Transcript Day 1: Introduction to AI

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
http://smbc-comics.com
What is intelligence?
• What would a computer need to do to
make you think that it is intelligent?
– Intelligent conversation, learn, general
decision making, natural language,
spontaneity, anticipating things, feelings, self
awareness,
Slide by David Cope
Mechanical Turk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turk-engraving5.jpg
The Turing Test
Wikipedia
AI Fields
• Expert systems
– http://www.lpa.co.uk/pws_exec/pws/proweb.e
xe?eg=Expert+System+Shell
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Game playing
Computer vision
Natural language processing/semantics
Machine learning
Expert Systems Demo
• http://www.lpa.co.uk/pws_exec/pws/proweb.exe
?eg=Expert+System+Shell
• http://www.manifestation.com/neurotoys/eliza.ph
p3
Expert System
• Extensive knowledge in particular domain
(medical diagnoser, )
• Contains “knowledge base”
• Rules to connect knowledge base
elements
best.me.berkeley.edu/.../s99/Week2/Image13.gif
Expert Systems: MYCIN
• MYCIN – identified bacterial infections and
recommended antibiotics
Rule:
if condition 1
condition 2
…
then p
inference 1
inference 2
…
Reasoning proceeds
Sample rules:
(defrule 52
if (site culture is blood)
(gram organism is neg)
(morphology organism is rod)
(burn patient is serious)
then 0.4
(identity organism is pseudomonas)
(defrule 71
if (gram organism is pos)
(morphology organism is coccus)
(growth-conformation organism is clumps)
then 0.7
(identity organism is staphylococcus)
Expert System: MYCIN
best.me.berkeley.edu/.../s99/Week2/Image13.gif
“Game Playing: Deep Blue”
• Chess – the ultimate display of intelligence
• Deep Blue
– Defeated world chess champion, Kasparov
– Developed at IBM
• Algorithm Minimax to look at future moves
(we will learn more about this next week)
Deep Blue in Popular Culture
• Deep Blue was seen on the Futurama episode
"Anthology of Interest I" voiced by Tress MacNeille.
• On the April 14, 2005 episode of The Daily Show with
Jon Stewart, Stewart invited a fictional version of Deep
Blue to comment on the recent extradition of former
chess champion Bobby Fischer. Deep Blue didn't offer
any analysis of any kind, and repeatedly suggested they
play chess
• Referenced in Pure Pwnage. Said to have been beaten
by Teh_Masterer, who had used only a row of pawns
and a single bishop.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_%28chess_comput
er%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_%28chess_computer%29
Semantic Networks
• Way to represent knowledge
• Nodes represent concepts or actions
• Arrows represent their relationship to each
other
http://seurat.ecom.arizona.edu/~ai_mwiki/images/d/d7/Semanticnetwork.gif
Semantic Network Example
http://www.infomania
cs.com/Informatio
nUNBOUND/Se
manticNetwork1.j
pg
AI Types
• Two AI paradigms
• Model thought processes
• Top down versus bottom up
http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/SymbolicVs.Connectionist_files/image012.png
Symbolic AI
• Atom
– a, b, c
• Expressions
– (list ‘a ‘b ‘c)
• A symbol, then, is an atomic entity, designating
some object or concept, which can be
manipulated explicitly by a physical symbol
system, leading to intelligent behavior
http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/~bill/research/CONSCIOU.pdf
Connectionist AI
Wikimedia
AI Timeline
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1928: John von Neumann's minimax theorem (later used in game playing programs).
1943: McCulloch and Pitt propose neural-network architectures for intelligence.
1950: Isaac Asimov, "I, Robot"
1950: Shannon proposes chess program
1956: Newell, Shaw, and Simon create "The Logic Theorist", a program that solves
math problems.
1956: AI named at Dartmouth computer conference, first meeting of McCarthy,
Minsky, Newell, and Simon.
1958: McCarthy introduces "LISP" at MIT
1959: Minsky and McCarthy establish MIT AI lab
1959: Rosenblatt introduces Perceptron.
1959: Samuel's checkers program wins games against best human players.
1969: Minsky & Papert's "Perceptrons" (limits of single-layer neural networks)
1974: Edward Shortliffe's thesis on MYCIN.
1986: Backpropagation gains widespread popularity
Suggested Reading
• What is Intelligence?
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/37146/artificial-intelligence
• Turing Test:
http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds44/turing.html
The Turing Test
xkcd.com