Transcript Propaganda > Anti-Nazi poster, 1942

World War II
• Before the war
• US enters the war
• The front lines
• The Pacific
• Europe
• End of War
• Liberating concentration camps
• The Homefront
• Japanese Internment
• Sacrifice and rationing
• Women
• Double V
• Zoot Suit Riots
Before the War > Events leading up to the attack & H.V. Kaltenborn on Hitler’s speech,
1938
• 1922 Benito Mussolini comes to power in Italy
• September 1931 Japan occupies Manchuria
• March 1933 Adolf Hitler seizes power
• May 1933 Japan quits League of Nations
• 1936 Spanish Civil War against Franco
• August 1937 Japan invades China
• October 1937 FDR calls for international cooperation against aggression
• March 1938 Germany annexes Austria
• September 1938 Munich agreement lets Germany annex Sudetenland of Czechos
• November 1938 Kristallnacht, Nazis attack Jews and destroy Jewish property
• March 1939 Germany annexes remainder of Czechoslovaka
• August 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union sign nonagression pact
• September 1939 Germany invades Poland; World War II begins
•April-June 1940 Bliztkrieg (Germany conquers much of Western Europe)
• September 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan (the Axis powers) conclude a military allian
• September 1940 First peacetime draft in American history
• November 1940 FDR elected for a third term
• March 1941 Lend-Lease Act extends aid to Great Britain
• May 1941 Germans secure the Balkans
• June 1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union
• August 1941 The United States and Great Britain agree to the Atlantic Charter
• December 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
Before the War > War of the Worlds broadcast, October 30, 1938
Before the War > Antiwar labor pamphlet
On March 11, 1941, President Roosevelt signed into law the Lend-Lease Bill, providing war
supplies to countries fighting the Axis
Before the War > Antiwar labor pamphlet
Before the War > North American Aviation advertisement, Collier’s, 1942
Before the War > Omaha high school student’s fascist sticker, 1938
Pearl Harbor > US Ships during Pearl Harbor attack, 1941
Pearl Harbor > Live KTU broadcast from Hawaii during the attack
Reporter: Hello, NBC. Hello, NBC. This is KTU in Honolulu, Hawaii. I am speaking
from the roof of the Advertiser Publishing Company Building. We have witnessed
this morning the distant view a brief full battle of Pearl Harbor and the severe
bombing of Pearl Harbor by enemy planes, undoubtedly Japanese. The city of
Honolulu has also been attacked and considerable damage done. This battle has
been going on for nearly three hours. One of the bombs dropped within fifty feet of
KTU tower. It is no joke. It is a real war. The public of Honolulu has been advised to
keep in their homes and away from the Army and Navy. There has been serious
fighting going on in the air and in the sea. The heavy shooting seems to be . . . a
little interruption. We cannot estimate just how much damage has been done, but it
has been a very severe attack. The Navy and Army appear now to have the air and
the sea under control.
Operator: Ah, just a minute. . . . This is the telephone company. This is the
operator.
Reporter: Yes.
Operator: We have quite a big call, an emergency call.
Reporter: We’re talking to New York now.
Pearl Harbor > Pearl Harbor hero Doris (“Dorie”) Miller poster
Propaganda > Anti-Nazi poster, 1942
Propaganda > Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo on Collier’s cover, 1942
Propaganda > OWI short Justice, 1945
Propaganda > Frank Capra, The Negro Soldier, 1942
The USSR
• Russian Bolshevik revolution of 1917: international socialist order of
dictatorship of proletariat
• Vladimir Lenin: socialism in one country, gradual transition from
capitalism through “New Economic Policy”
• Leon Trotsky: international proletarian revolution
• Josef Stalin: economic nationalism, radical industrialization through
Five Year Plans and use of forced penal labor
• US: borderless “free market” capitalism
• USSR: economic nationalism through central planning
Stalin, Lenin, and Trotsky in 1919
Russian Rhapsody (1944) Clip
Mission to Moscow 1944
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Based on career of Joseph E. Davies, former US ambassador
to Moscow
FDR commissioned the film and oversaw it’s production
Finds excuses for Soviet purges of communist elite, invasion
of Finland, and the Nazi-Soviet Pact
Aimed at both US and Soviet audiences, to facilitate
cooperation during the war
Mission to Moscow Clip
Front Lines > Some key events of World War II
• December 1941 - Pearl Harbor
• February 1942 - Executive Order mandates internment of Japanese Americans
• May-June 1942 - US wins naval superiority in the Pacific
• November 1942 - US lands in North Africa
• January 1943 - Casablanca Conference announces unconditional surrender policy
• February 1943 - Soviet victory over Germans in Stalingrad
• May 1943 - German troops surrender in Africa
• July 1943 - Allied invasion of Italy
• June-August 1944 - US lands in Normandy; liberates Paris
• November 1944 - FDR is elected to fourth term
• February 1945 - Yalta conference renews US-Soviet alliance
• February-June 1945 - US captures Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• April 1945 - FDR dies; Harry Truman becomes president
• May 1945 - Germany surrenders
• August 1945 - US drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Japan surrenders
Front Lines > War in Europe
Front Lines > Wartime broadcasts of Edward Murrow and others from London: Trafalgar
Square, Rooftop air raid report, and US bombing run
Front Lines > Cartoon from Yank: The Army Weekly, 1943
Front Lines > Ben Hurwitz, inside a troop ship, 1943
Front Lines > An African American GI escorts captured German soldiers
Front Lines > War in the Pacific
Front Lines > War in the Pacific from the soldiers’ point of view
U.S. Marine, Guam, 1944
This foxhole is about two feet deep.
Now, I would like to be able to speak
louder and with more clarity, but
unfortunately, the slightest noise, the
slightest rustle, will draw fire not only
from the Japanese, who are
someplace, perhaps, in the dense
foliage around us or up on the ridge,
but from our own Marines who are
huddled nearby in foxholes like this
one. I don’t know how they [the
Japanese] do it. We can lie here
absolutely breathless listening to the
slightest sounds and not see
anything—in fact, not hear anything—
and then we wake up and find that
they’re all around us. And it’s a very
tough and tedious job to root them
out, [inaudible] them and exterminate
them. We lost quite a few people in
our unit. A very popular captain was
Yoshida Kashichi, Guadalcanal, 1942
No matter how far we walk
We don’t know where we’re going
Trudging along under dark jungle growth
When will this march end?
Hide during the day
Move at night
Deep in the lush Guadalcanal jungle
Our rice is gone
Eating roots and grass
Along the ridges and cliffs
Leaves hide the trail, we lose our way
Stumble and get up, fall and get up
Covered with mud from our falls
Blood oozes from our wounds
No cloth to bind our cuts
Flies swarm to the scabs
No strength to brush them away
Fall down and cannot move
How many times I’ve thought of suicide.
Front Lines > American soldier killed by mortar fire, 1944
Front Lines > Bill Maudlin, “Up Front,” Stars and Stripes, 1945
“Fresh, spirited American troops, flushed with victory, are bringing in
thousands of hungry, ragged, battle-weary prisoners.”
End of War > Bodies of victims in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp
End of War > Six-year-old orphan wearing a Buchenwald badge
End of War > American and Russian Troops, 1945
World War II Deaths
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About 50 million killed worldwide
USSR 13 million soldiers, 7 million civilians
Germany almost 3 million soldiers, 2 million civilians
Japan 1.3 million soldiers, 700,000 civilians
US 292,000 (Great Britain similar)
Internment > Map of Japanese-American Internment Camps
Internment > “How to Tell Chinese from a Jap,” from an Army manual
Internment > Inside the fence of an internment camp
Internment > Fred Korematsu with a letter of apology from the White House
Home Front > Winchester poster urging sacrifice
Home Front > Collier’s cover, on rationing, 1942
Home Front > 1943 poster on conserving fuel
Home Front > Cigarette ad in McCall’s, 1942
Home Front > Job listings board in Detroit, July 1941
Home Front > “It’s Boats, Boats, Boats!” OWI poster
Home Front > “America’s Answer! Production” Office for Emergency Management poster,
1942
Women > Rosie the Riveter Poster
Women > After work in a Richmond, California, shipyard
Women > War Manpower Commission recruiting posters
Double V > Poster for a Double V campaign of 1942
Double V > Members of the United Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store
Employees Union, Detroit, 1942
Double V > March on Washington Movement Flyer, ca. 1941 and a photograph of
on Washington, 1963
March
Double V > Policemen arresting women during the riots in Harlem, 1943
Double V > The Detroit Riot, June 21, 1943
Zoot suit > Clyde Duncan from Gainsville, VA, in the New York Times, 1943 and
musician Cab Calloway, 1943
jazz
Zoot suit > Cartoon, Mercury Herald and News, April 25, 1943
Zoot suit > Los Angeles police officer pretends to clip the hair of a zoot-suiter;
headline from Los Angeles Examiner, 1942
Zoot suit > Mexican Americans stripped of zoot suits during the riots, Life, 1943
The Origins of the Cold War
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The End of World War II
The USSR
Yalta and Postsdam Conferences
The Atomic Bomb
The Strategy of Containment and the Truman Doctrine
World War II Deaths
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About 50 million killed worldwide
USSR 13 million soldiers, 7 million civilians
Germany almost 3 million soldiers, 2 million civilians
Japan 1.3 million soldiers, 700,000 civilians
US 292,000 (Great Britain similar)
World War II Casualties
Wikipedia:
• About 73 million killed worldwide
• USSR 11 million soldiers, 12 million civilians
• Germany 5.5 million soldiers, 1.5 million civilians
• Japan 2.1 million soldiers, 0.7 civilians
• China 3.8 million soldiers, 16,2 million civilians
• US 1 million soldiers and civilian
Foner:
• Total: 50 million
• Russia: over 20 million
Economy and the Cold War
• 1930s: dominance of heavy industry—labor-intensive,
isolationist, in favor of tariff barriers
• 1940s: growth of producers of consumer goods—capitalintensive, in favor of free trade, access to markets
• US production doubled, 1946-56
Bretton-Woods Conference, New Hampshire, July 1944
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank)
• General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)
• Bretton Woods system of exchange rates
• US dollar replaces the British pound as the main currency
for international transactions
• Dollar value is set at $35 per gold ounce - brings back the
gold standard abandoned in the 1930s
The United Nations
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1944, near Washington, DC: structure established
General Assembly - each member has equal voice
Security Council: six rotating members, Britain, China,
France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, each with
veto power
June 1945, San Francisco: 51 countries adopt US charter
July 1945: US Senate endorsed
Tensions because of colonialism: Mahatma Ghandi to
FDR: the idea that “the Allies are fighting to make the
world safe for freedom of the individual and for
democracy seems hollow, so long as India, and for that
matter, Africa, are exploited by Great Britain, and America
has the Negro problem in her own home.”
Cold War and the World
• 1920-1944: Multipolar system of diplomacy
• Destruction of infrastructure during World War II
• Decolonization in Asia and Middle East following war
Map: Colonial Affiliations before 1945
Decolonization
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1945 Ho Chi Mihn proclamation of Vietnamese nationhood is based on US
declaration of independence
1947 India and Pakistan achieve independence from Great Britain; Jawaharlal
Nehru favors socialism as route for independence
1949 Indonesia achieves independence from the Netherlands
1955 Bandung Conference of 29 Asian and African nations in Indonesia
1957 Ghana achieves independence from Greate Britain; African-American
leaders serve as advisers to Kwame Nkrumah, who also favors socialism
1964 Tanzania formed as an independent state; becomes center of black
nationalist movement
1966 Black Panther Party founded in the US; establishes ties to Tanzania
1973 Paris peace agreement ends war in Vietnam for America
1975 Mozambique and Angola independent from Portugal
Decolonization Map
Yalta Conference, February 1945
Churchill (UK), Roosevelt (US), Stalin (USSR)
Results of the Yalta Conference, February 1945
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Stalin promises democratic government in Poland
Germany provisionally divided into spheres of influence
The USSR agreed to fight against Japan
The USSR agreed to join the United Nations
Why did Roosevelt compromise with Stalin at Yalta?
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Roosevelt wanted Russian participation in the war,
particularly on the Pacific front
Russia occupies half of Europe and will not move
Russian fear of invasion from the West
Russian sacrifices in WW II - they bore the brunt of
German attacks
Stalin makes promises of democracy (quickly reneges)
The Atomic Bomb
• 1941-46: Manhattan Project devoted to developing atomic
weapons for Allies
• Truman viewed atomic bomb both as a means of ending
the war with the Japanese and as a diplomatic tool in
negotiating with the Soviets
• August 6 and 9, 1945: bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Hiroshima: 5 square miles burned and nearly 80,000
people burned to death; tens of thousands die from
injuries
• Nagasaki: not as accurate because of poor visibility; 1,5
square miles destroyed, 35,000 killed instantly, 60,000
injured
• Japan agreed to surrender
The Trinity Test, Alamagordo, New Mexico, July 16, 1945, 5:30 AM
Hiroshima, Japan, after the dropping of the bomb, August 6, 1945
President Harry Truman announces the Hiroshima bombing
Announcer: Good evening from the White House in Washington. Ladies and gentlemen
the President of the United States.
Harry S. Truman: My fellow Americans, the British, Chinese and United States
governments have given the Japanese people adequate warning of what is in store for
them. The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a
military base. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her war
industries and unfortunately thousands of civilian lives will be lost. I urge Japanese
civilians to leave industrial cities immediately and save themselves from destruction.
Was the dropping of the bomb necessary?
Yes:
• necessary to force Japanese surrender
• saved millions of American lives
• No:
• Japanese may have been ready to surrender anyway
• Truman didn’t wait for the Russians to enter the fight
which would have ended the fighting
• Truman true purpose was to intimidate the Russians
• Too horrific; destroyed thousands of civilian Japanese
lives
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Potsdam Conference, July-August 1945
Postdam Conference, July-August 1945
• Follows surrender of Germany in May 1945
• Germany and Austria divided into four occupation zones
• Recognition of Soviet-controlled government in Poland
Winston Churchill, Fulton, Missouri, March 1946
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron
curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that
line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and
Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest,
Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and
the populations around them lie in what I must call the
Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another,
not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in
some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.”
Soviet Threat to the World
Ideologies and First Steps of the Cold War
• 1947 Great Britain can no longer provide military and
financial aid to Greece (under threat of communist rebellion)
and Turkey (pressured by the Soviet Union for control of the
straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterannean)
• Truman Doctrine: US would support free peoples threatened
by outside power
• George Kennan: policy of containment toward Soviet Union
• The Marshall Plan
• Korean War
• National Security Council (NSC), Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA)
• Military-Industrial Complex
George Kennan’s “strategy of containment,” 1946-1947
[The Soviet Union’s] main concern is to make sure that it has filled every nook
and cranny available to it in the basin of world power.
These considerations make Soviet diplomacy at once easier and more difficult to
deal with than the diplomacy of individual aggressive leaders like Napoleon and
Hitler. On the one hand it is more sensitive to contrary force, more ready to yield
on individual sectors of the diplomatic front when that force is felt to be too
strong, and thus more rational in the logic of rhetoric of power. On the other
hand it cannot be easily defeated or discouraged by a single victory on the part
of its opponents. And the patient persistence by which it is animated means that
it can be effectively countered not by sporadic acts which represent the
momentary whims of democratic opinion but only by intelligent long-range
policies on the part of Russia's adversaries -- policies no less steady in their
purpose, and no less variegated and resourceful in their application, than those
of the Soviet Union itself.
In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States
policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and
vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.
George Kennan’s arguments
Evidence:
“… ideological concepts: … (b) that the capitalist system of production is a nefarious one
which inevitably leads to the exploitation of the working class by the capital-owning class…”
(true)
“the Communists represented only a tiny minority of the Russian people.” (false)
“… the stress laid in Moscow on the menace confronting Soviet society from the world
outside its borders is founded not in the realities of foreign antagonism but in the necessity of
explaining away the maintenance of dictatorial authority at home.” (false)
“Stalin, and those whom he led in the struggle for succession to Lenin’s position of leadership,
were not the men to tolerate rival political forces in the sphere of power which they coveted…
In 1924 Stalin specifically defended the retention of the ‘organs of suppression,’ meaning,
among others, the army and the secret police.” (true)
Rhetoric:
“Their particular brand of fanaticism, unmodified by any of the Anglo-Saxon traditions of
compromise, was too fierce and too jealous to envisage any permanent sharing of power.
From the Russian-Asiatic world out of which they had emerged they carried with them a
skepticism as to the possibilities of permanent and peaceful coexistence of rival forces.”
Harry Truman address, joint session of Congress, March 12, 1947
At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must
choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a
free one.
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is
distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free
elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and
religion, and freedom from political oppression.
The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly
imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a
controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of
personal freedoms.
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support
free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures.
Dollar Gap Crisis
• 1947: Europe faced $12 billion trade deficit with US
• US plant to rebuilt European economy through American
aid
The Marshall Plan
• 1947: Reconstruction plan laid out for western Europe—US
spent $13 billion on economic assistance for countries that
joined the Organization for European Economic Cooperation
• 1948: Soviet blockade and Berlin and Airlift
• Extremely successful: by the 1950s production in Western
Europe exceeded prewar levels; Japan recovered and had a
stable democratic government
• General Douglas MacArthur “supreme commander in Japan
until 1948 in charge of implementation
• But part of the strategy of containment - used to discredit
the power of communist parties in Italy and France
Cold War Europe, 1956
Berlin Airlift, June 1948-May 1949
• US, Britain, and France introduced separate currency in their
Zones in Berlin
• The Soviets cut road and rail traffic to the sectors
• Airlift to supply fuel and food
• Stalin lifted the blockade - major victory for Truman
Berlin Airlift, June 1948-May 1949
Berlin Airlift, June 1948-May 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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Signed on July, 1949
Long-term means of preventing Soviet expansion
Ten nations promise to provide collective security
Warsaw Pact, signed in May 1955
Cold War Europe, 1956
Truman and the Military
• 1949: victory of Communists (Mao) against Nationalists
(Kuomintang) in China
• Soviets tested atomic bomb in Pacific
• April 15, 1950: Truman approved NSC-68 (National
Security Council Report 68)—characterized USSR as
expansionist power bent on world domination, US needed
to protect free peoples against Soviet aggression
• Likely price tag of $30-50 billion/yr.
Korean War, 1950-53
• Korea was occupied by Japan during the War
• The Soviets ousted the Japanese
• Divided into Soviet North and capitalist South in 1945 at
38th parallel
• 1950: North Korean invaded South Korea, encouraged by
Soviets
• US secured UN resolution to intervene in Korea—Truman
committed troops to Korea—viewed war as necessary
stand against Soviet aggression
• War ended in 1953, boundary preserved, with over
100,000 American casualties
Korean War, 1950-1953
General Douglas MacArthur
On April 11, 1951 MacArthur was
removed from command by
President Harry S. Truman for
publicly disagreeing with
Truman's Korean War Policy:
advocating direct military conflict
with China.
US News about Korean War
M*A*S*H - TV series about the Korean War
The Real MASH in Korean War
Military-Industrial Complex
• Military budget ranged from $30 billion to $53 billion in
1950s
• 1929: military spending accounted for less than 1% of
GNP—increased to 20% by 1960s
• 1970: Pentagon had more assets than nation’s top 75
companies