Transcript WH Review for the GHSGT

Standards: SSWH 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18,
19, 20, 21
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Used perspective to create optical illusions of
realism. Humans looked more natural than in
previous eras.
Michelangelo: sculptor, created David, painted
the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican
DaVinci: scientist, painter, sketch artist, painted
the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Drew the
external and internal features of the human
body and an early version of the tank.
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Renaissance: “rebirth of learning”. Started in 14th
Century in Florence, Italy. Continued into
Northern Europe.
Ancient Greek and Latin texts are revived
Vernacular: Native Language starts to be used in
writings and translations.
Renaissance Man: creative, know many subjects
Renaissance Woman: must be rich charming and
inspire art.
Humanism: idea that humans can be perfected and
even celebrated.
Secular: Focus on worldly things rather than
spiritual
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Petrarch: Father of Humanism, emphasis on
creative potential of human beings, Italian poet
Dante: Poet, wrote The Divine Comedy, Father of
the Italian Language, use of vernacular
Erasmus: Priest, Helped to translate the Bible,
wrote The Praise of Folly that poked fun at
hypocrisy. Thought that Christianity was in the
heart not rules
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Machiavelli: wrote The
Prince as a handbook
for leaders in Italy.
Believed that most
people are selfish,
fickle and corrupt.
Leaders must be
shrewd and ruthless in
order to effectively
rule. The end justifies
the means.
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Heavily influenced by the printing press developed by
Gutenberg with moveable type. The Bible was written in the
vernacular German (common language). Leads to rise in
literacy.
Indulgences: payment for sins
Martin Luther (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546).
German priest. Couldn’t find many of the Catholic Church’s
teachings in the Bible. Wrote the 95 Theses (1517). Hated the
sale of indulgences. Father of the Protestant Reformation.
Broke away from the Catholic Church after the Diet of
Worms. Faith is most important belief in Christianity.
Simony: selling of church offices
John Calvin: Started his teachings in Geneva. Calvinism
spread throughout Northern Europe, Switzerland, and the
Netherlands. Started the idea of predestination that salvation
is predetermined by God.
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The Renaissance helped to usher in an era of
curiosity and need for raw materials.
3 G’s: GOD, GOLD and GLORY
Christians, especially Catholics wanted to
convert nonbelievers (God).
Europeans wanted to “cut to the chase” by
seeking new trade routes to the east. They
wanted to make more money by leaving out the
middle men between Europe and Asia (Gold).
Explorers wanted to gain notoriety for
themselves and their country (Glory)
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Conquistadores: Spanish Explorers
Hernando Cortez: conquered the Aztecs in modern
day Mexico
Christopher Columbus: Italian, set sail west to find
a shorter trade route, lands in Hispaniola in the
Caribbean.
Magellan: Spanish explorer whose expedition
circumnavigated the globe
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): line drawn by the Pope
to solve problems between the Spanish and
Portuguese regarding the settlement of Latin
America
Zheng He: Chinese Admiral led seven voyages
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Vasco Da Gama: began exploring the east
African coast. Reached the port of Calicut (SW
India). Found spices, silk, and gems. Provided
a direct sea route to India.
Prince Henry the Navigator: Started a school of
navigation. Improved the astrolabe (navigation
tool).
Other Innovations: carvel, sextant, and
magnetic compass, better clocks
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Dutch East India Company: Explored in
modern day Indonesia. Established a jointstock company where shareholders purchased
stock to invest in the company
De Champlain (1608): French explorer sailed up
the St. Lawrence in modern Canada. French
explorers wanted to establish colonies for fur
trade. Colonies were disorganized
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Copernicus (early 1500’s): first proposed the
heliocentric theory, did no publish his work
because he didn’t want to go against the church.
Galileo (1609): used a telescope and observation
to prove Copernicus’s theories. Went against
the Catholic Church but later recanted. Later,
proven true.
Kepler (1601): proved Copernicus’s ideas
through mathematical calculations.
Newton (1687): used the Scientific Method to
develop the Laws of Gravity and Motion.
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Thomas Hobbes (1651): wrote Leviathan.
Explained the idea of the social contract—that
people handed over their rights in exchange for
law and order. Believed in absolute monarchy and
had a negative view of man.
John Locke: English philosopher. Believed that
people could learn from experience and improve
themselves. Favored the idea of self-government.
Believed in natural rights: life liberty and property.
Rousseau: French philosophe committed to
individual freedoms. Advocated for a direct
democracy and a social contract based on the
consent of the governed. Wrote The Social Contract.
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Many of these revolutions were led by Bolivar
1807: Portuguese Monarchy Taken
1808: Spanish Monarchy Taken
1819: Independence of Columbia
1821: Independence of Venezuela and Mexico
1822: Independence of Ecuador, Brazil,
independent monarchy
1823: Monroe Doctrine
1824: Independence of Peru
1825: Independence of Bolivia (end of Spanish
Domination of South America)
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Led by Touissant L’Overture
Only successful slave revolt for independence
1799: Napoleon and France attack
1802: Touissant is captured
1804: Haiti becomes independent. Second
republic in the Western Hemisphere
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English Bill of Rights (1689) outlines rights of
English citizens (freedom of speech, freedom
from royal taxation, right to fair trial).
The English monarch will never have absolute
authority.
Religious protection for the Protestants
Ends long standing struggle between monarch
and Parliament with Parliament winning
control
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Why did the American Revolution happen?
The Enlightenment influenced important leaders
(Jefferson)
The Seven Year’s War/French and Indian War
racked up HUGE debt for England.
Colonists were expected to help pay back debt (no
taxation without representation)
Colonists weren’t allowed to expand west of the
Appalachians.
Colonial Industry
Mercantilism not working: raw materials’ prices
lowering
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The Directory: The Upper Middle class is in charge. War is
raging in Europe. Napoleon is able to seize power and
begin the French Empire
Battle of Trafalgar (1805): Lord Nelson and the British win
supremacy over the seas
Napoleon attacks Russia in 1812 and gets stuck! Many
casualties for France!
Despite French “wins” at Borodino (1812) and Austerlitz
(1805), Napoleon is eventually defeated at Waterloo in
(1815).
Napoleon is able to improve France in several positive ways:
Schools improved, a uniform Napoleonic Code established,
infrastructure was improved (roads, bridges, cities).
Continental system was established—No English trade!
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M is for Militarism: the buildup of militaries for a
defensive alliance. The construction of the HMS
Dreadnought (1906) led to the construction of new
battleships by the major industrial powers of Europe.
A is for Alliance. These were DEFENSIVE in nature
(“I’ve got your back). Europe divided into two groups
the Triple Alliance (later Central Powers)and the Triple
Entente (later Allied Powers)
I is for Imperialism: The nations of Europe see
themselves as superior to the nations of Africa and
Asia.
N is for Nationalism: The feeling that your country is
superior to all other countries.
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The Schlieffen Plan isn’t followed as directed,
so both sides dig in and begin trench warfare.
Trenches were defended in “No Man’s land”
by miles of barbed wire. Most battles were
very lengthy and millions of lives were lost on
all sides
The Battle of Verdun (1916)
The First and Second Battles of the Marne
(1914, 1918)
The Battle of the Somme (1916)
Gallipoli (1915)
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After an armistice was declared on November 11th,
1918, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919.
Germany was given full blame for the war and
forced to pay reparations (war debt), greatly
reduce the size of their military, lose Alsace and
Lorraine and lose major lands in Africa and
Poland—a direct cause of WW II.
The Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary
collapse and are divided up into several smaller
countries.
US did not support the Treaty because they felt it
was too harsh. Africa and Asia didn’t like it
because they didn’t get any of their territory back.
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Nazi Philosophy: formed the Third Reich wanted
traditional German lands, believed in the Aryan
Nation (superior race: blonde hair, tall, blue eyes
“Master Race”). Jews were inferior and
“scapegoats”. Buildup of military.
Eugenics: “good genes” practice of selective
genetics to achieve the “Master Race”.
How does Hitler come to power? Runs for
political office during the Weimar Republic as a
member of the Nazi Party (right wing), very
convincing public speaker. Weimer Republic was
very weak and Hitler was able to move into
leadership assumes chancellorship in 1933.
Effectively used propaganda
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Pearl Harbor : Japanese Invasion on 7 Dec 1941
Stalingrad (August 1942-February 1943) was the long battle that
finally pushed Hitler back to the west. Huge numbers of
casualties on both sides.
D-Day: Operation Overlord
 The Allied needed to establish a second front.
 General Dwight Eisenhower launched an invasion of
Normandy on June 6, 1944.
Guadalcanal: US Victory in the Pacific Theatre
Philippines: last major battle before the US was able to
bomb Japan
El-Alamein: North Africa. German leader Rommell
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FDR had funded the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop an
atomic bomb
Dr. Robert Oppenheimer successfully tested in the summer of
1945.
August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay drops bomb on Hiroshima
 140,000 dead; tens of thousands injured; radiation sickness; 80%
of buildings destroyed
August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki
 70,000 dead; 60,000 injured
Emperor Hirohito surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945. (V-J Day)
 Formal surrender signed on September 2 onboard the
battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay
The Big Three
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Great Britain (Winston Churchill)
The U.S. (FDR)
The Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin)
Germany divided between the three powers: US/UK join together,
West Germany--democratically friendly government. USSR: East
Germany Soviet friendly governments
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Yalta Conference: USA (Roosevelt/Truman), USSR (Stalin), and
UK (Churchill) meet to discuss Europe after the war. Results
divide Germany into zones (US/UK: West Germany USSR: East
Germany and E. Berlin)
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Potsdam Conference: in suburban Berlin (July 1945)—Truman,
Stalin, Churchill – Finalized plans on Germany. Germany would
be demilitarized and would remain divided
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United Nations: international peacekeeping org. supported by
the Allies. Gen. Assembly to resolve conflicts.
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The Iron Curtain: created as a result of USSR’s
desire for buffer countries in Eastern Europe, split
Europe into East (Communist) and West
(Democratic). “Iron Curtain” speech, Churchill
Truman Doctrine: support countries against
Communism. Containment: keep Communism at
bay.
Marshall Plan: economic plan to help rebuild
Western Europe
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):
defensive alliance against Communism
Warsaw Pact: defensive alliance friendly to the
USSR
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Gandhi begins leading nonviolent protests against
British control.
How? Salt March (to protest sea salt tax), hunger
strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience.
Why? WW I left India with the impression that the
British were oppressive. Armristar Massacre gave
the British bad press.
As a result…India was granted limited self rule
(1947)
Kwame Nkrumah: leader who helped Ghana gain
independence from Britain
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Mao Zedong: leader of the Communist movement in China
Why did China “Go Red”? Weak government, foreign
control over trade, nationalism, quest for modernization,
end of WWI leads to Japanese control over territories.
What was different about Chinese Communism? It
empowered the peasants
The Fourth of May: demonstration by workers, showed that
China wanted to be a strong and modern country
By 1930: Chinese Civil War: Nationalists (Jiang) were
middle class (bankers) who feared Communist peasants.
The Long March (1934-1935): 6,000 mile march by the
Communists to keep ahead of the Nationalists
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Israel becomes a country in 1948 by UN mandate (Arabs didn’t like this)
1948-1949 War: Five Arab countries attack, take Jerusalem, Israelis win it
back, mass Palestinian exodus to refugee camps—causes a lot of problems
later. Israel wins
1956 War: US/UK/France support Israelis, USSR supports Arabs. Suez
Canal is claimed by Egypt. Lasts two weeks. Israel wins but doesn’t take
Egypt
1967 War ( Six Days War): Palestinian guerillas bother Israelis, Israel
attacks Arab countries and gain Jerusalem and other lands. Israel wins.
1973 (Yom Kippur) War: Egypt, Syrians and Iraqis attack Israel. Israel is
caught off guard but Egyptians and Israelis sign ceasefire, minor Israeli
victory.
1982 War: Palestinians attack Israel. PLO (Yasser Arafat) from Lebanon.
Israel retaliates and Palestinians pull back.
Camp David Accords: Egypt, Israel, and US meet to discuss peace with
President Carter in 1979, Egypt vows not to attack Israel and they give up
Suez Canal. Egyptians not happy. Sadat killed.
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1954: Hydrogen Bomb Developed, more powerful than
the A-Bomb
1959: Castro becomes Cuban leader (Communist) and
pushes the US out of the country trade embargo goes into
effect.
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961): failed US uprising/invasion
led JFK of Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): thirteen day standoff where
the USSR points missiles at the US from Cuba. Khruschev
(Soviet leader) withdraws after negotiations.
ICBM: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile: military buildup
between US/USSR
SALT: Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty: backing down of
nuclear buildup of the US/USSR
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Shining Path: Communist Party in Peru, used
guerilla warfare in the 1980s
Red Brigade: Marxist-Leninist group in Italy
Hamas: Palestinian nationalist wing, often
called a terrorist organization by the US
Al-Qaeda: corporate terrorist organization
believed to be responsible for the 9/11 attacks
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World Trade Organization: established in 1995,
made up of 153 countries, provides a mechanism
for handing disputes, negotiations, monitoring
trade policies, and promote cooperation
OPEC: established in 1960, made up of 12 oil-rich
countries, main goal is to establish oil prices and
coordinate oil production policies
United Nations: international peacekeeping org.
supported by the Allies. Gen. Assembly to resolve
conflicts.
Multinational corporations: corporations (like
McDonald’s, Apple, and Coca-Cola) that have
global business
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Rwanda: 1994 Hutus v. Tutsis mass genocide
Bosnia-Herzegovina: 1992-1995. War of
Nationalism between the Serbs, Bosnians, and
Croats