Transcript IB History 2: 20th Century World History

IB History 2:
20th Century World History
The Year in Review …
The
th
20
Century
The 20th century of the Common Era
began on January 1, 1901 and ended on
December 31, 2000, according to the
Gregorian calendar.
Punctuate the following:
woman without her man is nothing
Making sense of the world:
Link 3 of the following words together to make a sentence
answering for yourself –
“this is how the world works”
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Chaos
Negotiation
Poverty
Competition
Order
Power
Conflict
Peace
Violent
Progress
Cooperation
War
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Justice
Prosperity
Weakness
Military
Economy
industrial
Respect
technology
Opportunity
conflict
The Past
All Actions and Thoughts
By All Individuals
In All Times and Places
2. Events observed and
remembered.
(Events observed but not
remembered have been
lost to history)
1. Events observed
by someone.
(Events not observed
have been lost to history)
3. Events observed, remembered
and recorded.
(Unrecorded actions and thoughts
have been lost to history)
4. Events for which we have
surviving records.
(This is the raw material of
History)
5. Available,usable,
believable records
for a given historical
account.
6. The Account
Stages of Historical Consciousness
History as fact
• “This happened.”
History as causal sequence
• “Why did this happen?” “What happened
before/after?”
History as complexity
• “How does this fit into a wider scope of
regional/world events?”
• “Are there larger ‘patterns’ this fits into?”
History as interpretation
• People make things happen – What people made
this happen? Why did they make it happen?
Causes of War
Causes of War, World War I
• Entangling Alliances & their consequences
– Dual Alliance (1879) – Germany & Austria
– Triple Alliance (1882) – added Italy
– Dual Entente (1893) – France & Russia
– Entente Cordial (1904) – Brits & FR ‘make nice’ …
– Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) – Brits & RUS turn
– Triple Entente is now formed – FR, RUS, UK
• Causes of Militarism/Nationalism
• Germany’s Weltpolitik (Schlieffen Plan)
Causes of War, World War I
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Militarism/Nationalism – Austria
Militarism/Nationalism – Italy
Militarism/Nationalism – Russia
Militarism/Nationalism – France
Consequences – War was inevitable ???
Domestic factors
– Germany (Kaiser needed to prove his ‘manhood’?)
– Austria-Hungary (needed to ‘unite’ ethnicities)
– France (hating on Germany!!!)
Causes of War, World War I
• Imperialism
– They ‘needed’ more stuff!
– Places / resources / power
• Italy & Germany possessed no colonies and
they wanted ‘in’ on the land grab game!!!
• Austria-Hungary wanted Balkans
• Germany hating on the Brits
• Russia is insecure & wants to increase
influence in Turkey (straits) & Balkans, too!
Causes of War, World War I
• Brits & FR rule … but feel their power ‘declining’ …
• Brits –
– The Middle East market was threatened by Germany
and Italy
– The China market was being lost to the U.S. and Japan
• FR –
– Although France was really declining, French
governments followed well-thought out expansionist
aims overseas and refused to be intimidated
– They added to the empire in North Africa (Tunis was
added to Algeria) and in eastern Asia in Indo-China
– Until 1903, Britain blocked French imperial ambitions;
FR hated Britain, too!
Causes of War, World War I
• Causes of the War
• The “isms”
– Nationalism
– Imperialism
– Militarism
• Entangling alliances
– Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy
– Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia
• Powder Keg of Europe
Unit 1: Causes of War, World War I
• Balkan Wars
• Growing Russian Support of Serbia
• The Assassination
• Austria-Hungary believed that:
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Serbia and Russia would be restrained by Austrian
diplomacy backed by Germany
Russia was utilizing Balkan discontents against
Austria-Hungary
A diplomatic offensive was no longer enough
Serbia needed to be “punished or the empire’s
role as a great power would be at an end”
If they could prove that Russian protection could
not save Serbia from Austria-Hungary’s wrath, the
lesson would not be lost on the other Balkan
states
Causes of War, World War I
• Blank Check
– AH gives Serbia an Ultimatum … to which Serbia
complies (except for Austrian rule) – but war is
declared anyway July 28, 1914
• On August 1st, 1914, war was declared on
Russia
• On August 3rd, 1914, war was declared on
France
• On August 4th, 1914, Germany invaded
neutral Belgium; Britain declared war on
Germany the same day
Causes of War, World War II
• Treaty of Versailles
– Germans were forced to sign in June 1919
– Vengeance, not reconciliation, was the treaty’s
dominant tone
– Article 231 – “War Guilt Clause” – Germany had to
accept everything as their fault
• Great Depression
– Destroyed the positive and encouraging economic
and political developments of the years between
1924 and 1930
Causes of War, World War II
• The Great Depression – Debts & Reparations
• Dawes Plan 1924
• Created a cycle:
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U.S. banks loaned money to Germany
Germany paid reparations to France and Britain
France and Britain paid war debts to the U.S.
Isolationism in Britain, SERIOUS economic
problems in Germany!!!
Causes of War, World War II
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Failure of the WEIMAR REPUBLIC
Rise of HITLER!!!
Spread of FACISM
Hitler & Mussolini
Aryanism & Lebensraum
Policy of Appeasement – the granting
concessions to potential enemies to maintain
peace
• BR & FR reasons to ‘appease’ …
Causes of War, World War II
• Policy of Appeasement
• Disarmament Conference (GER withdrew
1933)
• German-Polish Non Aggression Pact (Jan
1934)
• Anglo-German Naval Agreement (June 1934)
• Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1935)
• Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Oct 1935)
• Spanish Civil War (GER & IT sent weapons)
Causes of War, World War II
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Neville Chamberlain
Austrian Anschluss (1938)
Sudeten Crisis/Czechoslovakia (1939)
Munich Conference (September 29th)
– German occupation of the Sudeten area was
agreed to. Chamberlain even got Hitler to sign the
a paper promising to settle all future AngloGerman differences by diplomacy
• Czechoslovakia (March 1939)
– Hitler breached the Munich settlement by taking
rest of Czechoslovakia
Causes of War, World War II
• Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact on August 23, 1939
• Danzig Dispute
– Germany wanted it (population was 96%
German), Poland didn’t want to give it up (port
city!)
– Germany invaded Poland September 1st, 1939
• Failure of the League of Nations
Causes of War, World War II
Summary of the Causes of WWII
– The clash of ideologies
– Economic pressures and opportunities
– Room to cultivate food and move undesirables
– Changes in military technology and strategic thought
– Long-standing territorial disputes, conflicts of interest,
psychological tensions between peoples
– Propaganda and coercion
– Prestige and material interests
– Appeasement and confidence
Causes of War, World War II
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Remember MAIN!!!
Militarism (naval build up/remilitarization)
Alliances (entaglement!!!)
Imperialism (colonialism/neo-colonialism)
Nationalism (in particular w rise of Hitler!)
Effects of War, WWI
• Discussed Economic Effects first – biggest!!!
• Blockades
• Britain and Germany relied heavily on imports
to feed the population and supply the war
industry
• Since Britain had a superiority of naval vessels,
Germany’s only chance to compete was
through U-boats
• They used unrestricted submarine warfare to
sink any ships in the area of Britain
Effects of War, WWI
• Effects in Germany:
– 750,000 German civilians died of starvation during and
after the war
– blockade continued until June 1919 in order to force the
Germans to sign the Versailles Treaty
• Sinking of the Lusitania & the Zimmerman Telegram
(if Mexico were to join Germany in an alliance, they
would get Texas and Arizona in return) brought US
into war
• Deaths – Russia suffered THE MOST! Followed by
Germany …
Effects of War, WWI
• Devastation In Belgium; France; the Balkans, Middle
East, and Italy; Africa and the Pacific
• Rise of the United States
• Inflation is the greatest single economic factor
because of massive
– War budgets
– Demand, which caused shortages of many consumer goods
– Virtually every able-bodied person was employed to keep up
with the demand
• When resources became scarce, nonessential firms,
which tended to be small, were simply closed down
• This combination of high demand, scarcity, and full
employment sent prices soaring, even in the best
managed countries
Effects of War, WWI
• Results of inflation were:
–Value of money went down
–The standard of life went down
–People living on fixed incomes or small
earnings were hurt the most
• Had to plant gardens for food
• Had to take odd jobs like repairing
clothes
Effects of War, WWI
• Dawes Plan (& subsequent Young Plan) both
failed!!!
• Both were designed to help Germany meet its
reparation payments
– The U.S. would lend money to Germany; Germany
would make reparation payments to Britain and
France; Britain and France would pay back loans
to the U.S.
– This made the countries dependent on the U.S.
• Defaults led to Great Depression & rise of
extreme nationalism!
Effects of War, WWI
• Social effects
• Disillusionment (All Quiet on the Western
Front)
• Trench warfare
• Shell Shock
• Development of arms race / arms
manufacturers became major enterprises
• Effects of rationing
• Effects on women (rise of public employment)
Effects of War, WWI
• Women’s suffrage
• Many restrictions on women disappeared during the
war. It became acceptable for young, employed,
single middle-class women to:
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Have their own apartments
Go out without chaperones
Smoke in public
Women's skirts rose above the ankle permanently
• Effects on African Americans
• Growth of Labor Unions
Effects of War, WWI
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Restrictions of Civil Liberties during war
Propaganda
Armenian Genocide
Influenza
Moved on to Effects of War, WWII
Started w effects on Germany & USSR
Effects of War, WWII
• German & Soviet “war children” where many
women were raped, often repeatedly …
• Women were “seen” as collaborators &
ostracized from society (FR & DEN)
• Holocaust
– By May 1945, every 2 out of 3 Jews were murdered
– A total of 6 million Jews were killed, along with 2
million others
– Communists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Roma and Sinta
(gypsies), Socialists, trade unions, homosexuals, Polish
and Soviet dissidents, and the mentally and physically
disabled were also in the Holocaust
Effects of War, WWII
Germany:
• 3 million soldiers killed or missing
• ½ million civilians killed
• Millions more wounded and disabled
• Parts of cities were totally flattened
• No key industry had suffered more than 20%
losses
• Conditions were BAD post war in GER!!!
Effects of War, WWII
Germany
• Germans were distrusted by Allies
• 15 million German people expelled from
several countries after the war
• An estimated 500,000-3 million died in the
expulsion
• Rehabilitation of Nazis (re-education)
• Nuremburg Trials
• German Occupation
Effects of War, WWII
Soviet Union
• Relaxed their ideology to maximize the war
effort
• Propaganda appealed to “Mother Russia”
rather than communism
• Soldiers could not talk with local populations
• Captured Russian soldiers, when repatriated,
were sent to the Gulags or simply shot
• Rigid censorship in newspapers was imposed
Effects of War, WWII
Soviet Union: Origins of the Cold War
• Different philosophies/ideologies:
– Democratic capitalism
– Marxist communism
• The Western Allies had appeased the growing power
of Hitler partly in the hope that he would destroy the
Soviet state for them
• The USSR had been supplying the Luftwaffe with
aircraft fuel with which to fight the Battle of Britain
and to bomb British cities in the Blitz
• Delays in opening a second front angered the Soviets
Effects of War, WWII
Soviet Union
• From the scorched earth policy:
– 25 million were homeless
– Factories were destroyed
– Railways disrupted
– Farm machinery was almost non-existent
• 21 million died
• 1 in 4 Russians were killed or wounded
• Lend-lease aid from the U.S. was ended in August
1945
• Reparations were exacted from the Soviet zones of
Germany and Austria
Effects of War, WWII
Soviet Union
• The Soviets wanted Poland because:
– Russia wanted a buffer area because they
had been invaded many times:
• 1 time by the French
• 2 times by the Germans
• 1 time by the Poles
• The Soviets then installed a Polish Communist
government
Effects of War, WWII
• Eastern Europe disappeared from Western
sight behind the “iron curtain” of secrecy and
isolation
– East Germany
– Poland
– Czechoslovakia
– Hungary
– Romania
– Bulgaria
– Finland
– Yugoslavia
– Albania
Effects of War, WWII
Britain
• Britain’s financial situation was dependent on
U.S. lend-lease aid
• Gave up colonies
• Formation of Israel
– British controlled Palestine was given the Jews to
establish a safe haven and homeland
• Greek Civil War (1944-49)
– British troops liberated them in 1944
– Most of the Greek people didn’t wish to return to prewar political and social conditions, so they supported
the EAM – a communist Greek National Liberation
Front
Effects of War, WWII
France
• Grave shortages of food and fuel
• Infrastructure devastated
• Mandates of Syria and Lebanon were given
independence during WWII
• It was policy to draw a veil over the Vichy years to
conciliate and unite the nation
Italy
• The perception of Italians was better than the
Germans because they entered on the side of the
Allies and didn’t commit atrocities on the scale of
the Germans
Effects of War, WWII
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US
Not so bad off …
Truman’s Fair Deal
Japanese internment
GI Bill – Provided federal grants which gave soldiers
money for college, to start new small businesses, or
build a new home
• Baby Boom – Caused an growing need for educational
resources
• Interstate Highway System – Would be created under
Eisenhower’s administration because he saw it as a
way to move military supplies around the country
quickly. He got the idea from his wartime experiences
in Europe (Autobahn)
Effects of War, WWII
• Origins of the Cold War
• Atomic bomb
• The Marshall Plan
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Aid through the Marshall Plan was intended to create
strong democracies and open new markets for American
goods
The Soviet Union was invited to join, but refused
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Americans were buying their way into European affairs
Would’ve had to accept it on difficult terms – making vast political
reforms and have outside controls
They discouraged their satellite nations from joining as well
• Occupation of Japan
Effects of War, WWII
• Psychological, social effects of WWII
• Women, minorities, economics
• End of European domination, “myth of white
supremacy” in the eastern part of the world
Single Party States
• Hitler, Lenin, Stalin = EUR
• Mao = ASIA
• Castro = AMERICAS
Unit 4: Origins of the Cold War
Unit 5: Vietnam
Unit 6: End of the Cold War
Foreign Policy of Administrations:
Truman (1945-53)
Doctrine:
The policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures
Policies:
Containment – (Kennan) U.S. would resist Soviet attempts to form
Communist governments elsewhere in the world
Important Events:
Atomic Bombs Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift Korean War
Potsdam
Intervention in Turkey & Greece
NATO
Iran Controversy
McCarthyism
China Is Communist
Foreign Policy of Administrations:
Eisenhower (1953-61)
Doctrine:
U.S. pledged military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations
threatened by communism
Policies:
Massive Retaliation – (Dulles) roll back communism; use of nuclear
weapons; New Look Foreign Policy - Build up SAC (Strategic Air
Command) – i.e. Superbombers; Domino Theory – if one country was
allowed to fall to communism, then others would fall too
Important Events:
Hungarian Rebellion KGB CIA Suez Crisis Space Race Begins
(Sputnik) Lebanon Crisis Summit Conferences U-2 Incident
Foreign Policy of Administrations:
Kennedy (1961-63)
Doctrine:
Containment of Communism and the reversal of Communist progress in
the Western Hemisphere
Policies:
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) – (McNamara) build up your
nuclear arsenal so much that the other side will be afraid to attack
you; Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) – a plan for the
possible launching of a first strike against the Eastern bloc; Flexible
Response – (McNamara) an array of military options that depended
on the gravity of the crisis at hand
Important Events:
Vietnam War Berlin Wall Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis
Foreign Policy of Administrations:
Johnson (1963-69)
Doctrine:
Domestic revolution in the Western Hemisphere would no longer be a
local matter when "the object is the establishment of a Communist
dictatorship“
Policies:
Vietnam War escalation; Operation Rolling Thunder – authorization of
the bombing of North Vietnam; Cointelpro – CIA can turn intelligence
operations on domestic activities
Important Events:
Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution
Foreign Policy of Administrations:
Nixon (1969-74)
Doctrine:
The U.S. would honor its existing defense commitments, but that in the
future, Asians and others would have to fight their own wars without
the support of large amounts of American ground troops
Policies:
Vietnamization – turning over the war to the South Vietnamese; Peace
With Honor – withdrawing from Vietnam, but leaving not as in a
defeat, rather with honor; Détente
Important Events:
Cambodia Kent State/Jackson State Pentagon Papers 26th Am
Paris Peace Agrmt War Powers Act Vietnam ends Ostpolitik
Foreign Policy of Administrations:
Ford (1974-77)
Doctrine:
None
Policies:
Détente continues; Neoconservatives start to affect policy
Important Events:
Helsinki Accords
Foreign Policy of Administrations:
Carter (1977-81)
Doctrine:
Would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in
the Persian Gulf region
Policies:
Tough stand on human rights; Rapid Deployment Force – to respond to
crisis in far away places immediately; Wanted young people,
including women to register for draft; Neoconservatives are more in
gov’t
Important Events:
Afghanistan War Boycott Moscow Olympics
SALT II Not Ratified
Iran Hostage Crisis
Foreign Policy of Administrations:
Reagan (1981-89)
Doctrine:
Foster and support irregular forces to overthrow pro-Soviet governments
in the Third World
Policies:
Reagan and other top officials are Neo-conservatives; Believed that an
arms race would make the Soviet economy collapse; Nuclear Use
Theorists (NUTs) – Reagan and others believed that the U.S. could
fight and win a nuclear war; Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – would
vaporize nuclear missiles from space and accelerated arms race
Important Events:
Solidarity Movement
Summits in 1985-88
Berlin Wall Falls