Transcript The Allies “Turn the Tide”

The Allies “Turn the Tide”
p. 475
Allies Need Hope
• The Axis were so successful by early
1942, that morale was very low in the
Allied nations.
• The British, Soviets, and Americans
needed some victories.
Rosie the Riveter:
• US nickname for women workers doing hard,
technical work men had once done.
Two famous images came out of this:
• US Government poster
• Norman Rockwell,
Saturday Evening Post
cover.
Women at the Home Front
• Women once again were employed in the
millions to replace men who had gone into the
military.
• Women also served in the Armed Forces: (5)
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RADAR centers
Communications
Clerical
Drivers
Delivering planes
Aircraft carriers:
• Warships used as floating airfields, and send
large groups of warplanes anywhere in the world.
• Japan took most of the Western Pacific with
them.
– Lost more carriers than they could replace
• US mass-produced dozens of large ones and
almost a hundred small ones
Dwight Eisenhower:
• US commander of the US North African invasion.
– American forces attack Morocco and Algeria, to
create a second front to destroy the Axis forces.
• He and his generals overrun the Axis forces and
meet the British in Tunisia.
• The Germans and Italians are out of Africa.
• Troops and media called him “Ike”
“Summit” meetings
• Became very important to develop trust to
maintain the alliance and plans to carry
out against the Axis.
• EC: Jan., 1943: Roosevelt and Churchill
met in Casablanca, Morocco to (4)
• decide how to invade Italy.
• Supply the Soviet Union
• decide that the Axis must unconditionally
surrender.
• They put off a second front in France.
Summits
• Nov., 1943: all three meet in
• Tehran, Iran.
• What was decided? (2)
• Churchill and FDR agree to allow
Russia much land in Eastern Europe.
• They again put off a second front in
France, angering Stalin.
Tough Old Gut
• EC: Next Allied goal was what Churchill called the “soft
underbelly” of Axis Europe: ___
• —Italy.
• Churchill thought it would be easy.
• EC: July, 1943: Anglo-American forces invade ___
• Sicily.
– They met tough German resistance.
– They took the island, but most of the Germans escaped with
some Italian forces.
• From Sicily, the Allies invaded southern Italy.
– Progress was stopped by the mountainous terrain there.
The Gothic Line
• Hitler ordered German troops to take control of
____
• Northern Italy
• stopped the Allies.
– Northern Italy will not fall until the end of the war.
• Hitler had to further divide his dwindling forces.
– Hitler ordered all Jews removed from this part of Italy.
Soviet Union:
• Germany devastated the Soviet
military in the early war
• Germany failed to capture the
harbor/factory city of ____
• Leningrad,
– They surrounded it,
– hundreds starved to death daily,
– the people there resisted for 900 days.
Soviets revived!
• EC: The Soviet victory at ____ also
bolstered Stalin and the Soviet people.
• Moscow
• Two Russian winters had
demoralized the German armies.
• A steady supply of materials and food
came from ____
• the United States
Stalingrad:
• New city built by Stalin.
• Controlled access to the Volga River and
north-south Russian supply routes.
– Hitler also wanted it because it was named
after Stalin.
• Half a million Germans attack in Sept.
1942
– They have Romanian, Italian, and Hungarian allies on their flanks (side).
• Stalin sent (and lost) millions to defend it.
• Winter stalled the Germans
Britain and the US decided to start the
“second front” Stalin kept demanding.
• D-Day:
• June 6, 1944. The Allied invasion of
Normandy, France.
• Code name: Operation Overlord
• First,
• the Allies, concentrated their air forces on
northern French and German,
– railroads,
– defenses,
– harbors.
Allied Air Power:
• Heavy and medium bombers carried out raids
night and day as long as weather permitted for
three years.
• The Allied goal (2)
– was to destroy Axis industry and civilian morale.
• Concentrated attacks ruined entire cities like the
German harbor city, Hamburg
• Hundreds of thousands would die in Germany
and Japan.
• The Allies used TNT and incendiary (fire) bombs.
Air War
• B-24 production line.
• B-17s over Europe
• B-29s over Japan
Allied panic becomes victory
• EC: The Allies managed to stop his attack
(2)
– General Patton’s armor arrived from behind
the Germans
– the weather improved to allow Allied air
attacks and air resupply.
• Britain and America reorganized their
forces and prepared to attack western
Germany.
Yalta Conference:
• February, 1945.
• Big Three meet in southern
Russia, to decide how to
end the war and what
should happen after
Germany is defeated.
EC: At Yalta, they agree: (4)
• Stalin will attack Japan’s forces in China and
Korea.
– Stalin may keep some of the territory it takes from Japan.
• Germany will be divided into four zones,
– run by the US, UK, USSR, and France.
• Stalin may initially keep Eastern Europe to
protect USSR from future invasion.
– Stalin agrees to discuss British-American demands for free elections in
Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe.
• Allies believe he agrees to allow the elections
• There will be a peace-keeping organization as
the war ends.
– The United Nations
Seeking Victory
• Once again, it was necessary for the
democracies to control their economies to turn
production to win the war. (6)
– Factories converted from consumer goods to military
goods production.
– Rationing of materials needed for the war effort
– Raising billions through issuing war bonds
– Prices controlled
– Wages regulated
– Propaganda
Finding the “Fifth Column”
• EC: Citizens and immigrants from enemy
countries were watched and investigated,
– FBI watched German and Italian suspects
– Japanese-Americans in the Western United
States were put in prison camps,
• losing their property.
– German-British were likewise harassed by UK
security.
– Many were innocent, and apologies and
reparation came too late.
Standards Check, p. 476:
• How did the Allies mobilize all of their
resources for the war effort?
• Converted factories from consumer to
wartime production
• Rationed goods
• Regulated prices and wages
• Recruited all members of society
June, 1942.
• EC: The United States used surprise and
coded-trickery to destroy Japan’s large carrier
and invasion fleet, heading for ____
• Midway Island.
Image, p 476
• How do you think aircraft carriers changed
naval warfare?
• Naval warfare became less predictable
• Fleets could never see each other.
Nov. 1942,
• EC: British forces, defeat the Italian and
German forces at ___
• El Alamein
– drive them out of Egypt and back into Libya.
• General Montgomery, equipped with British and
American supplies and armaments.
– Used many colonial troops,
• Burma
• Australia/New Zealand
• South Africa
Thinking Critically, p. 477
• 1 Explain why radar made such a difference
during the Battle of Britain.
• Because it allowed the British to know when
German planes were coming and going.
• 2 How did Hitler use technology in his blitzkrieg
tactics?
• Improved aircraft and tanks helped Hitler to
overwhelm his opponents
– His opponents would learn how to do this as
well.
“Tough old gut”
• Next, the Allies invaded and captured
most of southern Italy.
– Italian partisans rose up and ____ was
overthrown.
– Mussolini
• He escaped and was rescued by German special
forces.
Southern Italy surrendered.
• Mussolini returned to northern Italy and
was captured by partisans.
• He was tried, executed, and hung up for
Italians to jeer at.
• Hitler noted this and vowed never to be
taken prisoner.
Catastrophic German Defeat!
• EC: In Southern Russia, 1943, Soviets
crushed the Romanians, Italians, and
Hungarians and surrounded the Germans
at ____
• EC: Stalingrad
– The Germans were slowly reduced by (2)
• Soviet attacks
• freezing temperatures
– They finally surrendered in Feb., 1943.
• This was the end of German offensive
forces in the south.
– 600,000 German troops were lost.
Kursk:
• in July, 1943, Hitler sent his new
tanks in a massive attack to finish
Russia’s capital, ____
• Moscow.
• The Soviets had amassed a large
anti-tank force to stop the Germans.
– They also had a large tank force behind
it.
• The Germans were brave, but
overwhelmed.
Standards Check, p 478
• How did the Allies push back the Axis
powers on four fronts?
• Midway blocked Japan in the Pacific
• El Alamein ended German control of North
Africa
• Italy was the first attack on Axis Europe
• Stalingrad destroyed a large German army
D-Day
• June, 1944
• The invasion of ______ at _______ (2)
– France
– Normandy
• Allied paratroops landed behind the German defenses,
• They were to be met by the beach invasion forces and
– They would prevent German reinforcement of the beaches.
• 156,000 troops assaulted the Normandy beaches with
massive naval and air support
• They controlled the beaches when the day ended.
Psychological/Electronic
Warfare
• False radio messages and dummy
armies
– Convinced Hitler that an attack would happen
at Calais, not Normandy.
• He committed all his tanks there and refused to let
them go to Normandy.
• Allies used puppets at D-day in fake
air drops.
France Falls to the Allies
• Hitler believed the attack was a feint
– He did not release his tanks until it was too late.
• By late summer, the Allies were capturing
western France,
– its harbors,
– Paris.
• Free French forces were given the honor to enter the city first.
• German troops resisted, but FFI and partisans finished them.
• The hunt started for collaborators.
Map Skills, p. 479
• 2 Describe the extent of axis control in 1942.
• Axis controlled all of Europe except for the neutral
nations; Western Russia and North Africa
– Only Britain resisted
• 3 How did geography both help and hinder allied
advances?
• Helped
– Could attack Germany from all sides
• Hindered:
– Moving supplies great distances
Biography, p. 480
• Churchill: How did Churchill inspire the British
people?
• Courageous, defiant
• Roosevelt: How did Roosevelt influence World
War II before Pearl Harbor?
• Supplies and advice to Britain and Soviet Union
against Axis.
• Stalin: Why would Churchill and Roosevelt have
distrusted Stalin?
• Ruthless use of violence and deception; allied
with Hitler in 1939.
Standards Check, p. 481
• What agreements did Churchill, Roosevelt,
and Stalin come to at Yalta?
• Stalin would declare war on Japan
• Stalin agreed to hold free elections in
Eastern Europe after the war
• All agreed to divide Germany into four
occupation zones.
Critical Thinking, p. 482-3
• 1 Which of the Allies suffered the greatest loses on DDay?
• The United States
• 2 Why do you think D-Day landings were made on
beaches instead of at established harbors?
• Too many ships for harbors to handle
• 3 What do you think was the greatest obstacle the Allies
had to overcome on D-Day? Explain
• Sea and land mines
• Cliffs topped with barbed wire and machine gun posts
• Getting so many supplies and troops on dangerous,
narrow beaches
Quick Write
• Was internment of Japanese-American
citizens justified? Explain your answer.
Women Help the War Effort
• Write a letter from the POV of a woman
that has just entered the work force to a
male relative. Explain what job you have
taken, the work involved, and why you
wanted to work