Transcript World War II

Warm-up
 How might
the situation
depicted here
have caused
anger and
resentment
on the part of
the Germans?
After WWI, Germany had to pay off huge war debts while also dealing with poverty
at home. Here children use German marks, worth less than a penny, as building blocks.
The Road To War
(1931~1941)
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
 Why is it important to
distinguish between historical
facts and interpretations?
 What kinds of sources offer the
best insight into the causes,
course, and effects of World
War II?
TIMELINE
1931 ~ Japan overruns Manchuria
1933 ~ Adolf Hitler is named Chancellor of Germany
the same year that FDR is elected president of
the United States.
TIMELINE ~ continued
1934 – Stalin begins the
great purge in the USSR
1934 – Chinese Communists
flee in the long march.
1935 ~ Congress passes the
first Neutrality Act. This
bans the sale of arms to
countries at war.
TIMELINE
 1936 ~ Italy conquers Ethiopia
Roosevelt is reelected.
 1938 ~ Chamberlain and Hitler meet at the
Munich Conference.
TIMELINE
 1939 ~ Invasion of Poland begins WWII
 1939 ~ Congress repeals the arms embargo
 1940 ~ Roosevelt sends 50 destroyers to Britain
in exchange for military bases in the Western
Hemisphere.
 1940 ~ Germany defeats France and attacks
Britain by air.
 1941 ~ Roosevelt proposes lend-lease program
to aid the Allies.
TIMELINE
 1941 ~ Japan bombs Pearl Harbor and the
U.S. enters the war.
VOCABULARY
 TOTALITARIAN
 FASCISM
 PURGE
 NAZISM
 AXIS POWERS
 APPEASEMENT
KEY PERSONALITIES
 Adolph Hitler
 Neville Chamberlain
 Benito Mussolini
 Franklin D. Roosevelt
 Joseph Stalin
 Winston Churchill
 Mao Zedong
 Harry S. Truman
 Jiang Jieshi
Best Supporting Actors
 General Dwight D. Eisenhower
 George Marshall
 Albert Einstein
TOTALITARIAN
 Where the government exerts
total control over a nation.
 It dominates every facet of
life.
 Uses terror to suppress
individual rights
 Silences opposition
TOTALITARIAN
 Hitler acted as a totalitarian when
he held the Nuremberg Party
Rally.
 180,000 people gathered.
 Lasted one week.
 Nazi Party had political meetings,
parades, and the Oath under the
Cathedral of Light.
 Hitler leads the audience in a
“holy oath”
The Faces of Totalitarianism
Fascist Italy
Extreme nationalism
Militaristic expansion
Charismatic leader
Private property with strong
government control
Anticommunist
Mussolini (El Duce)
Nazi Germany
(pg 531)
Communist Soviet Union
FASCISM
 A philosophy of governing style which
emphasizes the importance of the
nation or an ethnic group AND the
supreme authority of the leader.
FASCISM
 Hitler and Mussolini were both
fascists.
 They relied on a strong, dictatorial
government
 Neither one of them respected
individual rights and/or freedoms.
 Historically, Fascists and Communists
are fierce enemies, even though they
both rely upon a strong, dictatorial
government.
BENITO
MUSSOLINI
 Italian middle class
demanded strong
leadership
 Inflation and
unemployment were high
 Established the Fascist
party
 Preyed upon fear of
economic collapse
 Used NATIONALISM
 Il Duce “the leader”
 Black Shirts – his army
 Anticommunist
 Charismatic
Il Duce
“Italy wants peace,
work, and calm.
I will give these
things with love
if possible, with
force if
necessary.”
STALIN
 Focused on creating a
Communist state
 GOALS: Agricultural and
Industrial growth
 Economy – placed under
state management
 1937 – The Soviet Union
had become the world’s
second largest industrial
power.
 Millions died from
famine caused by this
restructuring
PURGE
 A political term that means to remove enemies and








undesirable people from power.
Stalin used purges to “purify” his Communist party.
The Great Purge began in 1934 with “show trials.”
The only possible verdict was GUILTY.
By 1939 his agents arrested 7 million people.
A million were executed
Several millions ended up in forced labor camps.
Most victims were innocent.
Purge successfully eliminated all threats to his power.
NAZISM
 A political party – Nazi Party.
 A form of Fascism
 In 1919 the Nazi party was small.
 Otherwise known as the
National Socialist German Workers’ Party
 Party philosophy was shaped by Hitler’s
fanatical ideas about German nationalism and
racial superiority.
ADOLF HITLER
 Extreme nationalism
 Forwarded racism –
Aryans were a master race
 Believed in private
property with strong
government control
 Anticommunist
 Der Fuhrer believed Germany needed
lebensraum
 1932 – Nazi party was strongest
Japanese
Invade
Manchuria
MILITARISM IN JAPAN
 Militarist leaders also believed in the need for
living space
 Japanese militarists seized Manchuria in 1931
 Province is rich in
natural resources and
is about twice the size
of Texas
 League of Nations
investigated
 Japan was condemned
 Japan quits league
FRANCO in Spain
 Rebelled against the republic
 3,000 Americans formed up to
fight against Franco in an
attempt to stop fascism in 1936.
 Soviet Union sent equipment and advised
Hitler and Mussolini to support Franco.
 Franco becomes Spain’s fascist dictator.
 Cost of victory = 500,000 lives
 The Axis is born
 Condemned Japan, but did
not take action
 Hitler noticed this and
pulled Germany out of the
League
 The League did not even stop
Hitler when he violated the
Treaty of Versailles.
 Hitler had sent troops into
the Rhineland.
 Mussolini invades Ethiopia
and the League launched an
economic boycott
LEAGUE
of
NATIONS
THINK
 NATIONALISM ~ What is it?
Did you say…….
Devotion to one’s nation???
Nationalism usually suggests that a
nation’s people believe themselves, their
ideals, and their goals to be superior to
those of other nations.
Are YOU a NATIONALIST???
AXIS POWERS
 In 1936 Germany’s Hitler signed an
agreement with Italy’s Mussolini.
 This agreement created what Mussolini
called an “axis” between Rome and Berlin.
 Germany and Italy, who were joined later
by Japan, were known as the Axis Powers.
SECTION TWO
 WAR IN EUROPE
VOCABULARY
 BLITZKRIEG
 COLLABORATION
 RESISTANCE
 ALLIES
 APPEASEMENT
 NONAGGRESSION
PACT
BLITZKRIEG
 “Lightening Warfare”
 Hitler unveiled this strategy during the invasion of
Poland.
 Involved a fast, concentrated air and land attack that
took the enemy’s army by surprise.
 Stuka (dive-bombing warplane), then the panzers,
then the infantry.
 Using this tactic the German troops overran Poland in
less than a month.
COLLABORATION
 Close cooperation
 General Petain had Vichy France adopt a policy of
collaboration with Germany.
 Vichy France – southern region of France that was the
only place left unoccupied by the German army.
 Vichy was a town that was both a vacation resort as
well as the commanding headquarters for the French.
ALLIES
 The group of
countries who
opposed the
Axis Powers.
{ Great Britain, United States, Soviet Union }
APPEASEMENT
 Giving in to a competitor’s demands.
 Britain practiced a policy of appeasement in
order to keep the peace.
 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland ~ an
industrial region of western Czechoslovakia with
a heavily German population.
NONAGGRESSION PACT
 Signed by Stalin and
Hitler
 Promised never to attack
each other
 A second secret pact was
signed whereas Hitler
agreed to give the Soviet
Union a portion of
Poland.
THE PHONY WAR
 Once Poland fell, French and British
troops sat on the Maginot Line
 German troops sat on the Siegfried Line
staring back a few miles away
 Sitzkrieg
 Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, Belgium,
Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in two
months
FALL OF FRANCE
 Germans
trapped
400,000 British
and French
soldiers at
Dunkirk
 A few days
later, Italy
entered the war
and sided with
Germany
RESISTANCE
 Consisted of groups of French citizens who
distributed anti-German leaflets.
 Led by Charles de Gaulle
 Free France – a government in exile in London
 Largely an
underground
movement
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
 The German Luftwaffe began bombing
runs over Britain
 15 August 1940 – Hitler had 2,000 planes
fly over Britain and run bombing raids
for two straight months.
 185-26
 “Never in the field of human conflict,
was so much owed so many by so few
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
 Why is this significant?
Much of Europe had fallen to German and
Soviet aggression. France, Britain’s
chief ally, had surrendered to Germany. The
British army had been forced to
retreat from the continent. The outcome
was crucial because Britain was the last
powerful nation in Europe fighting against
Germany. Britain’s victory led Hitler
to call off the invasion of Britain indefinitely.
End
Section
Two
Thanks for playing!
SECTION 3
Japan Builds an Empire
Food for Thought : Why did Japan
look beyond China for future
expansion?
VOCABULARY
 MANCHURIAN INCIDENT
 PUPPET STATE
 BURMA ROAD
 GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE
MANCHURIAN INCIDENT
 1900’s ~ Japan has a population explosion
 1930 ~ Population = 65 million
 OBVIOUS NEEDS ~ Raw Materials and Markets as
well as land to feed her rising population.
 September 1931 – A Japanese army stationed in
Manchuria claimed that Chinese soldiers tried to
blow up a railway line.
 Japanese army captured several cities.
 Japan’s government tried to call off the army.
 By February 1932 – all of Manchuria had been
seized.
PUPPET STATE
 Japan announced that the invaded
land of Manchuria was now called
“Manchukuo.”
 Manchukuo was a puppet state.
 Manchukuo was independent from
China, but was ruled / advised by
Japanese leaders.
 DEFINITION: An independent
country under the control of a
powerful outsider (usually a
geographic neighbor).
BURMA ROAD
 A 700 mile long highway linking Burma to
China.
 Presently Burma is Myanmar.
 Japan had seized the major cities of Beijing
and Tianjin by 1937.
 Jiang Jieshi fiercly resisted.
 Japanese weaponry was far superior.
 Japan bombed cities.
 “Rape of Nanjing” – 100,000 civilians were
brutalized or killed by the Japanese
soldiers.
BURMA ROAD (2)
 Roosevelt condemned these actions.
 “the epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading”
 He called for a peaceful nations to quarantine
themselves.
 Neutrality Acts
 Burma road was used by the Soviet Union and
Britain.
 Both sent a steady stream of supplies to the
Chinese to help them defend against Japanese
invasions.
GREATER EAST ASIA
CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE
 A title given to the area of Japanese control
which had extended from Manchuria to the
Dutch East Indies.
 Similar to Hitler’s Lebensraum (“living
space”).
TRIPARTITE PACT
 1940 ~ Japan allied itself with Germany and
Italy through this pact.
 Japan is getting ready to challenge the
Europeans and the Americans for supremacy
in Asia.
AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR
NEUTRALITY ACTS
 A series of acts which was an
attempt to prevent
involvement in WWII.
 1935 ~ banned the U.S. from
selling weapons to nations at
war
 1936 ~ banned the U.S. from
loaning money to countries at
war
 1937 ~ permitted trade of
nonmilitary goods with
warring nations.
NEUTRALITY ACTS
 Roosevelt said that the neutrality acts actually
encouraged aggression. What do you think?
By the end of 1938 – Italy had
conquered Ethiopia, Japan
had invaded China and
Germany had taken Austria
and the Sudetenland. The
United States stood back and
watched. This was FDR’s
argument made in hindsight.
VOCABULARY
 NEUTRALITY ACTS
 CASH AND CARRY
 AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE
 LEND-LEASE ACT
CASH AND CARRY
 An American policy which stated that
warring nations could trade nonmilitary
good with the U.S. as long as they paid
cash and transported the cargo for
themselves.
AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE
 A group of isolationists who wanted to
block further aid to Britain.
 1940 ~ France fell to Germany and now
Britain stood alone to defend against
Hitler.
 Many Americans wanted to support Britain
with “all aid short of war”
 50 destroyers
 This group was at 800,000 members during
at its height.
LEND-LEASE ACT
 Churchill (Britain) told FDR
(who had just been reelected to a
third term) that his country was
nearly bankrupt.
 The Lend-Lease Act was a program designed
by FDR to provide supplies to Britain without
expecting immediate payment.
 Passed in 1941 and gave the president the
power to “aid any nation whose defense was
vital to American security.”
LEND-LEASE ACT (2)
 By the end of the war, the United States
had extended $49 billion dollars worth
of lend-lease aid to 40 nations.
 Is the United States
still neutral??
AMERICANS AT WAR
 1941 ~ Hitler invades the
Soviet Union and
Hong Kong falls to Japan.
 December 7th, 1941 ~ Japan
attacks Pearl Harbor
 1942 ~ Japan conquers the Philippines
 1942 ~ The U.S. defeats the Japanese navy
at the Battle of Midway. Japanese
Americans are interned in camps.
 1943 ~ Jews in the
Warsaw ghetto rebel.
 1943 ~ Mussolini is
overthrown and Hitler
invades Italy
 1943 ~ Americans help defeat Axis armies in
North Africa.
 1943 ~ American troops in the Pacific take
Guadalcanal and begin the island-hopping
campaign.
D-Day 7 August 1942
Marines Cross A River
Protecting The Airfield
AMERICANS AT WAR (2)
 1944 ~ American and British troops lead
the D-Day invasion of France
 1944 ~ Japan begins Kamikaze attacks.
 1944 ~ De Gaulle leads Allies into Paris.
 1945 ~ Truman becomes president after
FDR’s death.
AMERICANS AT WAR (3)
 1945 ~ American troops
liberate Western
Germany.
 1945 ~ The United States
drops the atomic bomb
on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
 1945 ~ Hitler commits
suicide
 1945 ~ Germany and
Japan surrender
VOCABULARY
 SELECTIVE TRAINING AND SERVICE ACT
 GI
 OFFICE OF WAR MOBILIZATION
 LIBERTY SHIP
 VICTORY GARDEN
SELECTIVE TRAINING
AND SERVICE ACT
 Required all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military
service.
 Some men were selected from this pool to serve one year in
the army.
 September 1940 ~ First peacetime draft
 The United States
is preparing for war
“Four Freedoms Speech”
 FDR’s vision of what the troops
would be fighting for.
 “We look forward to a world
founded on four essential
freedoms. The first is freedom
of speech and expression….The
second is freedom of every
person to worship God in his
own way…. The third is freedom
from want [need]…. The fourth
is freedom from fear.”
GI
 “Government Issue”
 More than 16 million Americans served as soldiers
 Soldiers who were getting pounded by enemy
gunfire and crossing hot deserts and turbulent
seas.
 Their experience during war was often a daily
struggle to stay alive.
Office of War Mobilization
 This office served as the superagency for the
centralization of resources
 The Ford Motor Company was converted to build B-24
Liberator bombers.
Liberty Ships
 Mass production techniques were
introduced into shipbuilding.
 Cut the time to build one ship from 200
days down to 40 days.
 These were large sturdy
merchant ships used to
carry both supplies and
troops.
Victory Garden
 A home vegetable garden
planted to add to the home
food supply and to replace
farm produce that was
being sent to the soldiers.
 A way to enlist public
support from home
 By 1943 victory gardens
produced one third of the
country’s fresh vegetables.
Unit 2 ~ Section 2
 RETAKING EUROPE
VOCABULARY
 ATLANTIC CHARTER
 CARPET BOMBING
 D-DAY
 BATTLE OF THE BULGE
ATLANTIC CHARTER
 A declaration of principles that were secretly decided
upon aboard a warship off the coast of Newfoundland
in August of 1941.
 Atlantic Charter members were mainly Winston
Churchill and FDR.
 This becomes the basis for the United Nations.
Atlantic Charter
CARPET BOMBING
 A style of bombing where warplanes scatter large
numbers of bombs over a wide area.
 This technique was created by the RAF
 Initially German and British warplanes tried to
pinpoint strategic targets
 Later resorted to simple carpet bombing
 The eight principal points of the Charter were:
 no territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or
the United Kingdom;
 territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of
the peoples concerned;
 all people had a right to self-determination;
 trade barriers were to be lowered;
 there was to be global economic cooperation and
advancement of social welfare;
 the participants would work for a world free of want and
fear;
 the participants would work for freedom of the seas;
 there was to be disarmament of aggressor nations, and a
postwar common disarmament.
D-DAY
 The day the invasion of Western Europe began.
 June 6th 1944 ~
 4,600 English warships
 1,000 RAF bombers
 23,000 British and American airborne troops
 1,000 American bombers
 150,000 Allied troops landed on 60 miles of coastline
of Normandy, France.
D-Day (2)
 Allies suffered 2,000
casualties at Omaha
beach alone
 Within a week a half
a million men had
come ashore
 By late July, the
Allied forces in
France numbered
some 2 million
troops
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
 1944 ~ mid December ~ The name given to the
German attack that smashed into the U.S. First Army
and pushed it back, forming a bulge in the Allied line.
 Hitler was using thousands of 15 year old soldiers as
new draftees to reinforce his line.
 Largest battle in Western Europe
 Largest battle ever fought by the U.S. Army
 Involved 600,000 GI’s
 80,000 killed, wounded or captured
 German losses totaled 100,000