
 During the post WWII period from
1946-1964 more than 78 million people
were born in the United States.
 The so-called Baby Boom was the
result an unprecedented period of
peace, prosperity and economic
expansion.
 Favorable domestic economic
conditions lead to huge population
increases that created greater demands
for housing, schools and public
services within the United States.
 As these citizens age the stress on the
Social Security and Medicare system
will only increase.
Levittown, New York
 Housing developer William Levitt built several planned suburban housing
developments on Long Island, New York from 1947-1951.
 Previously, homes and buildings had been built over time as needs arose and
economic shifts occurred.
 Since many returning G.I.s [military servicemen] wanted to start families and
careers there was a huge demand for housing in cities throughout the U.S.
 Levittown’s pre-planned community design served as the model for future
development.
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