Transcript The Normandy Invasion - Churchville

The
Holocaust
1933-1945
Genocide
In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts
committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to
bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Holocaust
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Anti-Semitism
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Anti-Semitism is a hatred of
the Jews and the Jewish
religion. Some say it stems
from the time Christ was
crucified.
Jews were seen in Germany
as the root of all the
problems with the country.
Germans hated the the Jews
and wanted them out of
their country.
Holocaust
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Hitler
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In 1933 Hitler comes to
power.
Hitler has strong
nationalistic feelings and
believes that Jews need to
be driven from the
country.
Holocaust
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Nuremberg Laws
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In 1933 after Hitler comes to
power he enacts the
Nuremberg Laws.
These laws were designed to
treat Jews as second class
citizens.
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It took away their rights
 To vote
 Fly the German flag
 Had to wear the Star of
David
 Change their name from a
German name to a Jewish
name.
The Holocaust
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Kristallnacht
“Night of Broken Glass”
 Prior to this time Germans took away rights from
Jews but had not been violent.
 On November 8-9, 1938 the German people upset
at the assassination of a German official began to
destroy Jewish shops and temples.
 About 100 Jews were killed
The Final Solution
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Once World War Two started Hitler wanted
to expand the boarders of Germany eastward.
The problem was what to do with the Jews
and Slavs who occupied the land.
The first measure was to deport the Jews to
Ghettos, areas set up in major Polish cities.
Ghettos
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Ghettos were the oldest sections of
cities.
There was no running water or
plumbing and this portion of the
city was walled off so no Jews
could get out.
Upwards of 400,000 Jews would live
in a 3.5 square mile.
Often three or four families lived in
one apartment.
The Germans rationed food in the
ghettos and used starvation as a
way of exterminating the Jews.
Some infamous ghettos were
Warsaw and Lodz.
The Final Solution
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The second part of the Final Solution were
mobile killing squads.
These squads made up of Hitler’s SS men
would follow behind the regular German
Army and exterminate whole villages of Jews
and Slavs.
These death squads were responsible for 1.5
Jews being exterminated.
The Final Solution
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The third stage was forced labor camps.
The Germans saw the able bodied Jews, Slavs, Poles as a work
force.
Those who could work were sent to forced labor camps. Many
of these camps were in Germany. About 1,300 of these camps
existed.
Often times the prisoners would be give little food and worked
to death.
The prisoners often worked for major German companies,
Volkswagen, Bayer, BMW.
The Final Solution
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The fourth stage was the extermination
camps.
Auschwitz
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In April 1940, Rudolph Höss, who become
the first commandant, identified the Silesian
town of Oswiecim as a possible site for a
concentration camp.
The function of the camp was initially to
intimidate Poles and prevent resistance to
German rule.
Auschwitz
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The first transport of prisoners, almost all
Polish civilians, arrived in June 1940 and the
SS administration and staff was established.
On March 1th, 1941, the camp population was
10,900.
The camp quickly developed a reputation for
torture and mass shootings.
Auschwitz
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Himmler visited Auschwitz in
March 1941 and commanded its
enlargement to hold 30,000
prisoners.
Himmler also ordered the
construction of a second camp
for 100,000 inmates on the site
of the village of Brzezinka
(Birkenau), roughly 4km from
the main camp.
This massive camp was
intended to be filled with
captured Russian POWs who
would provide the slave labor to
build the SS
Auschwitz
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The main camp population
grew from 18,000 in December
1942 to 30,000 in March 1943. In
July or August 1941, Himmler
briefed Höss about the "Final
Solution."
During its history, the prison
population of Auschwitz
changed composition
significantly. At first, its inmates
were almost entirely Polish.
From April 1940 to March 1942,
on about 27,000 inmates, 30
percent were Poles and 57
percent were Jews. From March
1942 to March 1943 of 162,000
inmates, 60 percent were Jews.
Auschwitz
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Auschwitz became a significant source of slave
labor locally and functioned as an international
clearing house.
Of 2.5 million people who were deported to
Auschwitz, 405,000 were given prisoner status and
serial numbers.
Of these, approximately 50 percent were Jews and
50 percent were Poles and other nationalities.
Of those who received numbers, 65,000 survived. It
is estimated that about 200,000 people passed
through the Auschwitz camps and survived.
The Final Solution
Death Tolls
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Approximately 11 million Jews will be
involved in the final solution of the European
Jewish question, distributed as follows
among the individual countries.
This total of 11 million comes from the
estimates the Nazis made of all of Europe
and the countries they believed they would be
in control of.
The Final Solution
Projected Death Tolls
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Germany proper 131,800
Austria 43,700
Eastern territories 420,000
General Government 2,284,000
Bialystok 400,000
Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia 74,200
Estonia free of Jews
Latvia 3,500
Lithuania 34,000
Belgium 43,000
Denmark 5,600
France / occupied territory 165,000
unoccupied territory 700,000
Final Solution
Projected Death Tolls
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Greece 69,600
Netherlands 160,800
Norway 1,300
B. Bulgaria 48,000
England 330,000
Finland 2,300
Ireland 4,000
Italy including Sardinia 58,000
Albania 200
Croatia 40,000
Portugal 3,000
Rumania including Bessarabia 342,000
Sweden 8,000
Switzerland 18,000
Final Solution
Projected Death Tolls
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Serbia 10,000
Slovakia 88,000
Spain 6,000
Turkey (European portion) 55,500
Hungary 742,800
USSR 5,000,000
Ukraine 2,994,684
White Russia
excluding Bialystok 446,484
Total over 11,000,000
The Final Solution
Number of Deaths
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Task:
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Using the two maps of Europe and the statistics on
Jewish populations identify on the first map the
countries and the number of Jews prior to World War
Two.
On the second map identify the number of Jews left in
countries after World War Two.
Final Solution
Death Tolls
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Estimated Number of Jews Killed
in The Final Solution
Estimated Pre-Final Estimated Jewish Country Solution Population
Population Annihilated Number Percent
Poland
Baltic Countries 253,000
Germany/Austria
Protectorate
Slovakia
Greece
The Netherlands
Hungary
3,300,000
228,000 90%
240,000 210,000
90,000
90,000
70,000
140,000 105,000
650,000 450,000
3,000,000
90%
90%
80,000
75,000
54,000
75%
89%
83%
77%
70%
Final Solution
Death Tolls
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SSR White Russia 375,000
SSR Ukraine*
Belgium
Yugoslavia
Romania
Norway
France
Bulgaria
Italy
Luxembourg
Russia (RSFSR)* 975,000
Denmark
Finland
Total
245,000
1,500,000 900,000
65,000
43,000
600,000
1,800
350,000
64,000
40,000
5,000
107,000
8,000
2,000
8,861,800 5,933,900
65%
60%
40,000
26,000
300,000
900
90,000
14,000
8,000
1,000
60%
60%
50%
50%
26%
22%
20%
20%
11%
--67%
The Final Solution
Gypsies
Gypsies
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It is extremely difficult to locate the sorts of sources
about Gypsies in the Holocaust. This may reflect
difference between an extremely literate culture and a
largely illiterate one.
It is known that perhaps 250,000 Gypsies were killed,
and that proportionately they suffered losses greater than
any other group of victims except Jews.
Gypsies
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Gypsies, or the Roma as they prefer to be called,
are an ethnic group which originated in India.
In the late middle ages they took to wandering.
Eventually they reached Europe and became part
of the ethnic mix of many countries, contributing
in areas such a music and the arts.
Gypsies
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Although they were
Aryan according to the
Nazi racial profile, they
were pursued relentlessly.
Gypsies
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For Nazi Germany the Gypsies became a racist dilemma.
The Gypsies were Aryans, but in the Nazi mind there
were contradictions between what they regarded as the
superiority of the Aryan race and their image of the
Gypsies.
At a conference held in Berlin on January 30, 1940, a
decision was taken to expel 30,000 Gypsies from
Germany to the territories of occupied Poland.
Gypsies
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"Like the Jews, Gypsies were singled out by the Nazis for
racial persecution and annihilation. They were nonpersons, of 'foreign blood,' 'labor-shy,' and as such were
termed asocial. To a degree, they shared the fate of the
Jews in their ghettos, in the extermination camps, before
firing squads, as medical guinea pigs, and being injected
with lethal substances.
Gypsies
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The Nuremberg Laws of 1935
aimed at the Jews were soon
amended to include the
Gypsies.
As early as 1936, some had
been sent to camps. After
1939, Gypsies from Germany
and from the Germanoccupied territories were
shipped by the thousands first
to Jewish ghettos in Poland.
Gypsies
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The first to go were the
German Gypsies; 30,000 were
deported East in three waves
in 1939, 1941 and 1943.
Those married to Germans
were exempted but were
sterilized, as were their
children after the age of
twelve.
Gypsies
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The reports of the SS which
operated in the occupied
territories of the Soviet Union
mention the murder of
thousands of Gypsies along
with the massive
extermination of the Jews in
these areas.
Gypsies
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The deportations and
executions of the Gypsies
came under Himmler‘s
authority. On December 16,
1942, Himmler issued an
order to send all Gypsies to
the concentration camps.
Gypsies
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The deported Gypsies were
sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau,
where a special Gypsy camp
was erected. Over 20,000
Gypsies from Germany and
some other parts of Europe
were sent to this camp, and
most of them were gassed
there.
Gypsies
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1942 he signed the decree for all Gypsies to be shipped
to Auschwitz.
There they were subjected to all that Auschwitz meant,
including the medical experiments, before they were
exterminated.
At Sachsenhausen they were subjected to special
experiments that were to prove scientifically that their
blood was different from that of the Germans.
Gypsies
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For racial reasons they were found unsuitable for
sea water experiments.
Gypsy women were forced to become guinea pigs
in the hands of Nazi physicians. They were
sterilized as unworthy of human reproduction.
Gypsies
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No precise statistics exist
about the extermination
of European Gypsies.
Some estimates place the
number between 500,000
and 600,000, most of
them gassed in
Auschwitz.
Pictures of
Auschwitz
Work Makes One Free
The Fences
Attempt to Escape
No One Escapes
The Execution Wall
Living Quarters
The Orchestra
The Gallows
The Route to Auschwitz
Jews Heading to Auschwitz
To the Right or Left
More Jews More Selections
Block #11
The Walk to the Gas Chamber
Empty Gas Canisters
Furnaces
Crematoria
Shoes
Hair
Auschwitz Today
Birkenau Today
Artwork of the Holocaust
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Artwork can often express emotions that words
can not convey.
Even during the Holocaust artwork was
important and used as a medium for people to
tell their stories.
Take a look at the following artwork and the
handouts.
What emotions or responses does each piece of
artwork convey to you?
Fritz Hirschberger
Judith Goldstein
Neddy Vanderpol
Artwork Assignment
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Complete the artwork assignment by next class.
Oskar Schindler
Can one person make a difference?
Oskar Schindler
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Who was Oskar Schindler?
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Born in what is today the Czech Republic.
Grew up in a wealthy household.
Liked to drink, and womanize.
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Was married at 19 but always had a mistress.
Like to gamble and eventually ruined the family
business.
Schindler and the War
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When war broke out in Europe Schindler moved
into Poland just behind the German Army.
Schindler became involved in the black market
and the underworld in Poland.
Schindler also associated with the Gestapo
supplying them with alcohol and women.
Schindler and the War
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Schindler acquired a factory in Krakow Poland
making enamel goods.
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Schindler used cheap Jewish labor to run the factory.
Schindler was driven by profit and greed, however this
all changed in 1941.
Schindler and the Jews
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Schindler, while living in Krakow experienced
first hand the brutality the Nazi’s had for the
Jews.
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Schindler saw Jews being executed in the ghetto.
Schindler also knew that the trains packed with Jews
were going to concentration and death camps.
Schindler’s List
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Schindler realized that he could not let innocent
people go to their deaths.
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Schindler began to pay off the Nazi’s to allow him to
keep his Jewish workers.
Schindler hired only Jews to work in the factories so
that they would not be sent to the camps.
Schindler both paid and fed all his workers and their
families.
Schindler’s List
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As the Russians approached Poland the Nazi’s wanted to liquidate all
the ghettos and Jews.
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Schindler remained loyal to his Schindlerjuden (Schindler’s Jews) and
convinced the commander of the Plaszow concentration camp that he
needed 900 Jews to work in his factory.
Schindler spent almost all his earnings and profit bribing the Nazi’s to
allow him to keep the Jews in his factory.
That list of 900 Jews became known as Schindler’s List and many of
those Jews were saved from certain death.
Why
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The question is why did Oskar Schindler, a greedy man, a
drinker, gambler, womanizer, black-market profiteer,
someone with seemingly no moral value save so many
Jews from certain death?
Ask yourself this question while you are watching the
movie. What motivated Schindler to do what he did.
Why
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One survivor said
“ I don’t know what his motives were but I don’t care.
What’s important is that he saved our lives.”
At the beginning of World War Two there were 3.3
millions Jews in Poland.
At the end of the war there were about 4,000 Jews left.
About 1,000 of them worked for Oskar Schindler.
Schindler’s List
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One person can make a difference?