Transcript Chapter 24 Section 1 - District Five Schools of

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
What is a Depression?
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#1
Chapter 24 Section 1
The Depression
Uneasy Peace

Treaty of Versailles



League of Nations




Ended WWI
Created disputes
Ineffective
No military force
U.S. never joined
Germany couldn’t
pay reparations

$33 billion
Uneasy Peace Con’t

France controlled Ruhr
Valley

Germany’s main industrial area
German workers went on
strike
 Germany printed more money
 inflation




1914: 4.2 marks= 1 USD
11/1/23: 130 bil marks= 1 USD
11/30/23: 4.2 trl marks= 1 USD
Uneasy Peace Con’t

Dawes Plan




1924
Reduced
reparations
Germany couldn’t
afford to pay
Loan $200 million


Opened door to
American
investments
1926- Germany
joined League of
Nations
Germany finished paying
reparations on Oct. 3, 2010!
The Great Depression

1929- Great
Depression


Depression- period of
low economic
activity/high
unemployment
Reasons:


Economies went down
in late 20’s
US Stock market
crashed on Oct. 29,
1929

Black Tuesday
Effects of Great Depression
Gov’ts became more involved
 Communism became popular




Classless Society
Everyone is equal
Many followed dictators
Democratic States after the War
Most women had gained right to vote
 Germany -Weimar Republic



No strong political leaders
Economic problems




Inflation
Great Depression
People began to follow extremist parties
France - Popular Front gov’t

Collective bargaining- workers right to
negotiate Min. wage, 2-wk vacation, 40 hr
workweek
Con’t

Great Britain

John Maynard Keynes- British economist





Low demand increases unemployment
demand would increase if people went back to work
gov’t should finance projects
Deficit Spending- gov’t spending $ so citizens can
make $
U.S.- production fell by 50 %


1933- 12 million people were out of work
1932- Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected
president
FDR’s policies

New Deal

Gov’t created jobs by funding projects
WPA- built roads/bridges


Work Progress Administration
Social Security Act


Old age pensions
Unemployment
Organize yourself!!!
Causes of
Great Depression (2)
Great Depression
(What was going on in the world?)
Effects of
Great Depression (3)
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What is a Totalitarian State?
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Chapter 24 Section 2
The Rise of Dictators
The Rise of Dictators
1939- only France &
Britain were democratic
 Totalitarian Stategov’t controls all aspects
of the citizen’s lives




Strong central authority
Used propaganda & mass
communication
One leader, one party
Japan

Militarist



Military control
Left League of
Nations
Hideki Tojo –
Military Leader
Italy

Fascist




Extreme nationalism
Country above
individual
Anticommunist
Benito Mussolini –
dictator
Germany

Nazism




Extreme nationalism
Unite Germanspeakers
Anticommunist
Adolf Hitler dictator
Soviet Union

Communist




No citizen rights
Gov’t suppresses
opposition
“workers” rule
Joseph Stalin –
dictator
Spain
Francisco Franco 1936- Led military
revolt
 Brutal and bloody
civil war
 Italy and Germany
helped Franco
 Captured Madrid
(capital 1939)
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What is political party did the National
Socialist German Worker’s Party
eventually become known as?
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#3
Chapter 24 Section 3
Hitler and Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler & His Views
Born in Austria in
1889
 Core Ideology


Racism
Anti-Semitism


Hatred of Jews
Extreme Nationalist
Hitler’s Views Con’t

1919- joined
extremist group in
Munich (German
city)


Took control of
group & renamed it
National Socialist
German Worker’s
Party

Nazi Party
Hitler’s Views Con’t

1923- staged an
uprising in Munich


Failed- Put in jail
Wrote Mein
Kampf, “My
Struggle”

Links nationalism,
anti-Semitism, and
anticommunist
beliefs to Social
Darwinism
Rise of Nazism

Hitler needed to
take control legally



Not by revolt
Nazi Party must
compete with other
political parties
1932 Nazi Party
largest in German
Parliament
Victory of Nazism
1933- Hitler became the head of
the government
 Enabling Act





Mar. 23, 1933
Gov’t could ignore the constitution
4 years
Deal with nation’s problems
Hitler became a dictator

Nazis ruled all aspects of life
Victory of Nazism Con’t
Nazis and Hitler
blamed the Jews
for the economic
troubles
 Placed in
concentration
camps (prison
camps)

The Nazi State, 1933-1939
Wants:
 Develop an Aryan state



Aryan- speakers of Indo-European
languages
Nazi Aryan- Greeks/Romans and
Germans/Scandinavians
New empire- Third Reich


1st- Holy Roman Empire
2nd- German Empire (1871)
The State and Terror
Used terror
 SS



Schutzstaffel [shoots-shtah-fuhl]
(Guard Squadrons)
Secret and regular police
Gestapo
Economic Policies
Steps to end the
Great Depression:
 Hitler put people
back to work
 Rearmed the
country
 Unemployment
decreased by 5.5
million people
Spectacles and Organizations
Schools and
churches under
Nazi control
 Youth organization
taught Nazi ideals



Nazi Youth
Used Mass
demonstrations
(rallies)
Anti-Semitic Policies

Nuremberg Laws


Sept. 1935
Jews could not:





Be German citizens
Marry German
citizens
Hold public office
Attend public school
Jews had to wear
the Star of David
Anti-Semitic Policies Con’t

Nov. 9, 1938- Kristallnacht




“Night of Broken Glass”
Destroyed synagogues & burned
businesses
30,000 men sent to concentration
camps
After Kristallnacht:



Barred from schools, hospitals,
public transportation
Could not work in retail
Encouraged to emigrate
How did the Nazis take-over?
Step 4
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1
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What is appeasement?
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Chapter 26 Section 1
Paths to War
The German Path to War
Adolf Hitler- German
Dictator
 Aryan race is supreme




Wanted to take over the
Soviet Union
Wanted to use Slavic
people as slaves
Hitler did not like the
Treaty of Versailles

Increasing arms was a
violation
Germany’s 1st Steps to War

March 1935

New Air Force
New draft


100 K to 550 K
soldiers
1936


Sent troops to the
Rhineland
Neutral area
between Germany
and France
Demilitarized

No weapons/military
Germany’s 1st Steps to War
France had the
right to use force
against Germany
but wouldn’t act
without Great
Britain’s support
 France and G.B.
used
appeasement



Making unhappy
countries content
Giving in to small,
easy demands
New German Allies

Italy- Benito Mussolini



Rome-Berlin Axis



Wanted new Roman
Empire
Invaded Ethiopia (Africa)
Germany and Italy
Common political and
economic interests
Anti-Comintern Pact


Germany and Japan
Against communism
German Union with Austria

Hitler put Nazis in
charge


“Invited” German
troops
March 13, 1938Hitler annexed
(took over)
Austria
German Demands and
Appeasement

September 1938

Hitler wanted
Czechoslovakia
Demanded Sudetenland



Area in NW Czech.
Inhabited mostly by Germans
Munich Agreement



G.B, France, Germany, Italy
Appeasement
Give Hitler Sudetenland and
he wouldn’t want anything
else
GB and France React to Germany

Hitler claimed he
wouldn’t start a
war


Convinced the
western countries
France, G.B., etc
Annexed all of
Czech.
 France and G.B.
asked the Soviet
Union for help

Hitler and the Soviets
Hitler was afraid of
West and Soviet
Union alignment
So…
 Hitler made a deal
with Joseph Stalin
 August 23 1939

Nonaggression
pact


Won’t attack each
other
Divided Poland
Hitler and the Soviets
Germany invaded
Poland
 World was
SHOCKED!!!
 Sept. 3, 1939

Great Britain and
France declared war
on Germany
Japanese Path to War

Sept. 1931- Japan took
Manchuria (from China)


Had natural resources
Made it look like China
started the disagreement
Japan withdrew from the
League of Nations
 Went into northern China

Japanese War with China

China’s leader
Chiang Kai-shek


Tried to avoid war
with Japan
Soviet Union was a
bigger issue


Communists
Allowed Japan to
rule north China

Appeasement
Japanese War with China
Japanese rule spread to the
south
 Dec. 1936



July 1937


China declared war with Japan
China & Japan clashed in
Beijing
Dec. 1937


Japan seized China’s capital
Kai-shek refused to surrender
New Asian Order

Japan wanted
new order in East
Asia


Seize Siberia for
resources
Japan wanted to
attack Soviet
Union

Divide resources
between them &
Germany
New Asian Order

But… non-aggression pact



Germany and Soviet Union
Japan couldn’t defeat Soviets alone
Decided to get materials from SE Asia

U.S. would use sanctions


Restrictions intended to enforce international law
Threatened to stop trading oil and iron to Japan
New Asian Order
Japan needed oil and
iron from U.S.
 Dilemma:



To get raw material from
SE Asia, Japan would
have to risk losing raw
material from U.S.
Dec. 1941- Japan
launched a surprise
attack on SE Asia and
the United States
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What was significant about D-Day?
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Chapter 26 Section 2
The Course of World War II
Europe at War
Germany attacked
Poland
 Blitzkrieg“Lightning War”



Airplanes, tanks,
troops
Sept. 28, 1939

Germany and Soviet
Union split Poland
(Nonaggression Pact)
Europe- Hitler’s Early Victories
Apr. 9, 1940
 Denmark & Norway
May 10, 1940
 The Netherlands,
Belgium, and
France
June 22, 1940
 France signed an
armistice (cease
fire)
Europe- Hitler’s Early Victories
G.B. asked for U.S.
help
 Pres. Roosevelt



Isolationism- U.S.
didn’t take sides or
become involved in
European wars
Citizens wanted to
stay out
Later- U.S. supplied
food, ships, planes,
and weapons to G.B.
Europe- The Battle of Britain
Aug. 1940 Germany attacked
G.B. via air
 Naval bases,
harbors,
communication
centers, and war
factories
Europe- Attack on the Soviet Union
April 1941 Hitler controlled Hungary,
Bulgaria, Romania, Greece,
and Yugoslavia
June 22, 1941 Hitler attacked USSR
 1,800 mile front
 2 mil. Soviets captured
Dec. 1941 Nazis stopped b/c of weather
Japan at War
Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attacked
U.S. Naval Base
Pearl Harbor
(Hawaii)
Dec. 6-8 Attack dozens of
Pacific Islands
Japan at War
Spring 1942 Japan controlled
Southeast Asia and
western Pacific
 Needed resources for war
The Allies Advance
December 1941
 U.S. enters war
 Allied Powers


Axis Powers


G.B., U.S., S.U.
Germany, Italy,
Japan
Allies agreed to
fight until the
unconditional
surrender of Axis
The Allies Advance

Big Three




Winston ChurchillGreat Britain
Franklin D.
Roosevelt- United
States
Joseph StalinSoviet Union
Met often to plan
strategy during the
war
Allies- European Theater
Summer 1942
 Afrika Korps


German Forces
General Erwin Rommel
Defeated by British
Nov. 1942- May 1943
 G.B. and U.S. invaded
French North Africa


Forced out German and
Italian troops
Allies- European Theater
Nov. 1942- Feb. 2, 1943
 Battle of Stalingrad

Soviet Union
Soviets stopped
Germans
 Germany surrendered
 Major victory for Allies

Allies- Asian Theater
May 7-8, 1942
 Battle of the Coral Sea
 U.S. navy stopped Japan
 Saved Australia
June 4, 1942
 Battle of Midway Island


U.S. air forced bombed
Japanese navy
Major turning point in war
Allies- Asian Theater
Fall 1942
 Two operations
1. Gen. Douglas
MacArthurPhilippines
2. U.S. Army, Marine, and
Navy attacked
Japanese controlled
islands
 Island Hopping

Wore Japan down
Last Years of War- Europe Theater

Winston Churchill

G.B. Prime Minister
Sept. 1943
 Allies invaded Italy


Captured Sicily
Mussolini arrested
June 4, 1944

Italy fell to Allies
Last Years of War- European Theater
June 6, 1944
 D-Day
 Operation Overlord
 Gen. Dwight D.
Eisenhower (U.S.)
 Allied forces landed
on the beaches of
Normandy

France
D-Day
Underwater Mines  French resistance
fought Germans in
 Barbed Wire
Paris
 Machine Gun Fire
August 1944
 German resistance
 Allies liberated Paris
 3 Months
March 1945
 2 mil. Allied forces
 Allies marched into
 ½ mil. Vehicles
Germany
 Allies broke through
 Joined the Soviets
German lines

Last Years of War- Europe Theater
US, GB, and Soviet troops marched into
Germany
Dec. 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge
 Last German offensive
January 1945 Hitler went into an underground bunker
April 30 killed himself
VE Day- Victory in Europe Day

Last Years of War- Asian Theater
1945 President Harry Truman decided to drop atomic
bombs on Japan

Prevent invasion and loss of American lives
August 6 1st bomb dropped on Hiroshima
August 9 2nd on Nagasaki
August 14 Japanese surrendered
VJ Day- Victory in Japan Day
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What is genocide?
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#6
Chapter 26 Section 3
Holocaust and New World Order
The New Order in Europe
1942- Nazis controlled from Moscow to
English Channel
 Controlled due to annexation or by civilian
officials cooperating with Nazis
 Heinrich Himmler [hahyn- i him-ler]- leader of
the SS, in charge of German resettlement
plans

R KH

Moved Slavs out and replaced them with
Germans
The New Order in Europe

Labor shortages caused need for foreign
workers



Summer of 1944- 7 million workers in
Germany
Another 7 million were working in their own
country for Nazis
Led to people resisting Nazis
The Holocaust
Hitler felt that the Jews were
the greatest threat to the
Aryans
 Final Solution




Kill all Jews
Genocide- physical extermination
Reinhard Heydrich- head of SS’s
Security Services, supposed to
administer Final Solution

Created special forces (field crews) to
complete the Final Solution
The Holocaust
Poland- Ordered all Jews put in ghettos
 Started to build death camps





6 in Poland
Largest was Auschwitz
30% of arrivals would work
Mass gas chambers
The Holocaust
Final Solution had priority over the
military for trains
 3 million Jews killed in death camps



Overall, 6.5 million Jews killed
Nazis also killed 9-10 million non-Jews



Killed 400,000 Roma gypsies
Killed 3-4 million Soviet POW’s
Killed 4 million Poles, & Ukrainians
The Holocaust
Mass slaughter of Europeans = Holocaust
 Many people not believe stories about death
camps
 Only after war did people fully understand
what had happened
 Children:





1.2 million Jewish kids were killed
1945- 13 million orphaned kids in Europe
Hitler Youth (14-15 years old) fought on frontlines
Soviets as young as 13 acted as spies
The New Order in Asia

Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere



Economic community
Provide mutual benefits to Japanese occupied areas
Anti-colonialists

Provide local governments under Japanese
influence



Burma, Dutch East Indies, Vietnam, and Philippines
Real power was with Japanese authorities
Resources were used to benefit Japanese war
efforts

Caused food and other shortages in Asian nations
The New Order in Asia

Most Asian nations initially supported
Japan but due to harsh treatment, the
nations eventually turned against them

Example: 1943- Burma declared war on Allies,
later turned against Japan
Japanese ignored local customs
 Little respect for people’s lives



China, 1937- Japanese spent several days
killing, raping, and looting towns
Korea- 800,000 people were sent to Japan as
slave labor
The New Order in Asia

Used POWs and slave labor for
construction projects

Burma-Thailand railway, 1943



61,000 Australian, British, and Dutch POWs
300,000 slave laborers from Burma, Malaya,
Thailand, and Dutch East Indies
12,000 Allied POWs and 90,000 workers died
because of climate and famine
Nations resented Japanese takeover and
all colonial powers

Will eventually lead to Communist revolutions,
the Korean War, and the Vietnam War
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What is mobilization?
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#7
Chapter 26 Section 4
The Home Front and the
Aftermath of the War
Mobilization- US

World War 2 was a total war


Mobilization- assembling and preparing for
war


Widespread and covered most of the world
Men, women, manufacturing, etc
Home Front- effort of preparing and
supporting a war in a country that is
fighting
Mobilization- US
15 million men
drafted or
volunteered
1942
 Women’s Army
Corps (WAC)



Noncombat
Nurses, ambulance
drivers, radio
operators,
electricians, pilots
Mobilization- US
1942 – Factories
 Cars  tanks,
planes, boats
 Pencils  bomb
parts
 Bedspread 
mosquito netting
 Soda  shell
explosives
 Ship yards =
double time!
Mobilization- US
Women
 1944
 6 mil. workers
 Welding, factories, etc
African Americans
 A. Philip Randolph
 Called 100,000 to
protest
 Equal jobs and
combat
 FDR – Yes!

“Without
discrimination because
of race, creed, color,
or national origin.”
Mobilization- US


Increased taxes
War Production
Board (WPB)


War bonds



Scrap drives (iron, tin,
paper, rags, etc)
“loans” to gov’t
Repaid with interest later
Rationing

Fixed allotments of
goods


Sugar, meat, shoes,
coffee, gas
Ration books (coupons)

Must have to buy good
Minorities during War

African Americans in battle


Native Americans



Tuskegee Airmen – fighter pilots
“code talkers”
Navajo language
Japanese Americans

442nd – most decorated in history
Frontline Civilians- Bombing of Cities
Britain Sept. 1940



German air force bombed London nightly for
months
The “blitz”
Hitler believed if he bombed cities, GB would
quit

Wrong
Frontline Civilians- Bombing of Cities
Germany 1942


Major British air raids on German cities
1,000 bombers attacked a single city
German people refused to surrender
Frontline Civilians- Bombing of Cities
Japan Japanese air force was destroyed


Made them more vulnerable to air attacks
Atomic Bomb


Hiroshima/Nagasaki
1945
Peace and a New War

World War 2 was followed by political
tensions

Cold War


US and USSR
1945-1991
Peace and a New War

The Tehran Conference





Stalin, FDR, & Churchill (Big Three)
Nov. 1943
Planned the D-Day attack for June 6, 1944
USSR and GB/US troops would meet in
Germany
Agreed to divide Germany after their surrender
Peace and a New War

The Yalta Conference





Big Three
Feb. 1945
Eastern and Western powers were suspicious of each other
FDR wanted self-determination (liberate Euro countries
and set up governments)
Soviets agreed to help US vs. Japan




USSR didn’t know about the atomic bombs
United Nations- international organization of countries
Division of Germany- divide into 4 zones (French, US, GB,
Soviet)
FDR called for free elections in Eastern Euro countries

Stalin agreed but did not follow through
Peace and a New War

The Potsdam Conference



July 1945
Harry S. Truman replaced FDR due to his death
in April
Truman demanded free elections



Soviets lost the most people in WW2 and wanted
complete security
Established the Nuremberg Trials for Nazi
leaders


Stalin refused
Crimes against humanity and war crimes
War crimes trials in Japan and Italy