Transcript Chapter 28-2 notes

Global Conflagration: Hot and
Cold War
Chapter 28 Continued
Racism and Destruction
• Nazi’s began enforcing
these racist policies in
• Germans and Japanese
1933 with the Gypsies
utilized pseudoscientific
theories to justify the
• Germans I.D. groups
slaughter of certain
that were racially and
groups to make way for
genetically inferior:
the master race
mixed marriage
children, mentally ill,
• U.S. used racism
physically defective,
towards the enemy
Jews
“Asians” and started
internment camps
• homeless, criminals,
alcoholics, prostitutes,
those with STD’s, and
homosexual men
Jews
• Plan of final solution:
total extermination of
European Jews
• Began with deportation to
ghettos
• Berlin Conference of
1942: Reinhard Heydrich
plan for the SS and
extermination
• Final solution began with
the conquest of Poland
and invasion of Russia in
1941-Operation
Barbarossa
• Executions carried out by
the SS and Himmler out
of fear that Hitler would
favor military over SS
• Lowest:
Judeocommunists
• Himmler established more
efficient killing devices:
gas camber (I.G. Farben
developed the Zyklon B
gas just for this purpose)
• 1941 extermination camps
Jews
• 5 major camps:
Chelmno, Belzec,
Sobibor, Treblinka, and
Auschwitz
• Many died on journey
to death camps: RR cars
sealed with no food,
water or sanitation
• 11 million died/ 6
million Jews
• Targeted were the old,
sick, weak, pregnant,
and menstruating
women
• Jews could offer no
resistance because they
were locked in a country
that universally
accepted their fate while
immigration policies of
most other nations made
it impossible for them to
leave
Jews
Burying the
Remains of
Children by
David Olère.
Olère's first
assignment at
Auschwitz was
as a grave digger
of bunker 2. His
prisoner number,
106144, is seen
both on his shirt
and as a tattoo
on his left arm.
Gassing / Gazage
The container in the
lower right is
labeled Zyklon B.
Although Olère
spent most of his
time doing art for
the SS and
translating BBC
radio broadcasts, he
was, from time to
time, called upon to
help empty the gas
chambers.
Holocaust
German soldiers of
the Waffen-SS and
the Reich Labor
Service look on as a
member of
Einsatzgruppe D
prepares to shoot a
Ukrainian Jew
kneeling on the
edge of a mass
grave filled with the
bodies of previous
victims.
Holocaust
In March, 1942, the Jews
of the Lublin Province of
Poland are deported to the
Belzec death camp
Crematorium furnaces in the Gusen
concentration camp after the
liberation
http://www.oskars
chindler.com/Albu
ms5/jpg_B.htm
“Near the end of the war, in order to cut expenses and save
gas, "cost- accountant considerations" led to an order to
place living children directly into the ovens or throw them
into open burning pits. “
http://www.oskarschindler.com/Albums5/j
pg_27.htm
http://www
.oskarschi
ndler.com/
Albums5/j
pg_B.htm
At peak efficiency Auschwitz had the capacity to 'get rid of ten thousand people in
24 hours,' as the SS Kommandant Rudolf Hoess would testify during the War
Crimes Trials after WW2. Witness after witness, document after document
produced irrefutable evidence of the crimes committed, and no witness was more
shocking than Rudolf Hoess, who calmly explained how he had come to
exterminate 2,5 million people.
http://www.auschwitz
http://www.deathcamps.info/Ex
periments/jpg_exp15.htm
High-Altitude Experiments
to investigate the limits of human
endurance and existence at extremely
high altitudes. The victims were placed
in the low-pressure chamber and
thereafter the simulated altitude therein
was raised. Many victims died as a result
of these experiments and others
suffered grave injury, torture, and illtreatment.
“Dr. Herta Oberheuser killed children with oil and
evipan injections, then removed their limbs and
vital organs. The time from the injection to death
was between three and five minutes, with the
person being fully conscious until the last moment.
She made some of the most gruesome and painful
medical experiments, focused on deliberately
inflicting wounds on the subjects. In order to
simulate the combat wounds of German soldiers
fighting in the war, Herta Oberheuser rubbed
foreign objects, such as wood, rusty nails, slivers of
glass, dirt or sawdust” into the wounds.
The identical twins Eva Mozes Kor and Miriam Mozes survived the deadly genetic experiments conducted by Josef
Mengele in Auschwitz. Their parents, grandparents, two older sisters, uncles, aunts and cousins were killed.
The sisters were put through many extremely brutal surgeries and experiments by Mengele, who experimented
mainly on twins. Eva later recalled:
"I was given five injections. That evening I developed extremely high fever. I was trembling. My arms and my legs
were swollen, huge size. Mengele and Dr. Konig and three other doctors came in the next morning. They looked at
my fever chart, and Dr. Mengele said, laughingly, 'Too bad, she is so young. She has only two weeks to live .."
Eva later told how a set of Gypsy twins was brought back from Mengele's lab after they were sewn back to back.
Mengele had attempted to create a Siamese twin by connecting blood vessels and organs. The twins screamed day
and night until gangrene set in, and after three days, they died ...
The fact that Eva and Miriam survived Auschwitz was a miracle in itself, as only few individual twins were still alive
at the time the camp was liberated.
As adults, Eva and Miriam suffered serious health problems. Eva suffered from miscarriages and tuberculosis. Her
son had cancer. Miriam's kidneys never fully developed and she died in 1993 of a rare form of cancer, probably
brought on by the unknown medical experiments and injections which she was subjected to at the hands of Josef
Mengele.
Holocaust
SS-women at the Belsen Camp.
Holocaust
In 1943, the Allies stopped Germany's eastward advance into the
U.S.S.R. The Soviet Army began pressing westward, through
Poland, toward Germany. Under pressure of the Soviet Army
offensive, SS-men selected those inmates from concentration camps
who were still fit for work. The rest were killed. In this photo, the
inmates to be taken to camps inside the Third Reich say good-bye to
those who are left behind
Allied Victory
• Spring 1941 Germany
controlled Europe and
was allied with Soviet
Union, Italy, and Japan
(However, this was
about to change)
• Summer of 1941
Germany invaded
Russia (ending the
Russian-German non
aggression pact) and
Japan bombed the U.S.
(pulling the U.S. into
the war)
• With western countries
neutralized Hitler
carried out his plans
towards ending
communism and
expanding German
territory in Russia
(Operation Barbarossa)
• Stalin then made an
alliance with Great
Britain and the U.S.
Soviet Union
• Battle for Moscow in
1941-42: Germans
attack Moscow
• Unprepared for weather
problems: not dressed
for winter, tanks didn’t
start, weapons jammed
in subzero temperatures
• Russians counterattack
(General Gyorgi
Zhukov) forcing ill
prepared German
soldiers to retreat
• Battle of Stalingrad
(Volgograd) of 1942-43:
fierce battle where city
was repeatedly bombed,
however, once winter
came around same
problems
• Russians had 2
advantages: population
and weather
• 1.5 million dead
• 50% of all death and
causalities of the war
were incurred by the
Soviets
Operation Uranus
“In autumn the Soviet generals Aleksandr
Vasilyevskiy and Georgy Zhukov, responsible for
strategic planning in the Stalingrad area,
concentrated massive Soviet forces in the steppes
to the north and south of the city. The German
northern flank was particularly vulnerable, since it
was defended by Italian, Hungarian, and
Romanian units that suffered from inferior
equipment and low morale. The plan was to keep
pinning the Germans down in the city, then punch
through the overstretched and weakly defended
German flanks and surround the Germans inside
Stalingrad.
On November 19, the Red Army unleashed
Uranus
Blue- Nov 19
Orange-Dec 12
Green-Dec 24
Soviet forces consolidated their positions around
Stalingrad, and fierce fighting to shrink the pocket
began. An attack by a German battlegroup formed
to relieve the trapped armies from the South,
Operation Wintergewitter (“Winter Storm”) was
successfully fended off by the Soviets in
December. The full impact of the harsh Russian
winter set in. The Volga froze solid, allowing the
Soviets to supply their forces in the city more
easily. The trapped Germans rapidly ran out of
heating fuel and medical supplies, and thousands
started dying of frostbite, malnutrition and
disease.”
Wikipedia.com
German soldiers at Stalingrad
Street fighting in Stalingrad
Wikipedia.com
United States
• Japan expanding into
China and southeast
Asia-opposed by the
U.S. through economic
embargoes
• 1940 Tripartite Pact:
Japan join Axis Powers
• Japan invades China/
Indochina, which the
U.S. insisted upon
evacuation and the
reestablishment of the
open door policy
• Lend-Lease Act of
1941-authorized
Roosevelt to provide
armaments to Great
Britain and Soviets
without payment
• December 7, 1941 Pearl
Harbor: Japan attacked
U.S. fleet in Hawaii
• Surprised: worst single
engagement in U.S.
naval history
• U.S. declared war on
Japan December 7, 1941
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/pearlhbr.htm
USS Utah
USS Arizona
USS Downes
USS Cassin
U.S.
• Two front war: Japan in
the Pacific and Germany
in Europe
• December 11, 1941
Germany declared war on
the U.S.
• U.S.’ power was in their
industrial capabilitiesincreased 400% by 1943
• Much discussion about
strategies on side of Allies
• Stalin wanted relief for
his troops against
Germans in Eastern
Europe, U.S. focus was on
the Pacific, …
• …and British focus was
•
•
•
•
on North Africa (Suez
Canal)
1942 Allies moved from
North Africa into Italy
Successful in taking over
southern Italy
Mussolini was stripped of
his powers by King
Emanuele III. Took
control of northern Italy.
He was killed in 1945
General Peitro Badoglio
replaced Mussolini and
September 8, 1943 signed
an armistice with the
Allies
Mussolini and Hitler
Clara Petacci (left) and
Benito Mussolini (right) hung
by their feet after death.
Wikipedia.org
U.S.
• Churchill, F. Roosevelt,
and Stalin met in
November 1943 at
Teheran, Iran to discuss
new objectives
• Roosevelt and Churchill
were to open up a
second front in France
• June 6, 1944 Allied
troops under General
Eisenhower came
ashore the beaches at
Normandy (D-Day)
• Operation Overlord: 2.2
million Allied forces
poured into northern
France
• Allied forces broke
through German lines to
liberate Paris in August
• Battle of the Bulge:
December 1944 was the
Germans last attempt to
halt Allied advances, but
it only slowed down the
Allies
• March 1945 Allies
marched from the Rhine
into Germany
• Russians seized capital
of Berlin in April 1945
• Hitler committed
suicide later that month
D-Day (Operation Overlord) and later the Battle for Normandy
Eisenhower speaks with U.S. paratroops of the 502d Parachute
Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division on the evening of
June 5, 1944.
Wikipedia.org (all d-day pics)
Troops in an LCVP landing craft approaching "Omaha" Beach on "DDay", 6 June 1944
Survivors of a sunken troop
transport wade ashore on
Omaha Beach
Allied troops land on the
beaches of Normandy during
D-Day.
The terms D-Day and H-Hour are used for the day and hour on
which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated
Pacific Theatre
• Greater East Asia Co• Nanjing (Nanking
Prosperity Sphere 1940Massacre or Rape of
1945: Japan ending
Nanking) 1937 (capital
imperialism in Asia and
of China at the time)
liberating its
• During this episode,
peoples…so it claimed
widespread rape and
• In reality Japanese
war crimes occurred
viewed southeast Asia
when the Japanese took
as a market for
over: looting, arson,
manufactured goods,
murder of civilians and
sources of raw
prisoners of war
materials, and a source
of profits from capital
investment
(imperialism)
Rape of Nanking 1937
• Historians estimate that 20,000 (and sometimes up to 80,000)
women from as young as seven to the elderly were raped.
Rapes were often performed in public during the day, and
often in front of spouses or family members. A large number
of them were systematized in a process where soldiers would
search door to door for young girls, with many women taken
captive and then gang-raped, and then killed immediately after
rape, often by mutilation. According to testimonies, other
women were forced into military prostitution as comfort
women. There are even stories of Japanese troops forcing
families to commit acts of incest: sons were forced to rape
their mothers, fathers were forced to rape daughters. One
pregnant woman who was gang-raped by Japanese soldiers
gave birth only a few hours later; miraculously, the baby was
perfectly healthy (Robert B. Edgerton, Warriors of the Rising
Sun).
Wikipedia.org
Rape of Nanking 1937
Heaps of dead bodies wait for disposal
on the wharves of Hsiakwan (Xiaguan),
the port suburb north of Nanking.
Japan and the Pacific
•
• Japanese viewed their
emperor as head of the state
and as a God on earth
• Allies: General MacArthur –
Japan: Admiral Isoroku
Yamamoto
• Viewed Americans and
•
Europeans as morally
deficient and racist
• Battle of Midway June 1942:
defeat on Japanese navy
from which it could not
recover. U.S. intercepted
plan of attack and
prepared…were waiting for
the Japanese (war turning)
Battle of Guadalcanal
1942-43: Japanese wanted
to set up bases on islands
in southeast Pacific –
Allies decided to attack at
Guadalcanal due to
location-1st land offensive
The Imperial Japanese
Navy intended to turn the
Solomons Islands into
strategic bases and start a
program of occupying
islands in the chain to
build airbases with
Guadalcanal being the
major base-Allies secured
the island in Feb. 1943
Battle of Midway-photos from wikipedia.org
Hiryu under B-17 attack.
Battle of Guadalcanal
United States Marines rest in the field during the
Guadalcanal campaign
Wikipedia.org
U.S. Marines come ashore on Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942
Battle of Iwo Jima
Battle of Iwo Jima
U.S. Sixth
Fleet during
the invasion
Japanese 120 mm
gun after the battle
Marines landing
Wikipedia.org
Several M4A3 Sherman tanks equipped with flamethrowers
were used to clear Japanese bunkers
Wikipedia.org (most pics)
•
Civilian
Populations
By 1945 U.S. obtained
bases close enough to
Japan to initiate heavy
bombing
• This culminated in the
atomic bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagaski
• Japanese surrendered
September 2, 1945
The first nuclear weapons were gravity
bombs, such as the "Fat Man" weapon
dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. These
weapons were very large and could
only be delivered by a bomber aircraft.
The mushroom cloud of the
atomic bombing of Nagasaki,
Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km
(11 mi) above the hypocenter
Civilian Populations
• Germans also used female
• 50% of all deaths came
from noncombatants -50
million died
• Populations were
terrorized beyond
measure during WWII by
both Allies and Axis
powers
• From WWII emerged
mass rapes. Soviets used
sexual violence against
German women and girls
as they advanced into
Germany
• Many of these women
were capture, repeatedly
rape (sometimes 20-40
times a day) then sent to
work in Russian Gulags
slave labor…Block 24,
just beside the main gate
of Auschwitz, became a
brothel for German
soldiers as well as their
best workers
• “I consider it necessary to
provide in the most liberal
way hard-working
prisoners with women in
brothels.”– Heinrich
Himmler, SS
• 1943 Dr. Josef Mengele,
an SS physician, arrived
at Auschwitz. He
conducted atrocious
experiments on women,
children, twins, infants,
and others
Liberation of Death Camps
Survivors of Bergen-Belsen walk along the main street of the camp,
past a pile of victims' shoes.
Survivors in hospital barracks 2 (for Jews) after liberation.
Check out this site: http://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/40-45/liberation/
What do we do now?
• The big three would decide (U.S., Great Britain, and
Soviet Union) the future of Europe
• Met during war to discuss: 1943-Teheran, 1945-Yalta,
1945-Potsdam (governments of Germany and Japan
restructured, disarmament, war crime trials)
• Germany split between three zones
• Japan emperor stepped down and U.S. installed
democracy
• Nuremberg Trials 1945-1949: set of trials of officials
involved in WWII and the Holocaust. Trials were held in
Nuremberg, Germany and the more famous of these was
the Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the
International Military Tribunal (IMT) which tried 24 of
the most important/captured leaders of Nazi Germany
• The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was
conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the U.S.
Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT), including the
famous Doctors' Trial.
Secret weapons!!
• Click the link below and click on interactive
to find out about secret weapons used
throughout history and WWII and the Cold
War! Take the test…can you choose
correctly?
• http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_um
brella/index.html
Cold War
• Cold war started over
economic restructuring of
Europe (Capitalism v
Communism)
• Eastern European nations
under Stalin-feared
capitalist markets on his
borders
• U.S. made military
alliance during peacetime
due to Soviet threat
• U.S. alliances: NATO,
SEATO, & CENTO
• Soviets: Comecon later in
1955 Warsaw Pact
• Cold war politics erupted
in the debate over
Germany
• U.S. wanted to assist in
developing industries and
capitalism while Soviets
wanted to carry on
communism
• Germany divided into
four zones ruled by Allies
• Eventually zones broke
down between the westU.S./British/French and
the east-Soviets
Occupation zones of Germany in
1945.
Cold War
• In 1953 Stalin died
leaving a struggle for
power in the Communist
party: Nikita Khrushchev
became premier in 1958
• He denounced Stalin and
many felt reforms were
sure to come and began
movements in homelands.
These were repressed with
violence by the Russian
military however
• East Berlin posed
problems for communist
rule due to the western
portion having better
living conditions. Many
would immigrate over to
the west
• In 1961 Soviets responded
to this problem by
constructing the Berlin
Wall. It was heavily
policed and violence was
used to maintain control
• Berlin wall symbolized
the divide in during the
Cold War
• Direct confrontation in
Korea between
Communist China support
North Korea and the U.S.
supporting South Korea
• After 3 years of warfare,
Korea was permanently
divided in 1953
Cold War
• Latin America: U.S. acted
• Middle East: oil
• Both Soviets and U.S.
fought for oil control
• U.S killed leader of Iran
and put a puppet
government in place
• Egypt and Syria looked
toward Sovietsnationalized Suez Canal
• Creation of the state of
Israel in 1948 destabilized
Middle East-Western aid
to prevent spread of
communism with heavyhanded policies…caused
anti-Americanism
• Erupted in Cuba with the
successful communist
revolution led by Fidel
Castro in 1959
• Cuban Missile Crisis
1962: USSR and U.S.
threatening war over the
existence of missiles in
Cuba.. Threat passed
when Khrushchev order
the dismantling of missile
bases