Transcript Document
Eastern Front -Eastern front collapses -Tough old gut… -1944 joint U.S. and British force lands in Western Front Two Year Period Between Battle of Britain and D-Day on the Western Front • Battle of the Atlantic – U boats make obvious sense for the Germans – Sunk an incredible amount of merchant shipping – According to Wikipedia: “Britain required more than a million tons of imported food and material per week in order to be able to survive and fight on against Germany” – Asdic (sonar) and depth charges – wolf pack versus the convoy system – Extremely difficult to fight the U-boat (example: attack on Scapa Flow) – Winston Churchill: “Only part of the war that really scared me…” Scharnhorst-8.jpg (209KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Allied Solutions Allies finally turn the tide with improved technology… Break German radio codes Catapult planes Convoys The Hedgehog (see below) D-Day • Demanded by Stalin for at least 3 years… • Largest amphibious assault in history • Choice of landing zones… Pas de Calais vs Normandy • D-Day Deception – pretending to strike at the Pas de Calais – using double agents and fake radio traffic • turning spies • there was even a real individual that James Bond was later based on… – Floating Mulberry’s … PLUTO… dummy invasion force… • Invasion came at low tide… why? • Weather wasn’t great either… • Rommel on vacation The fighting • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/w wtwo/launch_ani_overlord_campaign.shtml • Paratroopers dropped behind the lines to hold bridges, stop Panzer counterattacks and support the allied landings… • Storming of the beaches… • Hedgerow fighting… • Allied breakout… The Plot to Assassinate Hitler July 20, 1944 Hitler never trusted the professional army officers. His disdain came about because of the poor generalship in World War I that killed millions of German soldiers. He was always worried that the Army would attempt a coup de état and try to take over the government. In 1934, as a result of the Night of Long Knives, he removed the SA, essentially a gang of thugs that had brought him to power, and killed their leader, Ernst Röhm. In exchange for removing the SA, the Army signed an oath of allegiance to Hitler. As the losses mounted in late 1943 and early 1944, Hitler replaced or forced many generals into retirement and the Army high Command, except for those officers in Hitler’s personal orbit, grew openly critical of his constant meddling. Oberst Claus Schenk, Count von Stauffenberg lost his left hand and fingers from his right fighting in Tunisia. As a member of the aristocracy, he had double contempt for Hitler, and joined the plot to kill him. General Ludwig Beck, Chief of Staff back in 1938, was the nominal leader. The Normandy Landings inspired the plotters to attempt an assassination in the face of the Allied breakout. Von Stauffenberg placed a briefcase with a bomb inside Hitler’s “Wolf’s Lair” — his command post for the Eastern Front in Rastenburg, Prussia. The bomb was one of many British bombs confiscated by the Abwehr, the German intelligence organization. Stauffenberg had to activate the bomb with tongs. He placed the bomb under the conference table and left. He and the other plotters believed Hitler was dead and prepared to seize Berlin with Home Army troops. Hitler was not dead. Believing God had spared him to avenge Germany on the world, he met with Mussolini later in the day despite wounds to his right arm and a loss of hearing. Meanwhile, Stauffenberg was shot at midnight by a firing squad, loyal Army officers rounded up conspirators, many of whom tried to spare their lives by informing. Implicated was Erwin Rommel, who had been approached by the plotters but did not join. Rommel was recovering from wounds at home. For his failure to inform Hitler, he was given a choice: take poison and get a state funeral, or refuse and see your family executed as well. Rommel took poison. The man who had the best ability to change Germany’s fortunes of war was gone. Also forced to commit suicide or sent to concentration camps were thousands of family members of the plotters. Eight of the conspirators were hung on meathooks and their death agony was filmed and shown to Hitler. Some Army officers committed suicide by walking into the Russian no-man’s-land. Hitler used the July 20 Plot as an excuse to destroy anyone in the Army he feared would oppose him. The traditional salute was replaced with the Nazi Sieg Heil. Eventually 20,000 were killed or sent to concentration camps in the purge. Hitler, a manic hypochondriac, became obsessed with his health after the assassination attempt. His doctor prescribed drugs of his own design that contained hemlock. Hitler gulped so many pills he was slowly poisoning himself. The tremors in his right hand became acute, and he rarely allowed photographs or film after July 20. The failure of the July 20 plot precluded any possibility of Germany negotiating a peace with the Allies. Hitler intended to fight to the death in a struggle that would see the end of National Socialism or the end of Germany’s enemies. Battle of the Bulge • German counterattack • Basically an attempt to puncture the allied lines with another Blitzkrieg, get behind them, and destroy their supply lines • Perhaps stop their advance • Threatened to break through, but didn’t • Last Axis gasp on the western front V2 Rockets • German- 1st rockets in history • Might have been a big deal if Germany wasn’t already essentially beaten Pacific Front • Island Hopping Hansen WWII Name ___________ The Western Front- 1942- 1945 Two Year Period Between Battle of Britain and D-Day on the Western Front •Battle of the _______________ – U boats _______________________________ for the Germans – Sunk an incredible amount of ______________________ – According to Wikipedia: “Britain required more than _________ _________________of imported food and material per week in order to be able to ______________________________________” – Asdic (sonar) and ___________________________ – wolf pack versus the _____________________________ – Extremely difficult to fight the U-boat (example: attack on Scapa Flow)- ______________________________________________ – Winston Churchill: “Only part of the war that really _________…” •Allied ___________________ – Allies finally turn the tide with improved technology… – Break _________________________________ – ______________________ planes – Convoys – The Hedgehog- ___________________________________ •D-Day – Demanded by ______________ for at least 3 years… – Largest __________________________________ in history – Choice of landing zones… _______________ v _______________ – D-Day Deception • pretending to strike at the __________________________ • using double agents and fake radio traffic – turning spies- _____________________________ – there was even a real individual that ___________ ___________________ was later based on… • Floating Mulberry’s … PLUTO… dummy invasion force… = ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ – Invasion came at low tide… why? – ____________________ wasn’t great either… – _______________________ on vacation – The Fighting • ______________ dropped behind the lines to hold bridges, stop Panzer counterattacks and support the allied landings… • Storming of the beaches… – ______________ fighting… – Allied breakout… • Plot to _______________ Hitler – • Battle Of the ________________ – – – – – • ___________________________________________ _____________________________________________ German counterattack Basically an attempt to ______________________ with another Blitzkrieg, get behind them, and destroy their_________________________ Perhaps stop their ___________________ Threatened to break through, but ___________ Last ________________________________________ __________Rockets – – German- ________ rockets in history Might have been a big deal if Germany wasn’t already ______________________________