Transcript American History Chapter 18: World War II: Americans at War

American History Chapter 18:
World War II: Americans at War
III. The Holocaust
Bell Ringer
• Define genocide.
• Besides the holocaust – when else has
genocide occurred?
• What are some synonyms of holocaust?
Objectives
• In what ways did Germany persecute
Jews in the 1930s?
• How did Germany's policies toward Jews
develop from murder into genocide?
The Nazis
r
Herman Goering
• Head of the police
and Gestapo
• Head of the Luftwaffe
Rudolph Hess
• Deputy Fuhrer
• Crash landed in
Britain in 1941
• Murdered in Spandau
prison in 1989
Heinrich Himmler
• Head of the SS
Ernst Roehm
• Head of SA
Joseph Goebbels
• Head of Propaganda
Martin Bormann
• Hitler’s Secretary
Albert Speer
• Minister of the Interior
A) Setting the Scene
• Aryans are German people
• Semites are Arabs and Jews
10)anti-Semitism: discrimination,
hostility, and violence directed at
Jews
• Quote 609
B) Persecution in Germany
•
1933 Hitler makes ant-Semitism the
official policy of Germany
11)Holocaust: Nazi Germany's
systematic murder of European Jews.
• 6 million Jews – 6 million other
a) Nazi Policies
•
•
•
•
•
Boycotts of Jew businesses
Nuremberg Laws took German citizenship
Jews and non-Jews no marriage
1938 lost businesses
Doctors and lawyers forbidden to work for
non-Jews
• Identity cards – Sarah and Israel – letter J
on clothing
b) Hitler’s Police
• SS – Schutzstaffel – “black shirts”
• Gestapo – German secret police
12)Concentration camps: place where
political prisoners and “undesirables”
are confined. Harsh.
• Communists, Jews, homosexuals,
Jehovah’s Witness, Gypsies, and
homeless
c) Kristallnacht
July 1938- Jews required to have an identity card
Oct 1938, All Jews must have their passports marked
• withGerman
thugs throughout Germany and
a “J”.
NovAustria
7, 1938 Herschel
Grynspan
shot a German
looted and
destroyed
Jewish
Ambassador in Paris
stores, houses, and synagogues
Nov 9, 1938 – Kristallnacht (night of broken glass) –
Goebbels and Heydrich
riot that destroyed
13)Kristallnacht
– organized
night ofa broken
glass
synagogues and Jewish business
• 1938:
Fined
the Church
Jews officially
to paycondemns
for damage
Catholic
Nazi
Racism – Catholic hospitals hide Jewish doctors
1939: Jews were barred from dentistry & chemistry
Feb 1939: Jews ordered to surrender all gold, silver
and precious stones
d) Refugees Seek an Escape
• Jews tried to get out of Germany – allowed
but most recaptured later
• US did not allow more Jews into country
C) From Murder to Genocide
• Ghettos – self contained areas surrounded
by wall and guards where Jews forced to
live
14) Warsaw Ghetto: ghetto in the capital
of Poland for Jews
a) The Einsatzgruppen
•
Special action squads/mobile killing
squads
• Babi Yar – killed 33,000 Jews in 2 days
15)Wannsee Conference: where the final
solution to the Jewish question was
created
16)Genocide: deliberate destruction of
an entire ethnic or cultural group
b) The Death Camps
•
Zyklon B poison gas most efficient way to kill
1933 people
Dachau concentration camp opened with Theodore Eicke as
commandant
consolidates
camps
into 7 large
ones: Dachu, Lichtenburg
•1935:6Eick
camps
builtall in
Poland
– EZ
(women), Sachsenhausen, Flossenburg, Mauthausen (Austria), Ravensbruek
17)
Death
Camps – mass murder camps
(women)
and Buchenwald
enemies of the state: chronically unemployed, vagrants, homosexuals,
•Target
2
biggest Auschwitz (1.5 mil) and Majdanek
Jehovah Witnesses, and Gypsies.
• Young and old killed – rest worked to death
• Death chambers disguised as shower rooms
• Cruel medical experiments
•
SS unit – Totenkopfverbande (Death Head Units) man
the camps
c) Fighting Back
• 1943 uprising at Treblinka death camp
closed it for days
• Warsaw Ghetto uprising – Jews received
info that they were being killed – 50,000
Jews held out for 27 days
d) Rescue and Liberation
•
•
US knew about camps by 1942 but did little
Denmark – all 8,000 Jews smuggled out to
Sweden
18) War Refugee Board: program that tried to help
save people threatened by the Nazis
• US troops stumbled upon camps
19) Nuremberg Trials: international military
tribune conducted by the allies that
convicted Nazis of War crimes
• “following orders”
Review
• In what ways did Germany persecute
Jews in the 1930s
• How did Germany’s polices toward Jews
develop from murder into genocide?