Transcript CVA

Proper nutrition in childhood can reinforce lifelong eating
habits that contribute to children's overall well-being
and help them to grow up to their full potential and a
healthy life.
Some parents over-think what to do about their child's
eating habits, which give way to practices like forcing
kids to clean their plates.
Some parents don't think about nutrition at all, letting their
kids eat a lot of junk food and drink a lot of juice. So, it's
important to find a balance.
In addition to contributing to the current childhood
obesity epidemic, children who don't have
healthy diets as young children are likely to
continue to make unhealthy choices as teens
and adults.
Taking some time to understand the basics of
child nutrition can help parents avoid common
mistakes, make healthy choices, learn about
new things (eg probiotics) and healthy eating
habits.
Complementary feeding
• referred to as the transition from exclusive
breastfeeding to family foods
• When breast milk is no longer enough to meet
the nutritional needs of the infant, complementary
foods should be added to the diet of the child.
• typically covers the period from 6 to 18-24
months of age, and is a very vulnerable period.
• It is the time when malnutrition starts in many infants,
contributing significantly to the high prevalence of
malnutrition in children under five years of age worldwide.
• WHO estimates that 2 out of 5 children are stunted in
low-income countries.
• WHO recommends that infants start receiving
complementary foods:
 6 months of age in addition to breast milk,
 initially 2-3 times a day between 6-8 months,
 increasing to 3-4 times daily between 9-11 months
 12-24 months with additional nutritious snacks offered
1-2 times per day, as desired.
• Timely : meaning that all infants should start
receiving foods in addition to breast milk from 6
months onwards.
• Adequate : meaning that the nutritional value of
complementary foods should parallel at least that of
breast milk.
• prepared and given in a safe manner, meaning that
measures are taken to minimize the risk of
contamination with pathogens.
• appropriate, meaning that foods are of appropriate
texture and given in sufficient quantity.
Weaning
• introduce one new food at a time, to identify
any foods that cause allergies .
• Some foods to stay away from include eggs,
honey, peanuts (including peanut butter)
Infant and Newborn Nutrition
• For a baby, breast milk is best. It has all the
necessary vitamins and minerals. Infant
formulas are available for babies whose
mothers are not able or decide not to
breastfeed.
• Infants usually start eating solid foods at 6
months of age..
Birth to 6 months
•
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first months for healthy term infants
•
Encourage parents to feed whenever baby show signs of hunger
•
Breastfed infants tend to become leaner than formula fed infants. This should be
anticipated on assessing growth to avoid unnecessary supplementation with formula or
early introduction of solids
•
Fruit juice, water or any beverages should not be given other than breast or formula
milk
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To prevent infant botulism, honey should not be given under 1 year
•
For the prevention of allergy, the avoidance of solid food for a least 6 months
6-9 months
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Continued breastfeeding is recommended
•
If infant is not breastfed or is partially breastfed, milk-based iron-fortified infant formulas
are the most acceptable alternative.
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Introduce one new food at a time with an interval of 2 - 7 days before introducing
another to allow infant to identify the taste for a new food and make it easier to find cause
of an allergic reaction
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Start with small serving sizes (1-3 tsp)
•
Complementary foods should initially be provided 2 -3 times a day
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Infants will indicate hunger or satiety. Forced feeding promote negative associations with
eating
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Gradually offer food with more texture, progressing from purée to mashed and then to
soft finger foods of about ¼ inch pieces
•
Use a cup regularly with meals by 8 months
9-12 months
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Continued breastfeeding is recommended
•
Between 9-11 months, increase the number of times day infants are fed complementary
foods to 3-4 times
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Parents/caregivers should encourage self-feeding by offering more textured finger/table
foods
•
Include baby at the table for family mealtimes
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Fruit juice offers no nutritional benefits over whole fruit
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Excessive fruit juice consumption may be associate diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal
distension, tooth decay and poor weight gain
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More willing to accept lumpy textures, especially when self-feeding
•
Initial refusal of new flavours and textures is common. It may take up to 10 offerings
before infant accepts a new food
Good Nutrition for Children
• Nutrition guidelines recommended for
adults are inappropriate for most children
under the age of five.
• young children need plenty of calories and
nutrients in a small amount of food to
ensure they grow properly.
Salt Intake for Children
Calorie Intake for Children
Although obesity is a major problem, children
and teenagers still need enough calories to
grow and develop into healthy adults.
a rough guideline to the daily calorie needs of
boys and girls at different ages.
Kids who are really active may need more;
those who are inactive may need less.
FAT
• low-fat diets are recommended for older children
and adults, under-fives need diets that contain
good amounts of fat.
• should come from foods that contain plenty of
other nutrients like meat, oily fish and full-fat milk
(semi-skimmed milk is unsuitable for children
under the age of two, and skimmed unsuitable for
under-fives), rather than from high-fat foods that
contain few vitamins and minerals like cakes,
biscuits and chocolate.
fibre
•
Meanwhile, young children shouldn’t eat too many , either, as these may fill them up
so much they can’t eat enough to provide them with adequate calories and nutrients.
•
However, as kids approach school age, they should gradually move towards a diet
that’s lower in fat and higher in fibre. And by the age of five, their diet should be low in
fat, sugar and salt and high in fibre with five fruit and veg a day – just like adults.
•
Add more veggies to favourite dishes – for example, add finely sliced mushrooms to
Bolognese, finely chopped red pepper to tomato sauces and steamed leeks to
mashed potato
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Serve big portions of veggies they like – sweetcorn, carrots and peas are often
popular.
•
Mix together grated carrot and cheese and use to fill sandwiches and jacket potatoes
– the colours blend so well they may not notice the carrot.
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Add two portions of fruit – don’t just stick to apples and pears, though. For variety, add
grapes, fruit salad, a slice of melon, a small box of raisins or a can of fruit in juice
Vitamin and Mineral Intake
• Choosing foods from each of the four main
food groups will help to ensure that kids
receive all the vitamins and minerals they
need for good nutrition and health.
• poor intakes of vitamins and minerals were
combined with too much salt, sugar and
saturated fat.
Vitamin and Mineral Intake
• If a child is eating according to the Food Guide, is growing well
and is healthy, vitamin/mineral supplements are rarely
necessary. The nutrient of greatest concern this period is iron
•
If a child has a vitamin deficiency, does not have access to
fluoridated water, or has anemia or other illness or
disease, vitamin supplements may help improve the condition.
• Vitamins are not replacements for food. By themselves, they
have no calories. Vitamins are not substitutes for protein, fats,
minerals, carbohydrates or other nutrients. You cannot stop
eating, take vitamins and expect to be healthy.
Vitamin and Mineral Intake
pediatricians may recommend a daily multivitamin or
mineral supplement for children who:
• aren't eating regular, well-balanced meals made from
fresh, whole foods
• finicky eaters who simply aren't eating enough
• chronic medical conditions such as asthma or digestive
problems, especially if they're taking medications
• play physically demanding sports
• eat a lot of fast foods, convenience foods, and processed
foods
• on a vegetarian diet (they may need an iron supplement),
a dairy-free diet (they may need a calcium supplement),
or other restricted diet
• drink a lot of carbonated sodas, which can leach vitamins
and minerals from their bodies
Top Six Vitamins and Minerals for children
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Vitamin A promotes normal growth and development; tissue and bone repair; and healthy skin,
eyes, and immune responses. Good sources include milk, cheese, eggs, and yellow-to-orange
vegetables like carrots, yams, and squash.
•
Vitamin Bs. The family of B vitamins -- B2, B3, B6, and B12 -- aid metabolism, energy
production, and healthy circulatory and nervous systems. Good sources include meat, chicken,
fish, nuts, eggs, milk, cheese, beans, and soybeans.
•
Vitamin C promotes healthy muscles, connective tissue, and skin. Good sources include citrus
fruit, strawberries, kiwi, tomatoes, and green vegetables like broccoli.
•
Vitamin D promotes bone and tooth formation and helps the body absorb calcium. Good
sources include milk, cheese, and yogurt (especially fortified dairy products), egg yolks, and
fish oil.
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Calcium helps build strong bones as a child grows. Good sources include milk, cheese, yogurt,
tofu, and calcium-fortified orange juice.
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Iron builds muscle and is essential to healthy red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a risk in
adolescence, especially for girls once they begin to menstruate. Good sources include beef
and other red meats, turkey, pork, spinach, beans, and prunes.
•
Megavitamins -- large doses of vitamins -- aren't a good idea for children. The fat-soluble
vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) can be toxic if kids overdose on excessive amounts
Salt Intake
•
While adults should have no more than 6g of salt a day, children need even less as they have
smaller bodies.
•
salt is ‘hidden’ in many ready-made foods, such as bread, baked beans, and even biscuits, it
can be easy to have too much.
•
So don’t add salt to cooking or meals and check information on labels when you buy
processed foods such as crisps, ready meals and sauces – even if they’re aimed at children.
•
Opt for those with the least sodium – it’s the sodium in salt that’s linked to health problems like
high blood pressure.
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Sausages and cheese are also high in salt so limit these.
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The maximum amounts of salt children should have at different ages:
1–3 years – 2g a day (0.8g sodium)
4–6 years – 3g a day (1.2g sodium)
7–10 years – 5g a day (2g sodium)
11 years upward – 6g a day (2.5g sodium)
• reducing salt intake by half leads to immediate falls in
their blood pressure.
• Immediate benefits of such reductions of blood
pressure in the young may quickly become apparent in
those suffering with asthma, since high salt intakes
have been shown to aggravate symptoms.
• a high salt intake can cause the mineral calcium to be
lost from bones, leading to an increased risk of bone
thinning, and thus fractures that take longer to heal.
• many teenage girls do not get enough calcium, this
could lead to problems from adolescence onwards and
may well increase the risk of developing osteoporosis
in later life.
Healthy Eating Tips for children
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Buy lower-fat versions of sausages, burgers and oven chips and grill or oven bake
them rather than frying.
•
Alternatively, make homemade burgers and swap chips for homemade potato
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Add barley, beans or lentils to soups, stews and other meaty dishes – children
won’t notice baked beans in a cottage pie or lentils in a stew.
•
Avoid using food as a reward – it simply becomes more desirable. But that’s not all
– other foods become less desirable, too. In other words, telling children they can
have some sweets if they eat their veggies simply makes the sweets more alluring
and the veggies less appealing
•
Get children involved at mealtimes – younger children in particular are far more
likely to eat something they’ve made themselves so let them help cook healthy
meals such as fishcakes, homemade burgers, fruit muffins, wholemeal scones,
smoothies and sandwiches. Meanwhile, encourage teenagers to eat with the family.
•
encourage children to eat regularly, especially breakfast – studies show
that breakfast eaters tend to be slimmer than people who skip this meal.
•
Swap fizzy drinks for water, unsweetened fruit juice, fruit smoothies,
cartons of semi-skimmed milk or unsweetened yogurt drinks.
•
Don’t make child’s weight and size an ‘issue’. avoid using the ‘diet’ word,
don’t weigh regularly and lead by example: eat sensibly and exercise
frequently
•
Talk about the benefits of eating well and looking after their body. Health
is generally not a priority for children so focus on other issues that are
important to them.
For example, for teenage girls explain that a healthy diet will give them
glowing skin, shiny hair and strong nails, give them more energy to go
shopping with their friends and help them concentrate so they’ll perform
better in their favourite subjects at school.
For boys, explain that eating well will help to build and tone muscles, give
them great skin and help them do well in their favourite sports.
• Take a look at what the whole family are eating – kids rarely
have bad eating habits on their own.
• if child is gaining too much weight, it’s unlikely the rest of the
family is having a healthy diet. If this is the case, encourage
a healthy, balanced diet for everyone :
- Cutting down on sweets, cakes, biscuits and fizzy drink
- Eating fewer fatty foods such as chips, burgers and fried
food
- Eating regularly, especially breakfast
- Basing meals on starchy foods and choosing wholegrain
varieties, when possible
- Eating more fruit and vegetables
Healthy Snacks for Children and Teenagers
• Fresh fruit – chop it into bite-sized pieces for young children
to make it easier to eat or buy packs of ready-prepared fresh
fruit slices or chunks
• Mini boxes of dried fruit such as raisins or small packs of
apricots or mixed fruit
• Small packs of chocolate-covered raisins or nuts (avoid
giving nuts to young children because of the risk of choking)
• Chopped up vegetables such as carrot, celery and pepper
sticks and cherry tomatoes with a favourite dip (look for those
low in salt and fat if you’re buying ready-made dips)
• Fresh popcorn made without salt or sugar
• Wholemeal toast with peanut butter and banana or low-fat
soft cheese and tomato
Healthy Snacks for Children and Teenagers
• Fruit smoothie
• Unsweetened yogurt drinks or a pot of low-fat
fruit yogurt or fromage frais
• High-fibre cereal with semi-skimmed milk
• Wholemeal sandwiches filled with lean meat,
chicken, tuna in water, cheese or egg and
salad.
• Small packets of unsalted nuts and seeds – try
mixing with dried fruit.
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